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The ready to cook market in India is forecast to grow by USD 488.97 mn during 2022-2027, accelerating at a CAGR of 7.12% during the forecast period. The report on the ready to cook market in India provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.Speak directly to the analyst to clarify any post sales queries you may have.
The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by growing preference for convenience food products in working population, new product launches, and evolving retail landscape.
The ready to cook market in India is segmented as below:
By Type
- Instant noodles and pasta
- Instant soup
- Ready-to-mix
- Snacks
- Others
By Distribution Channel
- Offline
- Online
The report on the ready to cook market in India covers the following areas:
- Ready to cook market sizing
- Ready to cook market forecast
- Ready to cook market industry analysis
The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.
The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary1.1 Market overview
Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Country Market Characteristics
Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Distribution Channel
Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
2 Market Landscape
2.1 Market ecosystem
Exhibit 07: Parent market
Exhibit 08: Market Characteristics
3 Market Sizing
3.1 Market definition
Exhibit 09: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
3.2 Market segment analysis
Exhibit 10: Market segments
3.3 Market size 2022
3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2022-2027
Exhibit 11: Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 12: Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 13: Chart on India: Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 14: Data Table on India: Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
4 Historic Market Size
4.1 Ready to cook market in India 2017 - 2021
Exhibit 15: Historic Market Size - Data Table on Ready to cook market in India 2017 - 2021 ($ million)
4.2 Type Segment Analysis 2017 - 2021
Exhibit 16: Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ million)
4.3 Distribution channel Segment Analysis 2017 - 2021
Exhibit 17: Historic Market Size - Distribution channel Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ million)
5 Five Forces Analysis
5.1 Five forces summary
Exhibit 18: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2022 and 2027
5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
Exhibit 19: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2022 and 2027
5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
Exhibit 20: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
5.4 Threat of new entrants
Exhibit 21: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
5.5 Threat of substitutes
Exhibit 22: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
5.6 Threat of rivalry
Exhibit 23: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
5.7 Market condition
Exhibit 24: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2022 and 2027
6 Market Segmentation by Type
6.1 Market segments
Exhibit 25: Chart on Type - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 26: Data Table on Type - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
6.2 Comparison by Type
Exhibit 27: Chart on Comparison by Type
Exhibit 28: Data Table on Comparison by Type
6.3 Instant noodles and pasta - Market size and forecast 2022-2027
Exhibit 29: Chart on Instant noodles and pasta - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 30: Data Table on Instant noodles and pasta - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 31: Chart on Instant noodles and pasta - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 32: Data Table on Instant noodles and pasta - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
6.4 Instant soup - Market size and forecast 2022-2027
Exhibit 33: Chart on Instant soup - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 34: Data Table on Instant soup - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 35: Chart on Instant soup - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 36: Data Table on Instant soup - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
6.5 Ready-to-mix - Market size and forecast 2022-2027
Exhibit 37: Chart on Ready-to-mix - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 38: Data Table on Ready-to-mix - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 39: Chart on Ready-to-mix - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 40: Data Table on Ready-to-mix - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
6.6 Snacks - Market size and forecast 2022-2027
Exhibit 41: Chart on Snacks - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 42: Data Table on Snacks - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 43: Chart on Snacks - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 44: Data Table on Snacks - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
6.7 Others - Market size and forecast 2022-2027
Exhibit 45: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 46: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 47: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 48: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
6.8 Market opportunity by Type
Exhibit 49: Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
Exhibit 50: Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
7 Market Segmentation by Distribution Channel
7.1 Market segments
Exhibit 51: Chart on Distribution Channel - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 52: Data Table on Distribution Channel - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
7.2 Comparison by Distribution Channel
Exhibit 53: Chart on Comparison by Distribution Channel
Exhibit 54: Data Table on Comparison by Distribution Channel
7.3 Offline - Market size and forecast 2022-2027
Exhibit 55: Chart on Offline - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 56: Data Table on Offline - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 57: Chart on Offline - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 58: Data Table on Offline - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
7.4 Online - Market size and forecast 2022-2027
Exhibit 59: Chart on Online - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 60: Data Table on Online - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibit 61: Chart on Online - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 62: Data Table on Online - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
7.5 Market opportunity by Distribution Channel
Exhibit 63: Market opportunity by Distribution Channel ($ million)
Exhibit 64: Data Table on Market opportunity by Distribution Channel ($ million)
8 Customer Landscape
8.1 Customer landscape overview
Exhibit 65: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
9 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends
9.1 Market drivers
9.2 Market challenges
9.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
Exhibit 66: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2022 and 2027
9.4 Market trends
10 Vendor Landscape
10.1 Overview
10.2 Vendor landscape
Exhibit 67: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
10.3 Landscape disruption
Exhibit 68: Overview on factors of disruption
10.4 Industry risks
Exhibit 69: Impact of key risks on business
11 Vendor Analysis
11.1 Vendors covered
Exhibit 70: Vendors covered
11.2 Market positioning of vendors
Exhibit 71: Matrix on vendor position and classification
11.3 Bambino Agro Industries Ltd.
Exhibit 72: Bambino Agro Industries Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 73: Bambino Agro Industries Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 74: Bambino Agro Industries Ltd. - Key offerings
11.4 Desai Foods Pvt Ltd.
Exhibit 75: Desai Foods Pvt Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 76: Desai Foods Pvt Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 77: Desai Foods Pvt Ltd. - Key offerings
11.5 Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd.
Exhibit 78: Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 79: Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 80: Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
11.6 Hindustan Unilever Ltd.
Exhibit 81: Hindustan Unilever Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 82: Hindustan Unilever Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibit 83: Hindustan Unilever Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 84: Hindustan Unilever Ltd. - Segment focus
11.7 iD Fresh Food India Pvt. Ltd.
Exhibit 85: iD Fresh Food India Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 86: iD Fresh Food India Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 87: iD Fresh Food India Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
11.8 IndianFarm Foods Pvt. Ltd.
Exhibit 88: IndianFarm Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 89: IndianFarm Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 90: IndianFarm Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
11.9 Innovative Foods Ltd.
Exhibit 91: Innovative Foods Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 92: Innovative Foods Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 93: Innovative Foods Ltd. - Key offerings
11.10 ITC Ltd.
Exhibit 94: ITC Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 95: ITC Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibit 96: ITC Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 97: ITC Ltd. - Segment focus
11.11 Kohinoor Foods Ltd.
Exhibit 98: Kohinoor Foods Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 99: Kohinoor Foods Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 100: Kohinoor Foods Ltd. - Key offerings
11.12 Maiyas Beverages and Foods Pvt. Ltd.
Exhibit 101: Maiyas Beverages and Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 102: Maiyas Beverages and Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 103: Maiyas Beverages and Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
11.13 McCain Foods Ltd.
Exhibit 104: McCain Foods Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 105: McCain Foods Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 106: McCain Foods Ltd. - Key offerings
11.14 Nestle SA
Exhibit 107: Nestle SA - Overview
Exhibit 108: Nestle SA - Business segments
Exhibit 109: Nestle SA - Key news
Exhibit 110: Nestle SA - Key offerings
Exhibit 111: Nestle SA - Segment focus
11.15 Orkla ASA
Exhibit 112: Orkla ASA - Overview
Exhibit 113: Orkla ASA - Business segments
Exhibit 114: Orkla ASA - Key news
Exhibit 115: Orkla ASA - Key offerings
Exhibit 116: Orkla ASA - Segment focus
11.16 Regal Kitchen Foods Ltd.
Exhibit 117: Regal Kitchen Foods Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 118: Regal Kitchen Foods Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 119: Regal Kitchen Foods Ltd. - Key offerings
11.17 Tata Consumer Products Ltd.
Exhibit 120: Tata Consumer Products Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 121: Tata Consumer Products Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 122: Tata Consumer Products Ltd. - Key news
Exhibit 123: Tata Consumer Products Ltd. - Key offerings
12 Appendix
12.1 Scope of the report
12.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
Exhibit 124: Inclusions checklist
Exhibit 125: Exclusions checklist
12.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibit 126: Currency conversion rates for US$
12.4 Research methodology
Exhibit 127: Research methodology
Exhibit 128: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibit 129: Information sources
12.5 List of abbreviations
Exhibit 130: List of abbreviations
List of Exhibits
Exhibits 1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits 2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits 3: Executive Summary - Chart on Country Market Characteristics
Exhibits 4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
Exhibits 5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Distribution Channel
Exhibits 6: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
Exhibits 7: Parent market
Exhibits 8: Market Characteristics
Exhibits 9: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
Exhibits 10: Market segments
Exhibits 11: Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 12: Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 13: Chart on India: Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 14: Data Table on India: Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 15: Historic Market Size - Data Table on Ready to cook market in India 2017 - 2021 ($ million)
Exhibits 16: Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ million)
Exhibits 17: Historic Market Size - Distribution channel Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ million)
Exhibits 18: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2022 and 2027
Exhibits 19: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2022 and 2027
Exhibits 20: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits 21: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits 22: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits 23: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits 24: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2022 and 2027
Exhibits 25: Chart on Type - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 26: Data Table on Type - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 27: Chart on Comparison by Type
Exhibits 28: Data Table on Comparison by Type
Exhibits 29: Chart on Instant noodles and pasta - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 30: Data Table on Instant noodles and pasta - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 31: Chart on Instant noodles and pasta - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 32: Data Table on Instant noodles and pasta - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 33: Chart on Instant soup - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 34: Data Table on Instant soup - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 35: Chart on Instant soup - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 36: Data Table on Instant soup - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 37: Chart on Ready-to-mix - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 38: Data Table on Ready-to-mix - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 39: Chart on Ready-to-mix - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 40: Data Table on Ready-to-mix - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 41: Chart on Snacks - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 42: Data Table on Snacks - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 43: Chart on Snacks - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 44: Data Table on Snacks - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 45: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 46: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 47: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 48: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 49: Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
Exhibits 50: Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
Exhibits 51: Chart on Distribution Channel - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 52: Data Table on Distribution Channel - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 53: Chart on Comparison by Distribution Channel
Exhibits 54: Data Table on Comparison by Distribution Channel
Exhibits 55: Chart on Offline - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 56: Data Table on Offline - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 57: Chart on Offline - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 58: Data Table on Offline - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 59: Chart on Online - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 60: Data Table on Online - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits 61: Chart on Online - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 62: Data Table on Online - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits 63: Market opportunity by Distribution Channel ($ million)
Exhibits 64: Data Table on Market opportunity by Distribution Channel ($ million)
Exhibits 65: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibits 66: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits 67: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
Exhibits 68: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits 69: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits 70: Vendors covered
Exhibits 71: Matrix on vendor position and classification
Exhibits 72: Bambino Agro Industries Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 73: Bambino Agro Industries Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 74: Bambino Agro Industries Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 75: Desai Foods Pvt Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 76: Desai Foods Pvt Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 77: Desai Foods Pvt Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 78: Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 79: Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 80: Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 81: Hindustan Unilever Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 82: Hindustan Unilever Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibits 83: Hindustan Unilever Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 84: Hindustan Unilever Ltd. - Segment focus
Exhibits 85: iD Fresh Food India Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 86: iD Fresh Food India Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 87: iD Fresh Food India Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 88: IndianFarm Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 89: IndianFarm Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 90: IndianFarm Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 91: Innovative Foods Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 92: Innovative Foods Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 93: Innovative Foods Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 94: ITC Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 95: ITC Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibits 96: ITC Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 97: ITC Ltd. - Segment focus
Exhibits 98: Kohinoor Foods Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 99: Kohinoor Foods Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 100: Kohinoor Foods Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 101: Maiyas Beverages and Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 102: Maiyas Beverages and Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 103: Maiyas Beverages and Foods Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 104: McCain Foods Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 105: McCain Foods Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 106: McCain Foods Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 107: Nestle SA - Overview
Exhibits 108: Nestle SA - Business segments
Exhibits 109: Nestle SA - Key news
Exhibits 110: Nestle SA - Key offerings
Exhibits 111: Nestle SA - Segment focus
Exhibits 112: Orkla ASA - Overview
Exhibits 113: Orkla ASA - Business segments
Exhibits 114: Orkla ASA - Key news
Exhibits 115: Orkla ASA - Key offerings
Exhibits 116: Orkla ASA - Segment focus
Exhibits 117: Regal Kitchen Foods Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 118: Regal Kitchen Foods Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 119: Regal Kitchen Foods Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 120: Tata Consumer Products Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 121: Tata Consumer Products Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 122: Tata Consumer Products Ltd. - Key news
Exhibits 123: Tata Consumer Products Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 124: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits 125: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits 126: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits 127: Research methodology
Exhibits 128: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits 129: Information sources
Exhibits 130: List of abbreviations
Executive Summary
The publisher recognizes the following companies as the key players in the ready to cook market in India: Bambino Agro Industries Ltd., Capital Foods Pvt. Ltd., CG Corp., DARSHAN FOODS PVT. LTD., Desai Foods Pvt Ltd., Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd., Godrej Agrovet Ltd., Hindustan Unilever Ltd., iD Fresh Food India Pvt. Ltd., IndianFarm Foods Pvt. Ltd., Innovative Foods Ltd., ITC Ltd., Kohinoor Foods Ltd., Maiyas Beverages and Foods Pvt. Ltd., McCain Foods Ltd., Nestle SA, Orkla ASA, Regal Kitchen Foods Ltd., Tata Consumer Products Ltd., and Universal Corp. Ltd.Commenting on the report, an analyst from the research team said: `The latest trend gaining momentum in the market is the rising number of promotional and marketing activities.`
According to the report, one of the major drivers for this market is the growing preference for convenience food products in working population.
The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to a SWOT analysis of the key vendors.
Companies Mentioned (Partial List)
A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes, but is not limited to:
- Bambino Agro Industries Ltd.
- Capital Foods Pvt. Ltd.
- CG Corp.
- DARSHAN FOODS PVT. LTD.
- Desai Foods Pvt Ltd.
- Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd.
- Godrej Agrovet Ltd.
- Hindustan Unilever Ltd.
- iD Fresh Food India Pvt. Ltd.
- IndianFarm Foods Pvt. Ltd.
- Innovative Foods Ltd.
- ITC Ltd.
- Kohinoor Foods Ltd.
- Maiyas Beverages and Foods Pvt. Ltd.
- McCain Foods Ltd.
- Nestle SA
- Orkla ASA
- Regal Kitchen Foods Ltd.
- Tata Consumer Products Ltd.
- Universal Corp. Ltd.
