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Executive Report on Strategies in Ghana
ICON Group International, June 2007, Pages: 393
How to Strategically Evaluate Ghana
Perhaps the most efficient way of evaluating Ghana is to consider key dimensions which themselves are composites of multiple factors. Composite portfolio approaches have long been used by strategic planners. The biggest challenge in this approach is to choose the appropriate factors that are the most relevant to international planning. The two measures of greatest relevance are “latent demand” and “market accessibility”. The figure below summarizes the key dimensions and recommendations of such an approach. Using these two composites, one can prioritize all countries of the world. Countries of high latent demand and high relative accessibility (e.g. easier entry for one firm compared to other firms) are given highest priority. The figure below shows two different scenarios. Accessibility is defined as a firm’s ease of entering or supplying from or to a market (the “supply side”), and latent demand is an indicator of the potential in serving from or to the market (the “demand side”).
Framework for Prioritizing Countries
Demand/Market Potential Driven Firm
Relative Accessibility
Accessibility/Supply Averse Firm
Relative Accessibility
In the top figure, the firm is driven by market potential, whereas the bottom figure represents a firm that is driven by costs or by an aversion to difficult markets. This report treats the reader as coming from a “generic firm” approaching the global market - neither a market-driven nor a cost-driven company. Planners must therefore augment this report with their own company-specific factors that might change the priorities.
Latent Demand and Accessibility in Ghana
This report provides an extremely detailed overview of factors driving latent demand and accessibility in Ghana. Latent demand is largely driven by economic fundamentals. But, latent demand only represents half of the picture. A country may at first sight appear to be attractive due to a high latent demand, but it is often less attractive when one considers at the macro level how easy it might be to serve that entire potential and/or general business risks.
Chapter 2 deals with macro-accessibility. While accessibility will always vary from one company to another for a given country, the following domains are typically considered when evaluating macro-accessibility in Ghana:
Openness to Trade in Ghana
Openness to Direct Investment in Ghana
Local Marketing and Entry Strategy Alternatives
Local Human Resources
Local Risks
Across these domains, a number of not-so-obvious factors can affect accessibility and risk. These are also covered in Chapter 2, which is presented from the perspective of an American firm, though it is equally applicable to most firms entering Ghana. This chapter has been authored by local offices of the U.S. Government. I have included a number of edits to clarify the provided information as it relates to the general strategic framework.
In Chapter 3, I summarize the economic potential for Ghana over the next five years for hundreds of industries, categories, and products. The goal of this chapter is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or latent demand, represented by Ghana when defined as an area of dominant influence. The data presented are the result of various spatial econometric and time-series forecasting models which, for each category presented, are applied to forecast and allocate latent demand across all countries of the world and major distribution centers or centers of dominant influence within each country. This is accomplished knowing that economic fundamentals (e.g. income) generally vary from one country to another within a given country over time. In this chapter, I report the allocation for each category for Ghana as an area of dominant influence in Africa and, potentially, the world.
The report concludes with trade indicators for Ghana. Often, the amount of trade flowing into and out of a country is a strong indicator of trading partners, trade openness, and related latent demand. Trade indicators are purely statistical in nature. Although international trade is not a direct measure of latent demand, it does provide an indicator of general market conditions with respect to trade flows and trade openness in Ghana.
As a whole, this report presents a strategic assessment of Ghana by considering an extremely broad set of factors affecting both latent demand and accessibility, as outlined in the following chapters.
MACRO-ACCESSIBILITY IN GHANA
Economic Fundamentals and Dynamics
Infrastructure Development
Inadequate infrastructure is an impediment to domestic productivity and discourages foreign direct investment. However, improvements continue to be made at most levels, especially in the telecommunications and road construction sectors. Ghana Telecom is expected to embark on an expansion program and a third national telecom operator should be licensed soon. The availability of wireless services is expanding and there has been much growth in voice traffic and data transmission systems.
The GOG has committed substantial resources to road building efforts, although the generally poor quality of Ghanaian roads still slows down the delivery of goods, especially during the rainy season.
Political Risks
Economic Relationship with the United States
The United States and Ghana enjoy a close and constructive relationship. Ghanaians value the relationship highly, although the disproportion between the size and wealth of the two countries occasionally leads to divergent perspectives. The U.S. and Ghanaian militaries have cooperated in numerous joint peacekeeping training exercises. Ghanaian parliamentarians and other government officials have, through the U.S. International Visitor Program, acquainted themselves with U.S. congressional and state legislative practices and participated in programs designed to address other issues of interest. Close relations are maintained between U.S. and Ghanaian educational and scientific institutions, and cultural links, particularly between Ghanaians and African-Americans, are strong.
Ghana is active in the United Nations and many of its specialized agencies, including the World Trade Organization, the Nonaligned Movement, the African Union (AU), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Generally, follows consensus of the Nonaligned Movement and the AU on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests. Ghana plays an increasingly active role in subregional affairs. As a result, Ghana is becoming a stronger spokesman for democracy, economic reform, and human rights, especially within the West African subregion.
Politics and the Business Environment
The attitude of the GOG is generally pro-business. President John A. Kufuor, who came into office in January 2001, has declared that his term will mark a “Golden Age of Business” and his administration has made a concerted effort to work constructively with foreign donors and international investors. Ghana offers potential investors a stable, multiparty democratic environment, various tax incentives to attract foreign capital, as well as a commitment to the philosophy and practice of market liberalization. The government’s priority for free enterprise and private sector initiative, as well as various tax incentives to attract foreign capital, all contribute towards making Ghana a place in which to consider investing.
The Political System
The December 2000 elections ushered in the first democratic Presidential change of power in Ghana’s history when John A. Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) defeated the NDC’s John Atta Mills former President Rawling’s vice-president and hand-picked successor. The elections were declared free and fair by a large contingent of domestic and international monitors. Present political conditions have highlighted the prospect for continuing the process of building and sustaining a democratic culture of governance in Ghana.
The government of John A. Kufuor appears to enjoy broad support among the Ghanaian population as it pursues a domestic political agenda based upon public commitment to the rule of Law, basic human rights, and anti-corruption initiatives. So far, the government has taken steps to strengthen freedoms of expression by repealing colonial-era criminal libel laws, dropping a number of libel suits against journalists, abolishing sometimes abusive community tribunals, and introducing legislation to establish a juvenile justice system. As part of its anti-corruption efforts the Kufuor government has pursued some high-profile cases (most still ongoing), including the prosecution of its Minister of Youth and Sports and several former high-level government officials. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has launched a vigorous campaign to weed out corruption in the judicial system, and clear the large backlog of cases by automating the court system, and introducing an alternate dispute resolution program.
The Government and the opposition NDC contest their differences in Parliament, where the debates are frequently lively. Both major parties espouse the virtues of democracy, good governance, and private sector development. Although Members of Parliament (MPs) can introduce legislation, bills have been proposed only on the initiative of the Executive branch of government to date. A prominent feature of the present Parliament is that a large percentage of the minority and many of the majority are from the upper middle class, most of whom are professionals in law, medicine, commerce and industry. As under any Parliamentary system, the ruling party follows the lead of the Executive branch in Parliament. Attempts are under way to strengthen the committee system.
The Constitution affords protection to the news media, insulating them from state control and censorship. Although government controls a significant share of media time, especially on television, the private media have become vigilant watchdogs of the public’s business. While the state media is generally staid, the private, independent media is lively and often aggressive in reporting.
Marketing Strategies
Distribution Channel Options
The channels of distribution available to U.S. suppliers of goods and services in Ghana are wholesalers, retail outlets, and agents or distributors. Some suppliers sell directly to the government while others sell to indigenous associations. The most important trading center for U.S. products and the most populous area of the country is the Accra/Tema Metropolitan area (pop. approx. 3.8 million). Other large cities, in order of size and importance for marketing U.S. products, are Kumasi (pop. approx. 1.3 million), Shama-Ahanta East Metropolis (pop. approx. 400,000), Tamale (pop. approx. 320,000), Sunyani (pop. approx. 195,000) and Cape Coast (pop. approx.140, 000.)[i] Exporters are advised to consider the requirements of the product and the potential market before choosing a distribution channel.
Consideration should be given for possible changes in product shelf life given the warm and humid environment in Ghana.
Goods to landlocked countries to the north of Ghana (Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger) are transshipped through Ghana. The recent unrest in Cote d’Ivoire has increased the use of Ghana for these shipments.
Agents and Distributors
While there are no laws requiring the retention of a local agent or distributor for a foreign company exporting to Ghana, American companies wishing to enter the Ghanaian market are strongly advised to retain a businessperson or persons resident in Ghana to market their products. An agent or distributor should possess a thorough understanding of the economy. If the exported product requires servicing, qualified personnel and a reasonable inventory of spare parts must be considered. Exporters should be aware that agents and distributors commonly represent several product lines.
While in the past Ghanaians had a preference for made-in-Britain and Asian goods, there has been increased interest of late in American products because of their perceived superior quality. European competitors market their geographic proximity as a competitive advantage, however Ghanaian businesspeople have expressed their willingness to pay a sometimes higher price (because of transportation costs) for an American product since American companies enjoy the reputation in Ghana for providing excellent after-sales service. It should be noted that transportation costs from the U.S. are also dropping because of new direct air connections between Accra and New York and Baltimore, as well as shipping from Baltimore directly to the port of Tema in Ghana.
An area of concern for U.S. investors is the lack of readily verifiable background information on potential partners. It is recommended that investors take their time and get reliable, unbiased background checks on companies and people they wish to do business with. One recent scam involved a foreign company being defrauded out of almost $700,000. The use of credit cards for any purpose is strongly discouraged. There have been numerous cases of fraud in Ghana, and official U.S. Embassy policy is to inform visitors not to use credit cards while in Ghana.
Franchising Activities
There is a growing interest in franchising in Ghana, an area that has potential for development, especially by smaller U.S. businesses. Under-capitalization of many companies discourages greater use of this approach to business.
Direct Marketing Options
Wholesale establishments and many retail outlets are concentrated in Accra. These include company headquarters, branch banking, supermarkets and specialty shops. Several companies have opened branches in Kumasi and Takoradi. Both within and outside of Accra, most of the small-scale retail outlets are individual proprietorship operations that lack specialization. U.S. companies will require some presence in Ghana either through an agent, a distributor or a small business.
Joint Ventures and Licensing Options
The Ghanaian Investment Code provides legislative encouragement for joint venture activities. However, joint venture arrangements with Ghanaian firms should carefully spell out areas of responsibility. Some local entrepreneurs operate under the impression that all costs will be borne by the foreign investor while expertise in selling to the local market is all that is required of them. Many potential local joint venture partners have little equity to offer and merely seek to capitalize on their knowledge of the local business environment.
Creating a Sales Office
Ghana Investment Promotion Center (GIPC)
All investors planning to invest in Ghana should first contact the Ghana Investment Promotion Center (GIPC). The GIPC was established under the Ghana Investment Promotion Center Act of 1994 as a one-stop shop for economic, commercial and investment information for entrepreneurs interested in starting a business or investing in Ghana.
The GIPC is a government agency with two primary objectives:
Encouragement and promotion of investment in the Ghanaian economy.
Coordination and monitoring of all investment activities.
One of the goals of the GIPC is to guide an entrepreneur through the local business registration process including handling the formalities to register, incorporate, modify or dissolve a local company. There are tax holidays and allowances available under the act, which make registration beneficial. The act has specific investment requirements for different types of companies. It will be important to be aware of these prior to making investments in capital, land, or equipment, if investment incentives are to be requested.
All business investment projects in all sectors of the economy, other than the mining and petroleum sectors, are free to establish without prior approval of the GIPC. Mining and petroleum sector businesses and projects have to be approved or licensed by the Minerals Commission and/or the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation.
The Process of Incorporation and Establishment
Ascertain from the Registrar of Companies whether the desired name is available. Deliver a copy of the proposed regulations of the company to the Registrar for registration.
The regulations must contain the following:
Name of the company,
Nature of the business or the objects for which the business is being established,
Names of the first directors, and
Limits of the powers of the directors with regard to the provisions of the Code.
Appoint company auditors and obtain an acceptance letter.
The Registrar has five working days to complete the registration formalities, if application documents are received in good order.
Upon registration, the Registrar certifies under his/her seal that the company is incorporated by awarding a Certificate of Incorporation, and a certificate to commence business, which makes the company a body corporate with legal identity and free to begin operations.
Register with Internal Revenue Service
Register with Value Added Tax Service
After registration of the business entity, business enterprises are free to implement their projects, import equipment and clear it through Customs, Excise and Preventive Services (CEPS).
Forms of Business
The principal forms of business organizations do not differ significantly from U.S.-based companies. Apart from state-owned enterprises, there are:
Companies, including branches of foreign firms,
Partnerships and joint ventures, and
Sole proprietorships - under the companies code, a company can take any of the following forms:
Limited liability company or a company having the liability of its members limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by it;
Company limited by guarantee or a company having the liability of its members limited to such amount as the members may respectively undertake to contribute to the assets of the companies in the event of its being liquidated; and
An unlimited company or a company not having any limit on the liability of its members.
Ghana does not allow limited liability partnerships.
A company may be registered as a public or a private company. Every company with limited liability must include the word “Limited” as the last part of its name. All companies incorporated in Ghana must have at least one shareholder and two directors, of which one director must be a resident in Ghana. The Act also requires all companies to file annual returns with the Registrar of Companies.
Prior to establishing a business entity in Ghana, it is advisable to consult a local attorney. The cost for the service and registering the business should not exceed US$ 2,000.
Selling Strategies
Ghana maintains strong historical, cultural and economic links with Britain. Other major foreign investments are from Germany, China and India. However, there is an increasing demand for U.S.-made goods and a liking for things “American” in general. It is nonetheless important that U.S. companies establish and maintain a high level of personal contact within Ghana. It is generally not possible to mount a successful enterprise via telephone, email or fax contact alone.
Ghanaian values are very traditional, and this tendency extends to business dealings as well. People are very polite. Culture requires an exchange of greetings and pleasantries along with handshakes before any business in transacted. If there are several people present, handshakes are to be given beginning from your right.
Ghanaians like regular, face-to-face contact and personal visits are warmly welcomed and expected. While paying personal visits may not always be the most efficient or inexpensive method, it is generally regarded as the most effective method of handling few trade initiatives. This applies whether goods are being purchased from Ghana or sold to Ghana.
Timeliness is not generally a high priority in Ghana. It is advisable that the business visitor builds flexibility into their meeting schedule and plans.
The Lebanese and Asian (primarily Indian) communities play an important role in business in Ghana. Many Lebanese businesspeople are third and fourth generation Ghanaian citizens. This group dominates much of the dry goods, furniture and fixtures, building materials and durable goods imports.
Advertising and Trade Promotion
There are more than a dozen advertising agencies in Accra. A few of the larger companies offer the full range of publicity and sales promotion services in the main population areas. Three of them, Lintas, Design & Display Publicity, and Media Majique are affiliates of American companies. While many of the smaller companies advertise themselves as “advertising” companies, they are engaged primarily in designing and printing. There are also several companies that offer market research.
Newspapers and Business Journals
Following is a list of major newspapers and business journals:
Daily Graphic
Ghanaian Chronicle
Ghanaian Times
Business and Financial Times
High Street Journal
The Financial Post
The Daily Graphic and Ghanaian Times, are state-owned dailies and have the largest reach, while the others are privately owned and circulate in the metropolitan areas. Ghanaians own more than 2 million television sets and over 13 million radios, and are accustomed to consumer-oriented commercials and advertising, as well as public service announcements. With three free-on-air television networks currently being broadcast in the capital (G.T.V., TV3 and Metro TV), and over 20 pay-per-view networks rebroadcast by satellite, advertising through the media has taken a quantum leap. There are now over 49 FM radio stations throughout the country (up from only one in 1994), and these all feature regular advertisements.
Suppliers of imported products are expected to provide advertising and promotional support. In addition to radio and television spots there are also posters, point of sale displays and billboards. Trade shows are an increasingly popular means of reaching the Ghanaian buyer.
Packaging is important to the Ghanaian consumer. Eye-catching, colorful designs appeal to the consumer.
Pricing Issues
Ghanaians are price conscious with respect to most purchases. There is an awareness of price and quality where lower prices require frequent replacement.
Local sources of commercial credit are extremely limited due to low savings levels and the high interest offered by government for low risk treasury bills. Domestic bank lending to the private sector is constrained by high interest rates. U.S. exporters are advised to utilize an irrevocable, confirmed letter of credit, especially if they are non-resident and new to the Ghanaian market. Product costs should be computed on a CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) basis.
Supplying Customer Service
Goods sold in Ghana are frequently subjected to heavy use and are often not maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. The vast majority of consumers are not familiar with service contracts, product recalls, and work performed under warranty. The business community and individuals who have lived abroad are beginning to expect these services.
There is a genuine interest in Ghana in trading with the U.S. Businesspeople note after-sales support and the high quality of American goods as key factors. High-tech or heavy industrial equipment such as computer hardware and software, telecommunications equipment, photocopiers, automobiles, air conditioning/ refrigeration units, heavy mining and earth-moving equipment have all enjoyed reasonable success in the Ghanaian economy recently. Readable service manuals, frequent personnel training and an adequate inventory of spare parts are important for success in the Ghanaian market.
Public Sector Marketing
Currently, there are varying procedures for selling to government. The Ghana Supply Company (GSC) was, until 1999, the principal purchasing agent of government. It is now a limited liability company and no longer the exclusive procurer for government. It continues to serve some of the ministries that have not established internal procurement sections. GSC also does wholesale procurement for various importers, as they obtain better prices with large orders. Suppliers can register their companies and products with the GSC for $85 for two years. This list would be used when seeking customer quotes for purchases on behalf of their government and private sector customers.
The point of contact for Ghana Supply Commission is:
The Chief Executive
Ghana Supply Company
P.O. Box M 35
Accra
Tel: 233-21-228131
Fax: 233-21-668452
The Ministry of Finance intervenes actively in the process of procurement of goods and works through the Central, Regional, and District Tender Boards. Several ministries, departments and agencies have internalized procurement. This is especially the case for the Ministries of Health, Education and Works and Housing.
Special project implementation or management units are usually set up to implement projects funded with foreign aid, bilateral and multilateral funds. Purchases of goods, services, and works are made in line with the funding agency’s guidelines and those of the World Bank. Notice for tenders are usually put up in the major national dailies and some foreign newspapers. There is usually a nominal charge to purchase the bid documents on goods and works.
The Ghana National Procurement Agency (GNPA), a state-owned entity, which makes purchases on behalf of the government and private sector for items such as rice, sugar and edible oil. They also export cashew nut and shea butter. The point of contact for GNPA is:
The Chief Executive
P.O. Box 15331
Accra-North
Tel: 233-21-228321; 228829; 228387
Fax: 233-21-221049
Intellectual Property Risks
The protection of intellectual property is an evolving area of law in Ghana. Efforts have been made in recent years to afford protection to a variety of intellectual property under both local and international law. Ghana is a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the English-speaking African Regional Industrial Property Organization (ESARIPO).
Hiring Local Counsel
It is advisable to consult a local attorney to ensure that the company is following all the appropriate laws and procedures with regard to employment and other matters. There are a number of labor laws that regulate employer-employee relations in Ghana.
Import and Export Regulation Risks
Trade Barrier Risks
Commercial Barriers
Traditional barriers to U.S. exports and investment include:
Limited Ghanaian purchasing power (low disposable income);
Complex land tenure system;
Diminished U.S. interest due to the relatively small market size;
Limited and costly financing resources for U.S. exporters and Ghanaian buyers;
Unfamiliarity with U.S. products and traditional ties to British and other non-U.S. markets;
More favorable credit terms by European suppliers to local importers; and, tied aid or concessional funding linked to non-U.S. purchase requirements;
Limited commercial information related to traditionally informal nature of Ghanaian market;
High cost of local credit for importers;
High inflation rate;
Inadequate business infrastructure, particularly in the telecommunications and road sectors; and,
Bureaucratic hurdles.
Tariffs and Import Taxes
Ghana is currently using the Harmonized System (HS) Customs Code in classifying goods. Taxes assessed on the basis of weight, value or volume are subject to change annually. Goods arriving in country may be subject to import duty, value-added tax (VAT), special tax, and import excise duty. Duties are imposed on certain categories of exports as well.
Generally, the import rates imposed on various goods for the current year are as follows:
Zero Duty: Agricultural and industrial machinery, educational materials, and solar cells and panels.
5% ECOWAS Levy: on all imports from non-ECOWAS countries.
5% EDIF Levy: on all imports.
5% Duty: interchangeable tools of Chapters 82, 84, and 85, and motor vehicles falling within Heading No. 8703 with cylinder capacity not exceeding 1900cc; Commercial Vehicles HS Codes 8701, 8702, 8704, and 8716; materials for the manufacture of, or prospecting, for timber and other natural resources.
10% Duty: raw materials, computer software, and unrecorded media for sound recording.
20% Duty: all other goods, which is the standard rate of duty.
Aside from a few items that are exempt from the payment of customs duty, all imports are subject to import duty plus VAT. The VAT is currently 12.5 percent and is calculated on the duty-inclusive value of the goods at rates contained in the HS manual. Mining has sector specific exemptions and duties.
For further information, please check the CEPS (Customs Service) Web site, www.cepsghana.org.
Imports into Ghana come under two main categories:
Imports on collection, whereby any person may import into Ghana before paying for the goods (prior approval from the Bank of is required); and,
Conventional imports, whereby the importer needs to go through the banking system to establish a Letter of Credit (L.C.) or make provision for foreign exchange.
Valuations on Imports
In general, all imports are subject to customs duties. The law provides exemptions for government, privileged persons, organizations and institutions.
In April 2000, Ghana changed the valuation of imports for the purpose of assessing ad valorem tax from the Brussels Definition of Value (BDV) assessment method to the Customs Valuation Code (CVC) value assessment method of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Pre-Shipment Inspection (PSI) has been abolished and replaced by a Destination Inspection Scheme (DIS). This implies that under the DIS, imports will only be inspected at the port of clearance in Ghana as against inspection prior to export to Ghana under the PSI.
Under the CVC several methods are being used to assess the value of imports. The use of these methods is expected to be more transparent than the BDV and also facilitate the clearing of goods from ports. For more information on the methods applied please visit www.cepsghana.org.
Gateway Services limited and G.S.B.V. Company Limited are responsible for the inspection of all goods imported into Ghana.
Regulatory Agencies
Governmental agencies responsible for regulating business activities include:
Taxation
Internal Revenue Service
P.O. Box 2202
Accra
Tel: 233-21-664961
Fax: 233-21-664938
VAT Service
P.O. Box 17177
Accra
Tel: 233-21-228725
Fax: 233-21-230286
Monetary and Exchange Policy
Bank of Ghana
Transactions
P.O. Box 2674
Accra
Tel: 233-21-666902/666361
Fax: 233-21-662996
Labor Issues
Ministry of Manpower Development & Employment
P.O. Box M.84
Accra
Tel: 233-21-665421
Fax: 233-21-667251
Copyrights
Copyrights Office
Private Mail Bag
Ministries Post Office
Accra
Tel: 233-21-229190
Fax: 233-21-224282
Local Standards
Ghana Standards Board
Labels
P.O. Box M245
Accra
Tel: 233-21-500065 or 500066
Fax: 233-21-776092
Food and Drugs Board
P.O. Box C2783
Cantonments, Accra
Tel: 233-21-228864
Fax: 233-21-228864
Company Registrar-General’s Department
Registration
P.O. Box 118
Trademarks/Patents
Accra
Tel: 233-21-664691-3
Fax: 233-21-662043
Licenses Required for Imports
The import license system was abolished in 1989. However, for some items a permit or certificate is still required. These include drugs, all communications equipment, mercury, gambling machines, handcuffs, arms and ammunition, and live plants and animals.
Ghana has no quotas for imported items.
Agencies to which one must apply for permits/certificates to import certain items are as follows:
Gold coins, Uncut diamonds,
Good bearing designs in imitation of money, handcuffs, machines for duplicating keys
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
P.O Box M.40, Accra
233-21-665421
233-21-665441
233-21-667069 (fax)
Arms and ammunition,
Gambling machines
Ministry of Interior
P.O. Box M.42, Accra
233-21-665421
233-21-665198
233-21-667450 (fax)
Communications equipment
National Communications Authority
P.O. Box 1627
Castle Annex, Accra
233-21-666932
233-21-665347
Drugs
Ministry of Health
P.O. Box M.44, Accra
233-21-665421
233-21-665323
233-21-663810 (fax)
Controls on Exports
With a few exceptions, there are no controls on exports. The main categories of restricted exports include military hardware and antiques and collector’s items more than 50 years old, including works of art
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