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Executive Report on Strategies in Norway
ICON Group International, June 2007, Pages: 392
How to Strategically Evaluate Norway
Perhaps the most efficient way of evaluating Norway is to consider key dimensions which themselves are composites of multiple factors. Composite portfolio approaches have long been used by strategic planners. The biggest challenge in this approach is to choose the appropriate factors that are the most relevant to international planning. The two measures of greatest relevance are “latent demand” and “market accessibility”. The figure below summarizes the key dimensions and recommendations of such an approach. Using these two composites, one can prioritize all countries of the world. Countries of high latent demand and high relative accessibility (e.g. easier entry for one firm compared to other firms) are given highest priority. The figure below shows two different scenarios. Accessibility is defined as a firm’s ease of entering or supplying from or to a market (the “supply side”), and latent demand is an indicator of the potential in serving from or to the market (the “demand side”).
Framework for Prioritizing Countries
Demand/Market Potential Driven Firm
Relative Accessibility
Accessibility/Supply Averse Firm
Relative Accessibility
In the top figure, the firm is driven by market potential, whereas the bottom figure represents a firm that is driven by costs or by an aversion to difficult markets. This report treats the reader as coming from a “generic firm” approaching the global market - neither a market-driven nor a cost-driven company. Planners must therefore augment this report with their own company-specific factors that might change the priorities.
Latent Demand and Accessibility in Norway
This report provides an extremely detailed overview of factors driving latent demand and accessibility in Norway. Latent demand is largely driven by economic fundamentals. But, latent demand only represents half of the picture. A country may at first sight appear to be attractive due to a high latent demand, but it is often less attractive when one considers at the macro level how easy it might be to serve that entire potential and/or general business risks.
Chapter 2 deals with macro-accessibility. While accessibility will always vary from one company to another for a given country, the following domains are typically considered when evaluating macro-accessibility in Norway:
Openness to Trade in Norway
Openness to Direct Investment in Norway
Local Marketing and Entry Strategy Alternatives
Local Human Resources
Local Risks
Across these domains, a number of not-so-obvious factors can affect accessibility and risk. These are also covered in Chapter 2, which is presented from the perspective of an American firm, though it is equally applicable to most firms entering Norway. This chapter has been authored by local offices of the U.S. Government. I have included a number of edits to clarify the provided information as it relates to the general strategic framework.
In Chapter 3, I summarize the economic potential for Norway over the next five years for hundreds of industries, categories, and products. The goal of this chapter is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or latent demand, represented by Norway when defined as an area of dominant influence. The data presented are the result of various spatial econometric and time-series forecasting models which, for each category presented, are applied to forecast and allocate latent demand across all countries of the world and major distribution centers or centers of dominant influence within each country. This is accomplished knowing that economic fundamentals (e.g. income) generally vary from one country to another within a given country over time. In this chapter, I report the allocation for each category for Norway as an area of dominant influence in Europe and, potentially, the world.
The report concludes with trade indicators for Norway. Often, the amount of trade flowing into and out of a country is a strong indicator of trading partners, trade openness, and related latent demand. Trade indicators are purely statistical in nature. Although international trade is not a direct measure of latent demand, it does provide an indicator of general market conditions with respect to trade flows and trade openness in Norway.
As a whole, this report presents a strategic assessment of Norway by considering an extremely broad set of factors affecting both latent demand and accessibility, as outlined in the following chapters.
MACRO-ACCESSIBILITY IN NORWAY
Economic Fundamentals and Dynamics
Government Intervention Risks
Norway continues to have a mixed economy, with resource allocation determined by both state intervention and free market forces. The Norwegian public sector is more significant than in the U.S. Illustratively, according to latest available OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) statistics, general government revenue in Norway amounted to 56 percent of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) compared with 33% in the U.S.
The Norwegian Government uses extensive subsidy schemes to support agriculture, outlying regions, and some manufacturing industries. A strong welfare system, which re-distributes income via taxes, remains firmly in place, and the GON puts a premium on containing unemployment and maintaining economic opportunities in outlying areas. The tax burden on the economy remains high from an OECD perspective. Although the ruling center-right coalition government is pushing for increased privatization, public sector partially owned or controlled enterprises dominate Norway’s oil and gas industry, telecommunications and commercial banking. Currently, state and local authorities jointly own 40% of companies listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. The private sector dominates in areas including shipping, non-bank services, and small to medium-scale manufacturing.
Trade Barrier Risks
While the GON has embraced the WTO accord, it remains protectionist in its treatment of certain domestic industries, particularly agriculture and food retailing, which remain shielded by high subsidies and tariffs. In general, U.S. exporters experience few problems doing business in Norway but some areas of tension exist. American companies that have a Norwegian subsidiary or agent/distributor are able to operate more effectively in this market.
Meanwhile, Norway welcomes foreign investment as a matter of policy, but foreign ownership continues to be restricted or prohibited in the areas of financial services, mining, hydropower, and acquisition of property in areas regarded as politically sensitive.
Infrastructure Development
The state and quality of Norwegian infrastructure remain good from a global perspective. The nature of Norway’s mountains and valleys, combined with a rather severe climate, makes road transportation difficult during the winter. Railroads are well developed in the southern part of the country, whereas most of the northern region can only be reached by ship, car or air. The country is generally accessible by air and a number of small airfields take care of local needs. Ports and harbors are well constructed and there are many deep-water and ice-free harbors on the long coastline. Internet access is excellent in most parts of the country, and the government promotes investment in broadband technology and e-commerce.
Major and Third Country Competitors
Major competitors in the Norwegian market remain the EU countries, and low-cost producers in Asia and elsewhere. The existence of state-controlled companies and other non-tariff trade barriers will likely continue to complicate U.S. exports in some areas such as fruit, vegetables, drinks, pharmaceuticals, and communications equipment.
Political Risks
Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The Parliament (Storting) is the main political body and holds legislative power. The Prime Minister is selected on the basis of the political make-up of the Parliament, but is formally appointed by the King. The Prime Minister chooses his own cabinet. All 165 Members of Parliament are elected by proportional representation in elections held every four years. Interim elections cannot be called. If the Prime Minister and his Cabinet lose a vote-of-no-confidence in Parliament, a new Prime Minister must be agreed upon by the Members of Parliament.
The judiciary is independent. The Supreme Court consists of 18 justices who are appointed for life. The national police have primary responsibility for internal security; however, in times of crisis, such as internal disorder or natural catastrophe, the police may call on the armed forces for assistance. In such circumstances, the armed forces are under police authority. The civilian authorities maintain effective control of the security forces.
The country has a population of approximately 4.5 million; it is an advanced industrial state with a mixed economy, combining private and public ownership that provides a high standard of living for its residents. Approximately 80% of workers are employed in the service sector.
In referendums in 1972 and 1994, Norwegians twice rejected European Union membership. Except for the agriculture and fisheries sector, Norway is essentially part of the EU’s single market by virtue of the European Economic Area (EEA) accord. Norway’s economic policy is shaped by EU directives adopted in accordance with the EEA. Under the provisions of the EEA, Norway grants national treatment to EEA members in many areas including finance and public procurement, but not agricultural trade and fishing. The EEA Agreement was renegotiated in June 2003 to cover the enlarged EU. The new EEA Agreement is considerably more expensive than the previous agreement and polls indicate that Norwegians increasingly prefer becoming full members of the EU rather than living with a costly EEA Agreement.
Marketing Strategies
Over 250 subsidiaries and branches of U.S. firms are in the country, and 4,000 others are represented in the market. Trade barriers are relatively few. Although not a member of the European Union, Norway is affiliated with the European Economic Area (EEA) whose rules mirror practically all EU standards, rules and regulations. Market access to the EU from Norway is no major hurdle. The American Chamber of Commerce in Norway is currently expanding its services to improve support to the U.S. private sector representations in the country. Meanwhile, Norway has increased its loan guarantees and has made available new investment funds, specifically for Russia and Eastern European countries, that could make joint venturing with Norwegian firms attractive in those markets.
The government supports free trade and non-interference. However, it should be noted that, despite reforms and cuts in many support schemes for various sectors, Norway has a long way to go, particularly in the agricultural and fisheries sectors, where state support and protectionism remain strong. Norway still spends considerable amounts, annually, to support farmers; subsidies by the Government can provide up to two-thirds of a farmer’s income.
The Norwegian economy remains highly dependent on foreign trade, and Norwegian authorities look positively on foreign investment. Few incentives, however, are directed specifically at foreign investors. Local and central government bodies would favor an industrial production facility placed in an underdeveloped area.
Norwegian tariffs on industrial goods are relatively low, averaging 3-6%. Most of Norway’s trade with EU countries is conducted on a duty-free basis under the provisions of the EEA. About 70% of Norway’s exports go to the EU, which supplies three-quarters of Norway’s imports.
For combined merchandise exports and imports to a single country, the U.S. was Norway’s fifth largest trading partner after the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden and Denmark. Taken as a trading bloc, however, the EU countries remain Norway’s principal commercial partners while the other Nordic countries remain important trading partners.
Market Organization
Although some 250 U.S. companies have subsidiaries in Norway, the most common way of doing business is through agents/distributors. Norwegian agents/distributors represent over 4,000 U.S. companies with a unique, very practical, and necessary sales network. Three-quarters of Norway’s 4.5 million people reside in southern Norway. Most major importers and distributors are headquartered in the Oslo region; some have sub-agents or sales offices in other major Norwegian cities. The rest of the country is made up of widely dispersed, small population centers that are expensive to serve due to long distances and high freight expenses. There are few countrywide, multi-store chains outside the apparel, sporting goods, and grocery sectors, and most retailers and distributors are small by U.S. standards, so sub-agents and secondary distribution are the standard, workable method of handling Norway’s scattered northern markets. With proper market promotion and support, a good local business partner and/or an astute local office, U.S. companies have unusually good prospects in this small but affluent market. Moreover, U.S. companies may find some licensing and joint venture agreements and full Norwegian subsidiaries to be excellent vehicles for tapping upscale markets beyond Norway (e.g., through Scandinavia and the Baltic states).
Language
Another factor making it easy for Americans to do business in Norway is that the vast majority of Norwegians (and nearly everyone under 60) speak English well. American culture, including movies and TV series, is quite pervasive. However, news about Norway in English is sparse, limited to a few internet services that provide mostly blurbs. Also, marketing and training materials in Norwegian will give a company an advantage in the competitive race.
Creating a Sales Office
The process of establishing a Norwegian company is simple and generally free of restrictions. A subsidiary may be wholly owned and a branch may conduct full business transactions. A company must have NOK100,000 (USD14,285) minimum capital, half of that initially and the other half by the end of the first year of operations. At least 50% of the board of directors must be Norwegian nationals or have lived in Norway for the last two years.
All companies establishing themselves in Norway are subject to mandatory registration through a central government agency, which also maintains open annual accounts on all Norwegian companies. A fee of about USD950 is paid to cover handling and the cost of publication in the official Norwegian Gazette. The name and address of this agency is:
Bronnoysundregistrene
P.O. Box 1400
8901 Bronnoysund, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 75 00 75 00
Fax: 011 (47) 75 00 75 05
Web site: www.brreg.no
The acquisition of businesses must be notified to the Ministry of Trade and Industry, provided the purchase includes more than one-third or more of the ownership interest in companies. This applies to companies with more than 50 employees, or if annual revenue has been in excess of NOK5.0 million (USD714,000) during the last eight years. The notification requirement applies whether the purchaser is Norwegian or not.
Major International Accounting Firms in Norway
PriceWaterhouseCoopers
Karenslyst alle 12
0245 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 23 16 00 00
Fax: 011 (47) 23 16 10 00
Web site: www.pwc.no
KPMG Consulting A/S
Sørkedalsveien 6
P.O. Box 7000, Majorstuen
0369 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 21 09 20 00
Fax: 011 (47) 22 60 96 01
Web site: www.no.kpmg.net
Deloitte & Touche Statsutoriserte Revisorer A/S
Karenslyst alle 20
PO Box 347, Skøyen
0213 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 23 27 90 00
Fax: 011 (47) 23 27 90 01
Web site: www.deloitte.no
Ernst & Young A/S
P.O. Box 6834, St.Olavs Plass
0130 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 22 03 60 00
Fax: 011 (47) 22 11 00 95
Web site: www.ey.no
Taxes
Norway’s corporate tax rates are not as high as some may think, and lower than the EU average. Both companies and branches are subject to income and capital tax. Income tax of 28% applies generally to all forms of income of corporate bodies and other entities liable to taxation. No tax allowances are provided.
Overall taxes in Norway, however, are quite high. The top personal income tax marginal rate is 55.3% (there is a two-step “surcharge” on higher incomes), and is applied at about USD 125,000. The lower step personal income tax marginal rate is 49.3% and is applied at such a low level (about USD49,000) that about that two-thirds of Norwegian workers are subject to it. The value-added tax is 24% on most goods and services, but is only 12% on food items. There are also very high taxes on automobiles, gasoline, real estate, financial assets, and other items. Overall, government revenues equal half of GDP. Disposable income is much lower than apparent income per capita, but this is offset to some extent by generous state benefits such as mostly free health care, free tuition at public schools and universities, grants for children, high state pensions (social security), etc.
A revised convention for the avoidance of double taxation between the United States and Norway came into force in 1972. It applies to national income taxes in the United States and Norway and to local income taxes in Norway. Its benefits accrue to both individuals and to corporations in the two countries. The key for Norwegian taxation purposes is whether an American enterprise operates in Norway through a permanent establishment (article 4 of the convention), defined as a fixed place of business through which a resident of one of the contracting states engages in individual or commercial activity. If so, then all industrial and commercial profits made in Norway are taxable by the Norwegian government (and exempt from taxation by the United States). The identical rule applies to Norwegian-operated permanent establishments in the U.S.
Advertising Options
All major types of advertising media are available in Norway. With the exception of the state-controlled Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation’s (NRK), TV and radio stations, advertising on radio and television is now fully developed and a number of nationwide and local commercial radio stations compete in a growing market. City radio stations that broadcast during morning and evening commuter times are useful advertising vehicles.
The Norwegian television audience can now be reached via several commercial TV stations. TV2 is a national station with excellent coverage. TV3, and Norway-based TV Norge are additional popular advertising possibilities. Key Norwegian decision-makers can also be reached via CNN, CNBC, BBC World, and Sky News, which are available via cable in all major towns and satellite throughout the country.
Norway has extremely high newspaper readership, with circulation figures audited by the newspaper publishers’ association. Extensive demographic information concerning readership is available. Distinctions are drawn between the four major metropolitan areas and other, so-called trade districts, which number about 100.
Leading Oslo papers include Aftenposten, Dagbladet and Verdens Gang (VG). While these papers are available throughout the country, local papers like Bergens Tidende (Bergen), Adresseavisen (Trondheim), and Stavanger Aftenblad (Stavanger) dominate their local areas. The business dailies Dagens Naeringsliv abd Finansavisen reach business and professional people, nationwide. A recent trend in Norwegian news has seen the rise of free, neighborhood or regional tabloids. These are delivered free-of-charge to households and represent a new method of reaching the consumer.
Major Norwegian Business Newspapers
Dagens Naeringsliv
Grev Wedels Plass 9
0107 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 22 00 10 00
Fax - News dept: 011 (47) 22 00 11 10
Web site: www.dn.no
Finansavisen
Hoffsveien 70 A
Box 222, Vinderen
0319 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 23 29 63 00
Fax - News dept: 011 (47) 23 29 63 01
Web site: www.hegnar.no
Aftenposten
Biskop Gunnerius gt. 14a
PO Box 1
0051 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 22 86 30 00
Fax - News dept: 011 (47) 22 42 63 25
Web site: www.aftenposten.no
Agency Agreements
Each agency agreement is a legally binding agreement between two parties, where the parties are mutually obliged and entitled to certain compensations. The agreement does not have to be written to be binding, but it often simplifies matters if it is written. This helps to clarify matters over what was agreed upon, especially several years after the contract was agreed.
There are no requirements stipulating the form or content of an agency agreement. For this reason, the Norwegian Agent’s Association has worked to establish standard agency contracts on a Nordic basis. These are based on the Norwegian Agency Law and EU directives governing agency agreements.
Agreement on Choice of Law
Most countries in Western Europe have legislation governing agency agreements. In December 1986, an EU directive was approved legislating agency agreements in all EU countries. On January 1, 1993, Norway implemented this directive through the Agency Act.
Perhaps one of the most important issues to settle when negotiating an agency agreement is which country’s law will be used to settle any eventual disputes over the content of the contract. Section 3 of the Agency Act states that a provision which pursuant to the act is invariable may not be set aside to the detriment of a commercial agent or a commercial traveler through an agreement that the agency relationship shall be regulated by foreign law, if in the absence of such agreement the relationship would be subject to Norwegian law.
The Agent’s General Obligations
In performing his/her activities, a commercial agent shall look after the principal’s interests and specifically:
Make proper efforts to procure orders and, where it is part of the agency contract, conclude transactions,
Inform the principal of orders procured and transactions concluded and of other matters of which the agent is aware that are of significance for the performance of the agency contract, and
Comply with reasonable instructions given by the principal.
Commercial Agent’s Care of the Principal’s Goods
A commercial agent shall take proper care of goods and other items belonging to the principal that the agent has in his charge. The agent shall have such insurance as is customary in the circumstances. The principal’s goods shall be kept separate from other goods. Where a commercial agent is entitled to receive payment for sold goods, he or she shall keep the amounts received separate from other monies. The agent shall give the principal an account of all amounts received.
Obligations of the Principal
A principal shall act dutifully and in good faith towards the commercial agent, and in particular:
Provide the agent with samples, descriptions, price lists and other necessary documentation relating to the goods concerned,
Obtain for the agent the information necessary for the performance of the agency contract, and
Inform the agent without undue delay of acceptance, refusal and of any non-execution of a commercial transaction that the agent has procured. Where the principal anticipates that the volume of transactions will be significantly lower than that which the commercial agent could normally have expected, he or she shall inform the agent accordingly without undue delay.
Commissions
The parties are completely free to determine additional content in the agency contract, including size of commission and commission settlement. Where the parties have not agreed on the level of remuneration, a commercial agent shall be entitled to such remuneration as is customarily allowed in the area where the agent carries on his duties. If there is no such customary practice, remuneration shall be fixed at a level deemed reasonable taking into account all the aspects of the agency contract. U.S. exporters should refer to sections 10 to 17 of the Agency Act for a detailed explanation of when an agent has the right to collect commission.
Protection for the Agent
There are three elements in the Agency Law that give the agent some form of protection. These concern notice of termination, right to payment for termination and compensation for loss. These three elements are compulsory, meaning that the parties cannot exempt themselves from these rights. The agent is not protected against termination of the contract itself, only against untimeliness in association with termination. Every agency contract should be able to be mutually terminated in a purely businesslike manner.
Compensation
Should the commercial agent or the principal fail to fulfill their obligations pursuant to the agency contract or pursuant to the Agency Act, the counterpart is entitled to claim compensation for any resulting losses. This shall not apply if the other party can prove that such failure is not due to error or negligence on his/her part.
Termination Notice
According to the Agency Act, section 25, the agent has the right to a maximum of six months termination notice. Notice is one month for the first year, and can be extended by one month for each commenced year the agency agreement has been in effect, up to a maximum of six months notice. Termination notice is calculated in whole months from the following month.
The right to notice of termination should be understood such that termination can occur with immediate effect, but that the agent has the right to compensation for reduced notice. The agent has the right to usual commission for all orders brought in during the period of notice, in addition to orders scheduled for delivery after expiration of the notice.
Payment of Indemnity
When an agency contract is terminated, the commercial agent is entitled to an indemnity if and to the extent that:
The agent has brought the principal new customers or has significantly increased the volume of business with existing customers and the principal will continue to derive substantial benefits from the business with such customers, and
The indemnity is equitable having regard to all the circumstances, including the commission lost by the commercial agent on contracts with customers.
The amount of the indemnity due with regard to points one or two will not exceed a figure equivalent to one year’s commission. This amount shall be calculated on the basis of the commercial agent’s average annual remuneration over the preceding five years. If the contract goes back less than five years the indemnity shall be calculated on the basis of the average for the period in question.
For Further Information
There are many other provisions governing the Principal/Agent relationship in the Agency Act. Any U.S. exporter considering signing an agreement with a Norwegian representative should acquaint themselves with their rights and obligations under this law, and if necessary, seek professional legal advice for assistance in drafting the agreement.
Norwegian Import and Export Agents Association
Federation of Norwegian Commercial and Service Enterprises
Drammensveien 30
P.O. Box 2900 Solli
0230 Oslo, Norway
Mr. Herman Thrap-Meyer, Special Adviser
Tel: 011 (47) 22 54 17 00
Fax: 011 (47) 22 56 17 00
Import and Export Regulation Risks
Norway maintains stringent import regulations on agricultural commodities, approval requirements for telecommunications equipment, and comprehensive labeling requirements for toxic chemicals. Consequently, it is very useful to have at least a Norwegian agent, if not a more substantial representative, to navigate the EEA regulations.
Norway is heavily dependent on foreign trade; its trade policy is generally aimed at expanding its trade and shipping services. Because of the EEA, Norway currently enjoys industrial free trade with all EU member countries. Norway uses the harmonized system (HS) for classification purposes, but the final digits of specific codes may vary. Generally, import duties are relatively low on products imported from third-country suppliers.
Technical Standards
There are few technical standards where enforcement has so far raised significant trade barriers for U.S. suppliers, although some obstacles have been encountered in the case of specialized electrical equipment. European safety standards on electrical equipment for use in hazardous areas are favored in North Sea oil-and-gas production facilities and offshore exploration rigs.
ISO 9000 Series
Quality assurance is paramount for all equipment destined for the Norwegian offshore market, and is generally preferred in the inland market. Norway has adopted the ISO 9000 standards for quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC).
Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Electrical equipment sold and used by the public (consumer electronics and household electrical appliances) must have an approval from NEMKO, or similar control establishments within the EU:
Norwegian Electrical Control Board (Norges Elektriske Materiellkontroll-NEMKO)
Gaustadalleen 30
B-0371 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 22 96 03 30
Fax: 011 (47) 22 96 05 50
Web site: www.nemko.no
Electric current throughout Norway is 50 cycle, 220-volt AC; single- and three-phase.
Toxic Chemicals
A mandatory composition declaration is imposed on domestic and foreign suppliers of chemical substances and products. The requirement calls for a 100% product composition declaration to be filed and registered in the product register. These provisions govern the declaration and labeling of very toxic, toxic, and carcinogenic substances and products. These products must be declared to the product register prior to import and production.
The fundamental principle is that all manufacturers and importers of chemicals shall provide all the information required by the product register. In cases where foreign producers need to withhold detailed composition from the importer, the foreign producer may send the complete chemical composition directly to the product register. One condition for accepting the above is that the importer supply administrative information (“administrative data”) with reference to the information provided by the foreign supplier. The Norwegian importer is nevertheless responsible for labeling the product and preparing the safety data sheet.
In special instances, however, the board of the product register may grant a partial or total dispensation from the declaration requirements. Exemptions may be granted only for specific product groups, and for a limited period of time. The exemptions will normally not be granted for more than three years at a time. Special guidelines have been prepared in connection with the various forms of dispensation, which may be obtained from the product register:
Produktregisteret (Chemical Product Register)
Schweigaards g. 34E
P.O. Box 8180 dep
0034 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 22 05 48 80
Fax: 011 (47) 22 05 48 99
Web site: www.produktregisteret.no
Declaration of chemical substances and products” - Guidelines (in English).
Web site: http://www.produktregisteret.no/guidelines
Safety Data Sheets
An additional obligation for domestic manufacturers or importers includes the preparation of a safety data sheet, sufficiently comprehensive for the customer/user to handle the substance or product safely. Information regarding the “administrative data” and the safety data sheets may be obtained from:
Arbeidstilsynet (Directorate of Labor Inspection)
Stenersgate 1D
Pb. 8174 Dep
N-0034 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 22 17 78 00
Fax: 011 (47) 22 17 78 10
Web site: www.arbeidstilsynet.no
Food Products and Food Packaging Regulations
Questions regarding food products and food packaging regulations may be directed to:
Naeringsmiddelkontrollen (Food Control Authority/Packaging Regulations)
Ullevaalsveien 76
P.O. Box 8187 dep
N-0034 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011(47) 23 21 70 00
Fax: 011 (47) 23 21 70 01
Web site: www.snt.no
Labeling Issues
Guidelines/regulations governing required labeling of chemical substances and products that may involve a hazard to health may be obtained from:
InfoMediaHuset AS
P.O. Box 382 Sentrum
N-0102 Oslo, Norway
Tel: 011 (47) 21 95 35 50
Fax: 011 (47) 21 95 35 98
Web site: www.elanderspublishing.no
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