Chemicals

More than 70,000 distinct types of chemicals are used in everything from plastic toys to petrol. A driving force of the world economy, the chemical sector still provides lots of business opportunities. Don’t be left behind by your competitors: browse Research and Markets’ Chemicals category and find the report, book or subscription with the information you need to plan effective business strategies, including supply & demand scenario in a particular country and/or globally, major consumers, forecasts, areas of market growth, industry news, product segment analysis, and much more

This category’s coverage include hundreds of specific chemicals and chemical products such as polymers, dyes, lubricants, surfactants, resins, petrochemicals, bleaches, paints, plastics, soap, detergent and acids. Our publications provide a vast array of market intelligence catering for the business needs of manufacturers, suppliers or buyers of chemicals.

Leading players profiled in our publications include BASF, Bayer, Dow Chemical, DuPont, Mitsubishi Chemical, and many more. Show Less ... more

• China Lead-Zinc Industry Report, 2009

  EURO€ 1,460.00USD$ 1,900.00GBP£ 1,229.00AUD$ 1,858.00JPY¥ 187,593.00SEK 12 475,00CHF 1'791.00CAD$ 1,936.00 Research In China, Dec 2009 , Pages: 72
  Affected by the global financial crisis, the lead-zinc market in Euro-American countries takes slow recovery steps, but China’s lead-zinc market is better than expected In 2009, China’s output of lead...

• China Lead-Zinc Industry Report, 2009

  EURO€ 1,460.00USD$ 1,900.00GBP£ 1,229.00AUD$ 1,858.00JPY¥ 187,593.00SEK 12 475,00CHF 1'791.00CAD$ 1,936.00 Research In China, Dec 2009 , Pages: 72
  Affected by the global financial crisis, the lead-zinc market in Euro-American countries takes slow recovery steps, but China’s lead-zinc market is better than expected In 2009, China’s output of lead...

• Sulfuric Acid Market Research

  EURO€ 2,759.00USD$ 3,590.00GBP£ 2,322.00AUD$ 3,511.00JPY¥ 354,451.00SEK 23 571,00CHF 3'384.00CAD$ 3,658.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Dec 2009 , Pages: 129
  This review fills the need for information on the global and regional markets for sulfur and sulfuric acid The study analyzes market behaviour, prices, demand, investment activities, production growth,...

• Solvent Compositions and Mixtures Market Research

  EURO€ 2,890.00USD$ 3,760.00GBP£ 2,432.00AUD$ 3,678.00JPY¥ 371,236.00SEK 24 688,00CHF 3'544.00CAD$ 3,831.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Dec 2009 , Pages: 179
  The report presents detailed overview of the Solvent Compositions and Mixtures market in the world and regions (CIS countries in particular) by contemplating and analyzing its various parameters Firstly,...

• A Profile of the Middle Eastern & African Paint Industries - 3rd Edition

  EURO€ 3,250.00USD$ 4,228.00GBP£ 2,734.00AUD$ 4,135.00JPY¥ 417,458.00SEK 27 761,00CHF 3'985.00CAD$ 4,308.00 IRL, Dec 2009 , Pages: 155
  We are pleased to announce the availability of a new edition of regional title, A Profile of the Middle Eastern and African Paint Industry This third-edition volume offers a fresh look at the decorative...

• Global Polysilicon Market Report: 2009 Edition

  EURO€ 461.00USD$ 600.00GBP£ 388.00AUD$ 587.00JPY¥ 59,240.00SEK 3 940,00CHF 566.00CAD$ 611.00 Koncept Analytics, Dec 2009 , Pages: 38
  Polysilicon, being the base for Semiconductor and Photovoltaic (PV) industry, has a major influence on its end markets With the robust growth in its end markets i e solar and semiconductor, more in...

• Research Report on Chinese Basic Chemical Raw Material Industry, 2008-2009

  EURO€ 998.00USD$ 1,299.00GBP£ 840.00AUD$ 1,271.00JPY¥ 128,254.00SEK 8 529,00CHF 1'224.00CAD$ 1,324.00 China Research & Intelligence, Dec 2009 , Pages: 40
  Chinese basic chemical raw material industry is composed of the manufacturing of inorganic acid, inorganic soda, inorganic salt, organic chemical raw materials and other basic chemical raw materials...

• Angolan Chemicals Market

  EURO€ 6,149.00USD$ 8,000.00GBP£ 5,174.00AUD$ 7,825.00JPY¥ 789,864.00SEK 52 527,00CHF 7'540.00CAD$ 8,152.00 Frost & Sullivan, Dec 2009 , Pages: 84
  This research provides an overview of the total Angolan chemicals market The market has been segmented into the following segments: base chemicals, agricultural chemicals, specialty chemicals and consumer...

• The Global Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR) Market 2010-2015: Trends, Forecast and Opportunity Analysis

  EURO€ 4,535.00USD$ 5,900.00GBP£ 3,815.00AUD$ 5,771.00JPY¥ 582,525.00SEK 38 738,00CHF 5'561.00CAD$ 6,012.00 Lucintel, Dec 2009 , Pages: 139
  Background: Unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) are the most widely used resin type for composites, comprising in excess of 80% of all thermoset resins (others being epoxies, phenolics, acrylics, imides,...

• Composites in the Worldwide Passenger Railway Market: 2010-2015

  EURO€ 3,305.00USD$ 4,300.00GBP£ 2,781.00AUD$ 4,206.00JPY¥ 424,552.00SEK 28 233,00CHF 4'053.00CAD$ 4,382.00 Lucintel, Dec 2009 , Pages: 337
  For an industry which is increasingly looking to new materials and products to sustain long-term growth, “Composites in the Worldwide Passenger Railway Market: 2010-2015” is the only publication in...

• China Glyphosate Industry Report, 2009

  EURO€ 537.00USD$ 699.00GBP£ 452.00AUD$ 684.00JPY¥ 69,014.00SEK 4 590,00CHF 659.00CAD$ 712.00 Research In China, Nov 2009 , Pages: 27
  Glyphosate is the pesticide with the fastest growth rate, the most yield and export volume, growing at approximately 15% annually Now, China's current annual output of glyphosate reaches 300,000 tons,...

• China Glyphosate Industry Report, 2009

  EURO€ 537.00USD$ 699.00GBP£ 452.00AUD$ 684.00JPY¥ 69,014.00SEK 4 590,00CHF 659.00CAD$ 712.00 Research In China, Nov 2009 , Pages: 27
  Glyphosate is the pesticide with the fastest growth rate, the most yield and export volume, growing at approximately 15% annually Now, China's current annual output of glyphosate reaches 300,000 tons,...

• Handbook of Textile Fibre Structure: Fundamentals and Manufactured Polymer Fibres (Volume 1)

  EURO€ 202.00USD$ 263.00GBP£ 170.00AUD$ 257.00JPY¥ 25,955.00SEK 1 726,00CHF 248.00CAD$ 268.00 Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Nov 2009 , Pages: 524
  - the first title of a authoritative two-volume collection that provides a comprehensive review of the structure of a range of textile fibres - Provides an overview of the development of fibre structure...

• Polyethylene Terephthalate: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Nov 2009 , Pages: 432
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Polyethylene terephthalate, including Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, North America, Latin America and Oceania. It provides the most complete and current...

• Indian Construction Chemicals Market

  EURO€ 4,612.00USD$ 6,000.00GBP£ 3,880.00AUD$ 5,868.00JPY¥ 592,398.00SEK 39 395,00CHF 5'655.00CAD$ 6,114.00 Frost & Sullivan, Nov 2009 , Pages: 98
  The term 'construction chemicals' covers a wide range of materials and is commonly used to describe various products such as admixtures, waterproofing compounds, and flooring compounds among others...

• Global Vinyls Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2020

  EURO€ 2,690.00USD$ 3,500.00GBP£ 2,263.00AUD$ 3,423.00JPY¥ 345,565.00SEK 22 980,00CHF 3'299.00CAD$ 3,566.00 Global Markets Direct, Nov 2009 , Pages: 165
  ‘Global Vinyls Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2020’ provides in-depth analysis of the global vinyls industry This research will navigate the reader through the global vinyls markets with detailed...

• Global Biopolymers Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2015

  EURO€ 2,690.00USD$ 3,500.00GBP£ 2,263.00AUD$ 3,423.00JPY¥ 345,565.00SEK 22 980,00CHF 3'299.00CAD$ 3,566.00 Global Markets Direct, Nov 2009 , Pages: 112
  Global Biopolymers Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2015 Summary Global Markets Direct’s ‘Global Biopolymers Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2015’ provides in-depth analysis of the global biopolymers...

• Chromium Oxides and Hydroxides: trends and prospects in international trade

  EURO€ 769.00USD$ 1,000.00GBP£ 647.00AUD$ 978.00JPY¥ 98,733.00SEK 6 566,00CHF 943.00CAD$ 1,019.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Nov 2009 , Pages: 85
  This report examines international trade and worldwide market trends pertaining to chromium oxides and hydroxides. The report will be of considerable interest primarily to relevant strategic planners,...

• Production and Market of Lactic Acid in China

  EURO€ 3,843.00USD$ 5,000.00GBP£ 3,233.00AUD$ 4,890.00JPY¥ 493,665.00SEK 32 829,00CHF 4'713.00CAD$ 5,095.00 CCM International Limited, Nov 2009 , Pages: 91
  The report is to find out true situation of China’s lactic acid and provide good understanding for the industry, with the latest information China has a long history in lactic acid production, and has...

• NMR Crystallography

  EURO€ 131.00USD$ 170.00GBP£ 110.00AUD$ 166.00JPY¥ 16,794.00SEK 1 117,00CHF 160.00CAD$ 173.00 John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Nov 2009 , Pages: 520
  The content of this volume has been added to eMagRes (formerly Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance) - the company website. The term "NMR Crystallography" has only recently come into common usage, and...

• Polypropylene, in Primary Forms: trends and prospects in international trade

  EURO€ 769.00USD$ 1,000.00GBP£ 647.00AUD$ 978.00JPY¥ 98,733.00SEK 6 566,00CHF 943.00CAD$ 1,019.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Nov 2009 , Pages: 181
  This report examines international trade and worldwide market trends pertaining to polypropylene, in primary forms. The report will be of considerable interest primarily to relevant strategic planners,...

• Magnesium: 8th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and their Applications

  EURO€ 339.00USD$ 441.00GBP£ 285.00AUD$ 431.00JPY¥ 43,512.00SEK 2 894,00CHF 415.00CAD$ 449.00 John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Nov 2009 , Pages: 1454
  On more than 1400 pages, researchers and developers from Europe, Asia and the US share their previously unpublished knowledge on magnesium alloy development, modeling, processing and applications. Strongly...

• Research Report on Chinese Chemical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) Export, 2004-2009

  EURO€ 1,075.00USD$ 1,399.00GBP£ 905.00AUD$ 1,368.00JPY¥ 138,127.00SEK 9 186,00CHF 1'319.00CAD$ 1,426.00 China Research & Intelligence, Nov 2009 , Pages: 40
  As a data-type report, most contents are charts besides some concepts It introduces the export of Chinese chemical APIs from 2004 to 2009H1 Chemical APIs in this report include vitamin, penicillin,...

• China Lithium Carbonate Industry Report, 2009

  EURO€ 1,460.00USD$ 1,900.00GBP£ 1,229.00AUD$ 1,858.00JPY¥ 187,593.00SEK 12 475,00CHF 1'791.00CAD$ 1,936.00 Research In China, Nov 2009 , Pages: 72
  Lithium carbonate has been widely applied not only in battery, glass, ceramics, chemicals, lubricants and pharmaceutical industries, but also in synthetic rubber, dyes, semiconductor and most advanced...

• China Lithium Carbonate Industry Report, 2009

  EURO€ 1,460.00USD$ 1,900.00GBP£ 1,229.00AUD$ 1,858.00JPY¥ 187,593.00SEK 12 475,00CHF 1'791.00CAD$ 1,936.00 Research In China, Nov 2009 , Pages: 72
  Lithium carbonate has been widely applied not only in battery, glass, ceramics, chemicals, lubricants and pharmaceutical industries, but also in synthetic rubber, dyes, semiconductor and most advanced...

• Detection Technologies 2009: New Developments in Identification of Microorganisms & Chemicals Conference Proceedings

  EURO€ 106.00USD$ 99.00GBP£ 60.00AUD$ 144.00JPY¥ 12,148.00SEK 854,00CHF 142.00CAD$ 132.00 Knowledge Press, Nov 2009 , Pages: 347
  Detection Technologies 2009: New Developments in Identification of Microorganisms & Chemicals Conference Proceedings November 5th & 6th The 15th in our Detection Technologies Conference Series – an...

• Global Overview of the Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) & One Component Foam (OCF) Markets - 2nd Edition

  EURO€ 3,500.00USD$ 4,553.00GBP£ 2,945.00AUD$ 4,454.00JPY¥ 449,570.00SEK 29 897,00CHF 4'292.00CAD$ 4,640.00 IAL, Nov 2009 , Pages: 139
  The author is pleased to announce the publication of the second edition of its report on the rigid spray polyurethane foam markets This new edition will look at the growth seen in these markets in recent...

• A Profile of the Russian Paint Industry - 3rd Edition

  EURO€ 2,950.00USD$ 3,838.00GBP£ 2,482.00AUD$ 3,754.00JPY¥ 378,924.00SEK 25 199,00CHF 3'617.00CAD$ 3,911.00 IRL, Nov 2009 , Pages: 61
  The author has now published a third edition of its study, A Profile of the Russian Paint Industry The study points to a large decorative paint market in 2009 but a sharp decline within the industrial...

• Paint & Printing Ink Manufacturers - Business Ratio Report

  EURO€ 642.00USD$ 600.00GBP£ 365.00AUD$ 874.00JPY¥ 73,670.00SEK 5 181,00CHF 862.00CAD$ 802.00 Key Note Publications Ltd, Nov 2009
  This Business Ratio Report compares the financial performance of the leading players in this Industry sector, offering a quick and cost-effective competitor analysis tool for senior management Ratios...

• China DME Analysis: Overview and Outlook 2009-2014

  EURO€ 5,507.00USD$ 5,147.00GBP£ 3,129.00AUD$ 7,493.00JPY¥ 631,570.00SEK 44 414,00CHF 7'392.00CAD$ 6,880.00 CBI (SHANGHAI) CO. LTD, Oct 2009 , Pages: 76
  China Dimethyl Ether Analysis: Overview and Outlook 2009-2014 includes: - DME Supply Status: DME capacity by plant from 2009 to 2014, production and operating rates by region in 2009 - DME Application...

• Latin American Market for Construction Chemicals

  EURO€ 4,612.00USD$ 6,000.00GBP£ 3,880.00AUD$ 5,868.00JPY¥ 592,398.00SEK 39 395,00CHF 5'655.00CAD$ 6,114.00 Frost & Sullivan, Oct 2009 , Pages: 113
  Construction Boom in Latin America Reverberates in its Construction Chemicals Market Radical improvements in the Latin American construction industry in terms of techniques and application of materials...

• Bitumen Market Research

  EURO€ 3,643.00USD$ 4,740.00GBP£ 3,065.00AUD$ 4,636.00JPY¥ 467,994.00SEK 31 122,00CHF 4'468.00CAD$ 4,830.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Oct 2009 , Pages: 175
  This review focuses on the study of the international bitumen markets It describes bitumen properties and application areas It features major bitumen producers, prices, supply and demand conditions,...

• Eastern European Trends for Disinfection and Sterilisation Equipment Markets

  EURO€ 4,996.00USD$ 6,500.00GBP£ 4,203.00AUD$ 6,357.00JPY¥ 641,764.00SEK 42 678,00CHF 6'126.00CAD$ 6,623.00 Frost & Sullivan, Oct 2009 , Pages: 81
  This research service examines the eastern European sterilisation and disinfection equipment markets in terms of the challenges faced by market participants, drivers, and restraints in the industry,...

• The Future of the Polyethylene Industry to 2015: Investment Opportunities, Analysis and Forecasts of All Active and Planned Polyethylene Plants

  EURO€ 2,690.00USD$ 3,500.00GBP£ 2,263.00AUD$ 3,423.00JPY¥ 345,565.00SEK 22 980,00CHF 3'299.00CAD$ 3,566.00 Global Markets Direct, Oct 2009 , Pages: 182
  “The Future of the Polyethylene Industry to 2015: Investment Opportunities, Analysis and Forecasts of All Active and Planned Polyethylene Plants” The study, which is an offering from the Chemicals Research...

• Truffles, fresh or chilled: trends and prospects in international trade

  EURO€ 769.00USD$ 1,000.00GBP£ 647.00AUD$ 978.00JPY¥ 98,733.00SEK 6 566,00CHF 943.00CAD$ 1,019.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Oct 2009 , Pages: 83
  This report examines international trade and worldwide market trends pertaining to truffles, fresh/chilled. The report will be of considerable interest primarily to relevant strategic planners, senior...

• Ferrous Sulphate Market Research

  EURO€ 2,952.00USD$ 3,840.00GBP£ 2,483.00AUD$ 3,756.00JPY¥ 379,135.00SEK 25 213,00CHF 3'619.00CAD$ 3,913.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Oct 2009 , Pages: 338
  The objective of this review is to analyse the international and CIS markets for Ferrous Sulphate (iron vitriol) We provide the information on their production, application areas, brands, prices, major...

• General and Applied Toxicology, 6 Volume Set, 3rd Edition

  EURO€ 1,183.00USD$ 1,539.00GBP£ 995.00AUD$ 1,505.00JPY¥ 151,911.00SEK 10 102,00CHF 1'450.00CAD$ 1,568.00 John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Oct 2009 , Pages: 3490
  Encompassing 150 articles written by leading scientists in the field, the third edition of General and Applied Toxicology provides a comprehensive and in-depth review of the basic science of toxicology,...

• Esters of Methacrylic Acid: trends and prospects in international trade

  EURO€ 769.00USD$ 1,000.00GBP£ 647.00AUD$ 978.00JPY¥ 98,733.00SEK 6 566,00CHF 943.00CAD$ 1,019.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Oct 2009 , Pages: 83
  This report examines international trade and worldwide market trends pertaining to esters of methacrylic acid. The report will be of considerable interest primarily to relevant strategic planners, senior...

• Quaternary ammonium salts and hydroxides: trends and prospects in international trade

  EURO€ 769.00USD$ 1,000.00GBP£ 647.00AUD$ 978.00JPY¥ 98,733.00SEK 6 566,00CHF 943.00CAD$ 1,019.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Oct 2009 , Pages: 134
  This report examines international trade and worldwide market trends pertaining to quaternary ammonium salts and hydroxides. The report will be of considerable interest primarily to relevant strategic...

• International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste

  EURO€ 33.00USD$ 43.00GBP£ 28.00AUD$ 42.00JPY¥ 4,199.00SEK 279,00CHF 40.00CAD$ 43.00 John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Oct 2009 , Pages: 400
  This volume presents the latest research in the broad field of the chemical senses from the International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste. This field includes not only the obvious senses of taste and...

• Production and Market of Sulfanilic Acid in China

  EURO€ 3,843.00USD$ 5,000.00GBP£ 3,233.00AUD$ 4,890.00JPY¥ 493,665.00SEK 32 829,00CHF 4'713.00CAD$ 5,095.00 CCM International Limited, Oct 2009 , Pages: 105
  Sulfanilic acid is an indispensable chemical intermediate widely used in dyestuff, superplasticizers, fluorescent whitening agent and pigment Having produced for over 20 years, China has become a major...

• Titanium Dioxide: 2009 World Market Outlook And Forecast

  EURO€ 3,121.00USD$ 4,060.00GBP£ 2,626.00AUD$ 3,971.00JPY¥ 400,856.00SEK 26 657,00CHF 3'827.00CAD$ 4,137.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Oct 2009 , Pages: 342
  The report analyzes worldwide markets for Titanium dioxide, including Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, Oceania. It provides the most complete and current analytical...

• 2010 U.S. Petrochemical Manufacturing Industry Report

  EURO€ 115.00USD$ 149.00GBP£ 96.00AUD$ 146.00JPY¥ 14,711.00SEK 978,00CHF 140.00CAD$ 152.00 Barnes Reports, Oct 2009 , Pages: 63
  The Petrochemical Manufacturing Industry report, published annually, contains timely and accurate industry statistics, forecasts and demographics. The report features 2010 current and 2011 forecast...

• Beans (Vigna Spp., Phaseolus Spp.), Frozen: trends and prospects in international trade

  EURO€ 769.00USD$ 1,000.00GBP£ 647.00AUD$ 978.00JPY¥ 98,733.00SEK 6 566,00CHF 943.00CAD$ 1,019.00 Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd, Oct 2009 , Pages: 89
  This report examines international trade and worldwide market trends pertaining to beans (vigna spp., phaseolus spp.), frozen. The report will be of considerable interest primarily to relevant strategic...

• The Greening of the Decorative Paint Sector in Western Europe

  EURO€ 500.00USD$ 650.00GBP£ 421.00AUD$ 636.00JPY¥ 64,224.00SEK 4 271,00CHF 613.00CAD$ 663.00 IRL, Oct 2009 , Pages: 23
  The recent decorative sector survey in Western Europe is a small, inexpensive report in its own right Ideally targeted at raw materials producers (but also of interest to paint companies to benchmark...

• Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Resins

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Oct 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Sodium Chlorate

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Oct 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Platinum

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Oct 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• p-Xylene

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Oct 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...

• Epoxy Resins

  EURO€ 231.00USD$ 300.00GBP£ 194.00AUD$ 293.00JPY¥ 29,620.00SEK 1 970,00CHF 283.00CAD$ 306.00 Mannsville Chemical Products, Oct 2009
  CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS is an on-going reporting service which provides accurate, in-depth, low-cost commercial research on over 215 individual chemical commodities. The unique format of these SYNOPSIS...