Chemicals

More than 70,000 distinct types of chemicals are used in everything from plastic toys to petrol. A driving force of the world economy, the chemical sector still provides lots of business opportunities. Don’t be left behind by your competitors: browse Research and Markets’ Chemicals category and find the report, book or subscription with the information you need to plan effective business strategies, including supply & demand scenario in a particular country and/or globally, major consumers, forecasts, areas of market growth, industry news, product segment analysis, and much more

This category’s coverage include hundreds of specific chemicals and chemical products such as polymers, dyes, lubricants, surfactants, resins, petrochemicals, bleaches, paints, plastics, soap, detergent and acids. Our publications provide a vast array of market intelligence catering for the business needs of manufacturers, suppliers or buyers of chemicals.

Leading players profiled in our publications include BASF, Bayer, Dow Chemical, DuPont, Mitsubishi Chemical, and many more. Show Less ... more

• Polystyrene World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 2,798.00USD$ 3,640.00GBP£ 2,354.00AUD$ 3,560.00JPY¥ 359,388.00SEK 23 900,00CHF 3'431.00CAD$ 3,709.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 200
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polystyrene, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account...

• Terephthalic Acid: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 200
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Terephthalic acid, including Europe, Asia, Middle East, North America and Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the...

• Polypropylene World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 250
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polypropylene, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account...

• 2009 U.S. Paint & Coating Manufacturing Industry Report

  EURO€ 115.00USD$ 149.00GBP£ 96.00AUD$ 146.00JPY¥ 14,711.00SEK 978,00CHF 140.00CAD$ 152.00 Barnes Reports, Jan 2009 , Pages: 121
  The U.S Paint & Coating Manufacturing Industry report, published annually, contains timely and accurate industry statistics, forecasts and demographics. The report features 2009 current and 2010 forecast...

• Cyclohexane: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 200
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Cyclohexane, including Europe, Asia, North America and Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following areas: Cyclohexane...

• Cumene: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 200
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Cumene, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America and Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following areas:...

• Polyethylene low density World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 2,152.00USD$ 2,800.00GBP£ 1,811.00AUD$ 2,739.00JPY¥ 276,452.00SEK 18 384,00CHF 2'639.00CAD$ 2,853.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 150
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polyethylene low density, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical...

• Top Ten World's Leading Chemical Companies

  EURO€ 10,069.00USD$ 13,100.00GBP£ 8,472.00AUD$ 12,813.00JPY¥ 1,293,402.00SEK 86 013,00CHF 12'347.00CAD$ 13,349.00 Venture Planning Group (VPG), Jan 2009
  A strategic assessment of the competitive environment is widely recognized as one of the highest priority management responsibilities, the task crucial to business survival, growth and profitability....

• Styrene: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 300
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Styrene, including Europe, Asia, Middle East, North America, Latin America and Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the...

• Bisphenol A World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,706.00USD$ 2,220.00GBP£ 1,436.00AUD$ 2,171.00JPY¥ 219,187.00SEK 14 576,00CHF 2'092.00CAD$ 2,262.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 100
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Bisphenol A, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the...

• Polyethylene linear low density World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,706.00USD$ 2,220.00GBP£ 1,436.00AUD$ 2,171.00JPY¥ 219,187.00SEK 14 576,00CHF 2'092.00CAD$ 2,262.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 135
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polyethylene linear low density, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete and current...

• Polyethylene high density World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 2,798.00USD$ 3,640.00GBP£ 2,354.00AUD$ 3,560.00JPY¥ 359,388.00SEK 23 900,00CHF 3'431.00CAD$ 3,709.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 200
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polyethylene high density, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete and current...

• Benzene World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 2,798.00USD$ 3,640.00GBP£ 2,354.00AUD$ 3,560.00JPY¥ 359,388.00SEK 23 900,00CHF 3'431.00CAD$ 3,709.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 200
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Benzene, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following...

• Caustic Soda: World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 2,900.00USD$ 3,773.00GBP£ 2,440.00AUD$ 3,690.00JPY¥ 372,501.00SEK 24 772,00CHF 3'556.00CAD$ 3,844.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 350
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Caustic Soda, including Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, North America, Latin America and Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account...

• Chlorine: World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 2,900.00USD$ 3,773.00GBP£ 2,440.00AUD$ 3,690.00JPY¥ 372,501.00SEK 24 772,00CHF 3'556.00CAD$ 3,844.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 350
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Chlorine, including Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, North America, Latin America and Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account...

• Polycarbonate World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 2,152.00USD$ 2,800.00GBP£ 1,811.00AUD$ 2,739.00JPY¥ 276,452.00SEK 18 384,00CHF 2'639.00CAD$ 2,853.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 187
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polycarbonate, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following areas: Polycarbonate...

• Propylene: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 299
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Propylene, including Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, North America, Latin America and Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account...

• Ammonia World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 250
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Ammonia, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account...

• Phenol World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 2,152.00USD$ 2,800.00GBP£ 1,811.00AUD$ 2,739.00JPY¥ 276,452.00SEK 18 384,00CHF 2'639.00CAD$ 2,853.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 150
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Phenol, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account...

• Adipic Acid World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,706.00USD$ 2,220.00GBP£ 1,436.00AUD$ 2,171.00JPY¥ 219,187.00SEK 14 576,00CHF 2'092.00CAD$ 2,262.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 100
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Adipic acid including Europe, Asia, North America and Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the fol-lowing areas: Adipic...

• Perchloroethylene World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,130.00USD$ 1,470.00GBP£ 951.00AUD$ 1,438.00JPY¥ 145,137.00SEK 9 652,00CHF 1'386.00CAD$ 1,498.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 50
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Perchloroethylene, including Europe, North America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following areas: Perchloroethylene producers,...

• Adipic Acid: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 200
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Adipic acid including Europe, Asia, North America and Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the fol-lowing areas: Adipic...

• Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,706.00USD$ 2,220.00GBP£ 1,436.00AUD$ 2,171.00JPY¥ 219,187.00SEK 14 576,00CHF 2'092.00CAD$ 2,262.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 100
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer , including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete...

• Paraxylene World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,130.00USD$ 1,470.00GBP£ 951.00AUD$ 1,438.00JPY¥ 145,137.00SEK 9 652,00CHF 1'386.00CAD$ 1,498.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 50
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Paraxylene, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following areas: Paraxylene...

• Polypropylene: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 350
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polypropylene, including Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, North America, Latin America and Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account...

• Acrylonitrile World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,706.00USD$ 2,220.00GBP£ 1,436.00AUD$ 2,171.00JPY¥ 219,187.00SEK 14 576,00CHF 2'092.00CAD$ 2,262.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 100
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Acrylonitrile, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of...

• Orthoxylene World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,130.00USD$ 1,470.00GBP£ 951.00AUD$ 1,438.00JPY¥ 145,137.00SEK 9 652,00CHF 1'386.00CAD$ 1,498.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 50
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Orthoxylene, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following areas: Orthoxylene...

• Acrylonitrile: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 163
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Acrylonitrile, including Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following...

• Acetone World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 2,798.00USD$ 3,640.00GBP£ 2,354.00AUD$ 3,560.00JPY¥ 359,388.00SEK 23 900,00CHF 3'431.00CAD$ 3,709.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 200
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Adipic Acid, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical account...

• Methyl tertiary butyl ether World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,706.00USD$ 2,220.00GBP£ 1,436.00AUD$ 2,171.00JPY¥ 219,187.00SEK 14 576,00CHF 2'092.00CAD$ 2,262.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 117
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Methyl tertiary butyl ether, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following...

• Polyethylene High Density: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 300
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polyethylene high density, including Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, North America, Latin America and Oceania. It provides the most complete and current...

• Acetic acid World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 2,152.00USD$ 2,800.00GBP£ 1,811.00AUD$ 2,739.00JPY¥ 276,452.00SEK 18 384,00CHF 2'639.00CAD$ 2,853.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 150
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for acetic acid, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the...

• Methyl methacrylate World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,706.00USD$ 2,220.00GBP£ 1,436.00AUD$ 2,171.00JPY¥ 219,187.00SEK 14 576,00CHF 2'092.00CAD$ 2,262.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 114
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Methyl methacrylate, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following areas:...

• China Calcium Carbonate Market Report, 2008

  EURO€ 1,076.00USD$ 1,400.00GBP£ 905.00AUD$ 1,369.00JPY¥ 138,226.00SEK 9 192,00CHF 1'320.00CAD$ 1,427.00 Research In China, Jan 2009 , Pages: 50
  China is a large producer and also a large consumer of calcium carbonate With the development of light industry, the demand for calcium carbonate is increasing Influenced by the resource distribution...

• China Calcium Carbonate Market Report, 2008

  EURO€ 753.00USD$ 980.00GBP£ 634.00AUD$ 959.00JPY¥ 96,758.00SEK 6 435,00CHF 924.00CAD$ 999.00 Research In China, Jan 2009 , Pages: 50
  China is a large producer and also a large consumer of calcium carbonate With the development of light industry, the demand for calcium carbonate is increasing Influenced by the resource distribution...

• Acetic Acid: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 2,900.00USD$ 3,773.00GBP£ 2,440.00AUD$ 3,690.00JPY¥ 372,501.00SEK 24 772,00CHF 3'556.00CAD$ 3,844.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 306
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Acetic acid, including Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, North America and Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the...

• South Africa's Chemical Industry 2009

  EURO€ 192.00USD$ 250.00GBP£ 162.00AUD$ 245.00JPY¥ 24,683.00SEK 1 641,00CHF 236.00CAD$ 255.00 Creamer Media, Jan 2009 , Pages: 28
  The chemicals industry in South Africa has a long history, having been founded in the latter part of the nineteenth century, as a result of the demand for explosives and chemicals to support the mining...

• 2-Ethylhexanol World Market Outlook 2009

  EURO€ 1,706.00USD$ 2,220.00GBP£ 1,436.00AUD$ 2,171.00JPY¥ 219,187.00SEK 14 576,00CHF 2'092.00CAD$ 2,262.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 100
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for 2-Ethylhexanol, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of...

• Polycarbonate: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 249
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polycarbonate, including Europe, Asia, North America and Latin America. It provides the most complete and current analytical account of the following areas:...

• RCMS® Implementation Guidance 2008

  EURO€ 81.00USD$ 105.00GBP£ 68.00AUD$ 103.00JPY¥ 10,367.00SEK 689,00CHF 99.00CAD$ 107.00 American Chemistry Council, Jan 2009 , Pages: 76
  RCMS® Implementation Guidance 2008 provides practical information for companies seeking to implement a management system in conformance with the requirements of the RCMS® Technical Specification (RCMS:2008...

• RC14001:2008 Technical Specification (revised edition)

  EURO€ 92.00USD$ 120.00GBP£ 78.00AUD$ 117.00JPY¥ 11,848.00SEK 788,00CHF 113.00CAD$ 122.00 American Chemistry Council, Jan 2009 , Pages: 25
  The RC14001® Technical Specification (2008 edition) combines the elements of the American Chemistry Council’s (ACC) Responsible Care® initiative with those of the Environmental Management Systems—Specifications...

• Sodium Tripolyphosphate Market Research

  EURO€ 2,844.00USD$ 3,700.00GBP£ 2,393.00AUD$ 3,619.00JPY¥ 365,312.00SEK 24 294,00CHF 3'487.00CAD$ 3,770.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Jan 2009 , Pages: 97
  This review is intended to provide a description of the global and CIS markets for sodium tripolyphosphate We examine its properties and application areas Accurate profiles of producers, consumers and...

• Bromine

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Jan 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Ethylene Glycol

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Jan 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Phosphoric Acid (Wet Process)

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Jan 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Adipic Acid

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Jan 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Ethanolamines

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Jan 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Sodium Bicarbonate

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Jan 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Ethylene Oxide

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Jan 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Hydrogen Peroxide

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Jan 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...