Middle East & Africa Millets Market Outlook, 2028

Millet, often referred to as the forgotten grain, has been an essential part of Middle Eastern and African diets for thousands of years. Its rich history, combined with its outstanding nutritional profile and adaptability, has recently sparked a surge in demand for millet both within the region and across the globe. Millet cultivation has been practiced in the Middle East & Africa for over 10,000 years, making it one of the oldest grains to be domesticated. Early civilizations in this region cultivated various millet species like pearl millet, finger millet, proso millet, and foxtail millet. Millet's resilience to drought, heat, and poor soil conditions allowed it to thrive in arid and semi-arid regions, becoming a staple food source for many communities. Despite the arrival of other cereal crops like wheat and rice, millet has continued to hold cultural significance in traditional cuisines. It features prominently in dishes like couscous in North Africa, injera in Ethiopia, and various porridges and flatbreads across the region. The growing global demand for nutritious and gluten-free alternatives to wheat and rice has significantly contributed to the expansion of the millet market. As health-conscious consumers seek healthier dietary options, millet has emerged as a versatile grain with the potential to address various dietary needs. Furthermore, increasing awareness of the environmental impact of conventional farming practices has led to a rising interest in ancient and sustainable grains like millet. Its ability to grow with minimal water and fertilizers aligns with the principles of sustainable agriculture, making it an attractive choice for eco-conscious consumers.

According to the research report, Middle East & Africa Millet Market Outlook, 2028 the market is anticipated to cross USD 7 Billion market size by 2028. In many parts of the Middle East & Africa, millets serve as a staple food for millions of people. They are used to prepare various traditional dishes, such as couscous in North Africa, injera in Ethiopia, and ugali in East Africa. Millets are well-adapted to the challenging climatic conditions of the region, including drought-prone areas and high-temperature zones. Their ability to withstand arid environments makes them a vital crop for food security in these regions. Millets are not only used in food preparation but also in brewing alcoholic beverages. Traditional millet-based alcoholic drinks, like bouza in Ethiopia and dolo in West Africa, have been consumed for centuries. Millets are not only valuable as human food but also as animal feed. They are commonly used to feed livestock due to their nutritional content and affordability. In some cultures, millets are believed to have medicinal properties. They are used in traditional medicine to treat various health conditions, such as digestive issues and anemia. Millet festivals and celebrations are held in various parts of the Middle East & Africa, showcasing the cultural significance of this ancient grain. These events often include cooking demonstrations, traditional music, and dance performances. In 2016, UNESCO inscribed Know-how of cultivating and processing Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf (known as Job's tears, but also related to millets) from China and the System of circular fields for growing cereals, pulses, and vegetables by the Bambara community in Mali on its list of endangered cultural heritage. This recognition highlights the cultural significance of millets and their traditional cultivation methods.

Based on countries, Niger is dominating the market with more than 25% market share in 2022 in Middle East & Africa millet market.

In Niger, millets play a crucial role in the country's food security and cultural heritage. Millet cultivation has a long history in Niger, dating back thousands of years, making it an integral part of the traditional diet and agricultural practices. Niger is a landlocked country in the Sahel region of West Africa, characterized by a harsh and arid climate. Millets are well-suited to the country's semi-arid conditions and have the ability to thrive in low rainfall and high-temperature environments, making them a resilient crop for farmers in the region. Agriculture is the backbone of Niger's economy, and millets are central to the country's agricultural practices. Subsistence farmers grow millets on small plots of land, using traditional farming methods that have been passed down through generations. Nigerien cuisine features a wide array of millet-based dishes, showcasing the diversity of millet preparations. Some popular millet dishes in Niger include tuwo (a thick porridge), fari masa (millet pancakes), and tô (a millet-based couscous-like dish). Millets are also utilized in nutrition programs to address malnutrition in vulnerable populations, especially among children and pregnant women. Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) made from millets are used to treat malnourished individuals effectively.

However, millets, particularly pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), are staple foods in Yemen, especially in rural areas. They are commonly consumed as a porridge known as bint al-sahn, which is a traditional Yemeni breakfast dish. Millets are also used to make bread, known as khubz bajra, providing a nourishing alternative to wheat-based bread. Yemen's climate is characterized by arid and semi-arid conditions, making water scarcity and droughts common challenges for farmers. Millets are well-adapted to such environments and are highly valued for their ability to grow in low water conditions, making them a reliable crop in areas with limited water resources. In addition to their culinary uses, millets hold medicinal value in Yemeni traditional medicine. They are believed to have various health benefits, and millet-based remedies are used for digestive ailments and as a general tonic for strength and vitality. While Yemen is primarily an agricultural society, the country faces economic challenges. Millet production and marketing offer income-generating opportunities for farmers, contributing to rural livelihoods.

Based on product types, foxtail millet is the second highest category in Middle East & Africa millet market with over USD 1300 Million market size in 2022.

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) has shown promising growth and increasing popularity in the Middle East & Africa in recent years. Foxtail millet is well-suited to the region's semi-arid and arid climates. It can thrive in areas with low rainfall and high temperatures, making it a viable option for regions where water resources are limited. Foxtail millet has a relatively short growing season, typically ranging from 60 to 90 days. This rapid maturation allows for multiple cropping cycles within a year, maximizing the use of available land and resources. Increased access to improved farming practices, such as improved seed varieties, efficient water management techniques, and better agricultural inputs, has boosted foxtail millet production and yields. Rising health consciousness and the demand for nutritious and gluten-free alternatives have contributed to the growth of foxtail millet in the Middle East & Africa. Consumers are increasingly seeking out ancient grains like foxtail millet due to their health benefits. Also, the growing demand for foxtail millet in international markets, particularly in health-conscious countries, has incentivized farmers and agribusinesses to expand foxtail millet cultivation and processing.

However, finger millet (Eleusine coracana), also known as ragi or African millet, holds significant importance in the Middle East & Africa, especially in East Africa and parts of the Indian subcontinent. It is a hardy cereal crop that has been cultivated in the region for centuries and has become an integral part of the local culture and cuisine. Finger millet thrives in diverse agro-ecological zones, from lowland areas to high-altitude regions. Its adaptability to different climatic conditions, including drought-prone and nutrient-deficient soils, makes it an ideal crop for smallholder farmers in the region. In East Africa, particularly in countries like Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya, finger millet is a staple food for millions of people. It is commonly used to prepare various traditional dishes, such as ugali or posho in Kenya, and injera in Ethiopia.

Based on nature, conventional millets is expected to lead the market with more than 4% of CAGR by 2023-28 in Middle East & Africa millet market.

In regions facing climate uncertainties and water scarcity, the cultivation of conventional millets offers a sustainable solution. Their ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions, including drought and heat stress, makes them an attractive option for crop diversification and resilience against climate change impacts. Several governments in the Middle East & Africa region have recognized the significance of millets in improving food security and supporting smallholder farmers. As a result, there have been efforts to promote millet cultivation through agricultural programs, subsidies, and research and development initiatives. The growth of conventional millets in Middle East & Africa is also supported by value addition and processing. Entrepreneurs and agribusinesses are exploring innovative millet-based products such as millet flour, snacks, breakfast cereals, and beverages to cater to changing consumer preferences.

Based on application, beverages segment holds more than 15% of the market share in 2022 in Middle East & Africa millet market.

In Nigeria, pearl millet is used to prepare fura da nono, a traditional porridge made by fermenting millet grains and adding nono (fermented cow milk). This beverage is not only a nutritious breakfast option but also a popular snack enjoyed by many. In Egypt, millets are used to produce non-alcoholic beverages like saftika, a drink made from roasted millet flour mixed with milk, water, and sugar. This refreshing and nutritious beverage is enjoyed by both children and adults. Millet-based energy drinks have started to gain popularity in Morocco. These drinks leverage millets' nutrient-rich profile to offer a natural and healthy boost of energy for active lifestyles. However, millets are gaining popularity in the bakery industries in the Middle East & Africa (Middle East & Africa) region due to their nutritional benefits, gluten-free nature, and versatility. In Sudan, pearl millet (locally known as dura ) is a traditional staple crop. Recently, there has been an increasing trend of using pearl millet flour to produce gluten-free bread, which caters to consumers with gluten sensitivities or those seeking healthier options. In Ethiopia, finger millet (known as dagusa ) is used to prepare injera, a spongy flatbread that is a fundamental part of Ethiopian cuisine. Injera is not only a staple food but also an essential component of the country's social and cultural gatherings.

Based on distribution channel, online stores segment is expected to grow with prominent CAGR of more than 6% by 2023-28 in Middle East & Africa millet market.

The Middle East & Africa region has experienced significant growth in internet penetration and smartphone adoption. With more people gaining access to the internet, e-commerce platforms have become accessible to a larger audience, facilitating online shopping for millet products. Online shopping offers convenience and accessibility to consumers, allowing them to browse and purchase millet products from the comfort of their homes. This is especially advantageous for those living in remote or rural areas where physical access to stores may be limited. The growing awareness of millets' nutritional benefits and their status as gluten-free and sustainable grains have fuelled demand for millet products. As health-conscious consumers seek healthier alternatives to conventional grains, the online market for millets has expanded. Also, increased promotion and marketing of millet products, both by private businesses and governmental initiatives promoting healthier diets have encouraged consumers to explore and purchase millet products online. In Middle East & Africa, both local and international e-commerce platforms have recognized the potential of the market and have made significant investments in expanding their operations and product offerings in the region.

Market Drivers

Cultural relevance: Cultural relevance plays a significant role in driving the millets market in the Middle East & Africa region. Millets have deep-rooted cultural and historical significance in many Middle East & Africa countries, which has contributed to their continued popularity and consumption. In many Middle East & Africa countries, millets have been staple foods for generations, forming an essential part of the traditional diet. They are deeply ingrained in the local culinary culture and are used to prepare various traditional dishes and bread, which hold sentimental value and evoke a sense of cultural identity. Millets also play a prominent role in festivals, celebrations, and religious ceremonies in the Middle East & Africa region. Special millet-based dishes are prepared during important cultural events, weddings, and religious gatherings, symbolizing abundance, prosperity, and hospitality. The preparation and consumption of millets have been passed down through generations as part of the region's culinary heritage. Traditional millet recipes often involve unique cooking techniques and flavours that connect people to their cultural roots. In some Middle East & Africa cultures, millets are also used in traditional arts and crafts. For instance, millet stalks are used in weaving or crafting decorative items, highlighting their multifaceted cultural significance.

Technological advancements: Technological advancements have modernized the millet sector in Middle East & Africa, making it more competitive, sustainable, and responsive to changing market demands. Precision agriculture technologies, such as remote sensing, drones, and satellite imagery, are being utilized to monitor millet crops. These tools provide valuable data on soil health, crop growth, and water needs, allowing farmers to optimize inputs and increase yields. Weather forecasting technologies and climate models help farmers in the Middle East & Africa region make informed decisions regarding planting and irrigation schedules, mitigating the impact of climate variability and enhancing crop resilience. The introduction of efficient irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation and sprinklers, has improved water management in millet cultivation. This is especially beneficial in water-scarce regions, where millets are traditionally grown. Biotechnology and genetic advancements have led to the development of high-yielding and drought-resistant millet varieties. Farmers now have access to improved millet seeds, leading to better productivity and crop performance. Mechanization and post-harvest processing technologies have reduced the labor intensity and improved the efficiency of millet processing, including threshing, winnowing, and milling, resulting in higher-quality products. Increased investment in research and development has led to a better understanding of the nutritional benefits of millets and their potential applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industries, opening up new opportunities for market growth.

Market Challenges

Lack of consumer awareness: Despite the numerous benefits of millets, many consumers in Middle East & Africa may not be fully aware of their nutritional value, culinary versatility, and sustainability advantages. Without sufficient awareness of the nutritional benefits and potential uses of millets, there is limited demand for millet-based products. Consumers may stick to familiar grains and products, leading to slower adoption of millets in their diets. Low awareness may restrict the availability of millet-based products in retail stores and supermarkets. If retailers perceive low demand, they may be hesitant to stock millet products, further limiting consumer access. Lack of awareness can lead to misconceptions about millets, such as considering them as poor man's food or less desirable than other grains. These misconceptions can negatively impact consumer perceptions and deter them from trying millet-based products. In some cases, cultural norms and traditional preferences for specific grains may hinder the acceptance of millets as a substitute or addition to the diet.

Climate change and environmental factors: Climate change has led to unpredictable rainfall patterns in many parts of Middle East & Africa. Millets are typically grown in semi-arid and arid regions that are prone to drought. Erratic rainfall and prolonged droughts can reduce millet yields and lead to crop failure, affecting farmers' livelihoods and reducing overall production. Water scarcity is a significant concern in the Middle East & Africa region, and millets are often grown in regions with limited access to water resources. The increasing scarcity of water resources can limit millet cultivation or require farmers to use water-efficient irrigation methods. Climate change can disrupt ecosystems and lead to the loss of biodiversity. Traditional millet varieties that have adapted to local conditions over generations may become vulnerable, reducing genetic diversity and resilience in millet crops. Climate change impacts on millet production can affect food security and nutrition in the region. Millets are an important source of nutrition for many communities, and reductions in millet yields can lead to decreased availability of nutrient-rich foods.

Market Trends

Regional Millet Varieties and Culinary Diversity: Different countries in Middle East & Africa have their own indigenous millet varieties and culinary traditions. This diversity is becoming more recognized and appreciated, leading to a resurgence of interest in regional millet varieties and traditional millet-based dishes. As part of a broader movement to preserve culinary heritage, there is a resurgence of interest in traditional millet-based dishes in Middle East & Africa. Local communities are rediscovering and promoting age-old recipes, incorporating millets into their daily meals, and passing down culinary knowledge to the younger generations. In response to the growing demand for authentic and diverse dining experiences, restaurants in Middle East & Africa are incorporating millet-based dishes into their menus. Innovative chefs are experimenting with millets to create unique and contemporary interpretations of traditional recipes. Also, Middle East & Africa countries are increasingly attracting culinary tourists who seek to explore and savour the region's diverse cuisines, including millet-based dishes. Culinary tours and experiences that focus on local millet culinary traditions are becoming popular.

Nutrition Programs and School Feeding Initiatives: Millets are being included in school feeding programs and nutrition initiatives to improve the nutritional intake of children and combat malnutrition in Middle East & Africa. Malnutrition, including under-nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, remains a significant challenge in some Middle East & Africa countries. Nutrition programs and school feeding initiatives recognize millets' nutritional value as an opportunity to address this issue effectively. Many Middle East & Africa countries are introducing millets into school meal programs as a means to diversify diets and improve nutrition. Millets are valued for their high protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals content, which can enhance the nutritional quality of children's meals. In these initiatives, there is an emphasis on sourcing millets locally, promoting smallholder farmers' livelihoods and supporting sustainable agriculture practices. This approach contributes to food security while preserving traditional millet cultivation.

Key Players

Companies such as Nestle SA, General Mills Inc., and Kellogg Company are some of the main players in the millets market. These businesses are all multinational food corporations with a substantial market presence in multiple nations. They are producing a variety of millet-based foods and beverages, including cereals, munchies, and beverages. In addition, a number of lesser businesses have emerged and are competing on the market to meet the growing demand for organic and non-GMO millets.

Considered in this report

• Geography: Middle East & Africa
• Historic year: 2017
• Base year: 2022
• Estimated year: 2023
• Forecast year: 2028

Aspects covered in this report

• Middle East & Africa Plant-based Food with its value and forecast along with its segments
• Country-wise Plant-based Food market analysis
• Various drivers and challenges
• On-going trends and developments
• Top profiled companies
• Strategic recommendation

Countries covered in the report:

• Yemen
• Niger
• Nigeria
• Mali
• Ethiopia
• Burkina Faso
• Senegal
• Chad

By Product Type

• Pearl Millet
• Foxtail Millet
• Sorghum
• Finger Millet
• Others (Kodo millet, Proso millet, barnyard millet )

By Nature

• Conventional
• Organic

By Application

• Ready to eat food
• Bakery
• Beverages
• Breakfast
• Direct Consumption

By Distribution Channel

• Traditional Grocery Stores
• Trade Associations & organizations
• Supermarkets
• Online Stores
• Others (Speciality Stores)

The approach of the report:

This report consists of a combined approach of primary and secondary research. Initially, secondary research was used to get an understanding of the market and list the companies that are present in it. The secondary research consists of third-party sources such as press releases, annual reports of companies, and government-generated reports and databases. After gathering the data from secondary sources, primary research was conducted by conducting telephone interviews with the leading players about how the market is functioning and then conducting trade calls with dealers and distributors of the market. Post this; we have started making primary calls to consumers by equally segmenting them in regional aspects, tier aspects, age group, and gender. Once we have primary data with us, we can start verifying the details obtained from secondary sources.

Intended audience

This report can be useful to industry consultants, manufacturers, suppliers, associations and organisations related to the Plant-based Food industry, government bodies, and other stakeholders to align their market-centric strategies. In addition to marketing and presentations, it will also increase competitive knowledge about the industry.