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Executive Report on Strategies in Haiti
ICON Group International, June 2007, Pages: 383
How to Strategically Evaluate Haiti
Perhaps the most efficient way of evaluating Haiti is to consider key dimensions which themselves are composites of multiple factors. Composite portfolio approaches have long been used by strategic planners. The biggest challenge in this approach is to choose the appropriate factors that are the most relevant to international planning. The two measures of greatest relevance are “latent demand” and “market accessibility”. The figure below summarizes the key dimensions and recommendations of such an approach. Using these two composites, one can prioritize all countries of the world. Countries of high latent demand and high relative accessibility (e.g. easier entry for one firm compared to other firms) are given highest priority. The figure below shows two different scenarios. Accessibility is defined as a firm’s ease of entering or supplying from or to a market (the “supply side”), and latent demand is an indicator of the potential in serving from or to the market (the “demand side”).
Framework for Prioritizing Countries
Demand/Market Potential Driven Firm
Relative Accessibility
Accessibility/Supply Averse Firm
Relative Accessibility
In the top figure, the firm is driven by market potential, whereas the bottom figure represents a firm that is driven by costs or by an aversion to difficult markets. This report treats the reader as coming from a “generic firm” approaching the global market - neither a market-driven nor a cost-driven company. Planners must therefore augment this report with their own company-specific factors that might change the priorities (e.g. a Canadian firm may have higher accessibility in Canada than a German firm).
Latent Demand and Accessibility in Haiti
This report provides an extremely detailed overview of factors driving latent demand and accessibility in Haiti. Latent demand is largely driven by economic fundamentals. But, latent demand only represents half of the picture. A country may at first sight appear to be attractive due to a high latent demand, but it is often less attractive when one considers at the macro level how easy it might be to serve that entire potential and/or general business risks.
Chapter 2 deals with macro-accessibility. While accessibility will always vary from one company to another for a given country, the following domains are typically considered when evaluating macro-accessibility in Haiti:
Openness to Trade in Haiti
Openness to Direct Investment in Haiti
Local Marketing and Entry Strategy Alternatives
Local Human Resources
Local Risks
Across these domains, a number of not-so-obvious factors can affect accessibility and risk. These are also covered in Chapter 2, which is presented from the perspective of an American firm, though it is equally applicable to most firms entering Haiti. This chapter has been authored by local offices of the U.S. Government. I have included a number of edits to clarify the provided information as it relates to the general strategic framework.
In Chapter 3, I summarize the economic potential for Haiti over the next five years for hundreds of industries, categories, and products. The goal of this chapter is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or latent demand, represented by Haiti when defined as an area of dominant influence. The data presented are the result of various spatial econometric and time-series forecasting models which, for each category presented, are applied to forecast and allocate latent demand across all countries of the world and major distribution centers or centers of dominant influence within each country. This is accomplished knowing that economic fundamentals (e.g. income) generally vary from one country to another within a given country over time. In this chapter, I report the allocation for each category for Haiti as an area of dominant influence in North America & the Caribbean and, potentially, the world.
As a whole, this report presents a strategic assessment of Haiti by considering an extremely broad set of factors affecting both latent demand and accessibility, as outlined in the following chapters.
MACRO-ACCESSIBILITY IN HAITI
Economic Fundamentals and Dynamics
Haiti’s poor economic performance reflected political instability, pervasive corruption and inefficiency in the public sector, and lack of investment in physical and human capital. The developmental challenges facing Haiti remain daunting. Haiti’s physical infrastructure is poor -- roads are inadequate and deteriorating, basic services such as power, water and telecommunications are frequently unavailable. The sharp divisions between rich and poor, rural and urban, and the formal and informal economies further complicate Haiti’s development.
Government Intervention Risks
The role of the government in the Haitian economy is, technically, minimal. There are few government subsidies or price controls, and goods are traded at market prices. The government has reduced tariff and non-tariff barriers and abolished import quotas, and is committed to further trade liberalization. Since its entry into Caricom in August 2002, Haiti has been under pressure to raise import tariffs to match Caricom’s common external trading regime, but the government is resisting pressure because of Haiti’s dependence on imported goods for basic needs. More than 70 percent of market goods in Haiti are imported. The government has eliminated many of the steps formerly involved in importing goods, simplifying the import process. The government regulates prices of petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel and kerosene.
The GOH established the CMEP (Commission for the Modernization of Public Enterprises) in December 1996. The CMEP is made up of five members to oversee the privatization program. The original list of government owned companies that were slated for privatization under the terms of the law on the modernization of public enterprises included: the flour mill, cement factory, telephone company (TELECO), electric company (Electricite d’Haiti, or EDH), port authority, airport authority, edible oil plant and two commercial banks. The flourmill and cement plant were the first privatization transactions to be completed, in 1998 and 1999 respectively.
Infrastructure Development
Haiti’s transportation infrastructure consists of 4,050 km of roads (2,515 mi.), 950 km of which are paved, 950 km otherwise improved and 2,150 km unimproved. The roads are deteriorating, effectively reducing the actual amount of paved or improved roads, significantly. There are two major ports, Port-au-Prince and Cap Haitien, and 12 minor ports. Port-au-Prince possesses a roll-on/roll-off facility, a 30-ton gantry crane and a 50-ton mobile crane. Most of the port equipment is in poor condition and port fees are the highest in the Caribbean region.
The country’s two international airports are located in Port-au-Prince and Cap Haitien. The following carriers service Port-au-Prince: American Airlines, ALM, Air Canada, Canada 3000, Caribintair, Tropical Airways, Haiti International Airlines, Air France, Air Jamaica and COPA.
Haiti’s telephone service density is 36 telephones per 1,000 inhabitants. Haiti recently doubled its number of private telephone lines with the arrival of the three cellular companies Haitel, Comcel and Rectel. Haitel began service in early 1999 and within two months its service was fully subscribed. Two wireless operators, Comcel (a Western Wireless subsidiary) and Rectel began service in 1999 and 2000. Haiti currently has 285,000 telephone lines (approximately 80% of which are in the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area). Reportedly only about 75% of those lines are operational and maintenance of those lines is problematic. The state-owned Telephone Company is also slated to be privatized, either by management contract, concession, or partial sale under the Government’s modernization law. Some internal actions toward a partial privatization have apparently already been taken, involving an American company. Subscribers with international telephone service can dial directly to the U.S. and Europe. Line theft is a major problem and enterprises owning international direct dial lines often find them stolen and “sold” to other -- non-paying -- customers. Local telephone service has been improving mainly due to competition.
Haiti’s Internet use has increased substantially. Dial-up service provides access to the majority of private users; however, microwave transmission is widely used by commercial enterprises. The relative reliability of Internet-based communication, when compared to Haiti’s continuing telephone service problems, has fueled the acceptance and popularity of Internet use. Although some problems still persist at the Customs level, including excessive delays, valuation disputes, reports of corruption, and unreliable postal services, there may be some limited opportunities for an expansion of e-commerce activity in Haiti.
There are about 50 AM/FM radio stations and 17 TV stations. Several radio stations are capable of nationwide broadcasting. A private operator, Tele-Haiti, provides cable television service (offering several U.S. and French Canadian channels).
Haiti’s installed electric power capacity is approximately 223 megawatts (178mw for Port-au-Prince; 45mw for the rest of the country), but is compromised by the dilapidated condition of production and transmission equipment, lack of maintenance, silting at the Peligre Dam and low stream discharge during the dry season. The hydroelectric potential is estimated at 120 mw of which 54 mw has been installed. Electricity service is unevenly distributed among the population and is available to 45% of the population in Port-au-Prince, but only 3% in the rest of the country.
Current peak demand in Port-au-Prince is estimated to be approximately 150 mw, but this is essentially a function of supply. Potential demand in the capital could be well over 200 mw, given reliable supplies and an adequate distribution network. Estimates of installed private generation capacity are around 75-125mw. Over $100 million has been spent on refurbishment of general generation capacity since the return of constitutional government. Despite this, electricity -- in terms of quantity, quality and reliability -- remains inadequate. The state-owned electric utility, Electricité d’Haiti (EDH), is able to supply 10-14 hours a day of electric power to most neighborhoods in the capital during the rainy season. Power supplies become more unreliable during December-March, when production at Peligre Dam declines. Power interruptions resulting from generation and transmission equipment failures are common. Longer blackouts are common in provincial areas that have power lines, and many areas remain without installed power of any kind.
Political Risks
Economic Relationship with the United States
Haiti is located 600 miles southeast of the coast of Florida. The United States is Haiti’s most important commercial partner. More than sixty percent of the country’s imports come from the United States. The geographic proximity of the two countries, the growing political and economic prominence of a large Haitian expatriate and Haitian-American population in the United States, strong U.S. cultural and economic exchanges, Haiti’s dependence on external aid, the issue of Haitian migrants seeking to enter the United States, and Haiti’s burgeoning narcotics transit role are amongst the most important factors shaping the political relationship between Haiti and the U.S. The U.S. Government’s continuing support for Haiti’s economic and democratic development is a key element in the relationship.
Politics and the Business Environment
Haiti’s history of political instability dates to its independence in 1804. Illustrating this instability are the 21 constitutions that Haiti has had during its history. This turbulent political past has seriously retarded the country’s economy and tainted the business climate.
The Political System
The Haitian constitution adheres to the principles of democracy and human rights as defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. The constitution provides for a system of representative government under which power is shared among:
The Executive Branch
A Chief of State: A President elected for a five-year term and not eligible for immediate re-election or election for a total of more than two terms;
A Head of Government: A Prime Minister chosen by the chief of state from the membership of the majority party in Parliament; or, in the absence of a majority party, after consultations with the leadership of both parliamentary chambers.
The Prime Minister’s government is composed of a cabinet whose members must be confirmed by parliament. This cabinet is called the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers is presided over by the President of the Republic.
Many political parties of different ideologies are active in Haiti. Most parties are not well structured. They lack adequate financial resources, and their focus is on personalities and regional alliances rather than national policy priorities.
The Legislative Branch
A Senate made up of 27 members (three for each of the nine departments) elected by a direct popular vote at the departmental level for six-year terms and eligible for re-election for an indefinite number of terms. Terms are staggered on a two-year basis, one third of senators being elected every two years.
A Chamber of Deputies consisting of 83 members elected by a direct popular vote at the municipal level for a four-year term, and eligible for re-election for an indefinite number of terms.
The Judiciary Branch
The Haitian Judiciary is divided into four basic levels:
Justices of the peace;
Fifteen courts of first instance;
Five regional courts of appeal; and,
The Haitian Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation).
The constitution also provides for an independent board of elections charged with the organization and supervision of electoral procedures.
Marketing Strategies
Distribution Channel Options
The market prospects for imports of manufactured products is relatively good, since Haiti’s manufacturing capacity is focused primarily on textiles and apparel for the export market. U.S. companies have several options for entering the Haitian market place, including direct exporting, franchising, licensing, and wholesaling. The most common method involves the use of an official representative or distributor, as the Haitian commercial code does not allow foreigners to engage in wholesale or retail business without first obtaining a professional license. Most foreign firms are represented by agents in Port-au-Prince, who then distribute products through the country. The main focus of the commercial code is to protect Haitian citizens who work as agents and distributors for foreign companies.
The Haitian tax code includes a withholding tax provision, which, in practical terms, discriminates against foreign investors. Foreign companies are subject to an additional levy of 30 percent on profits as a final tax on deemed distributions to foreign shareholders, whereas local firms are subject to only a 15 percent withholding tax on distributions. The government has committed itself to remove this disincentive to investment; however, further administrative action is required to implement this commitment.
The defined marketing areas of Haiti include the provinces of the North (le Departement du Nord) around the city of Cap Haitien; the “Artibonite Department” (le Departement de l’Artibonite) around Saint-Marc and Gonaives; the central part of the country around Port-au-Prince (le Departement de l’Ouest); and the south around the cities of Cayes and Jacmel (le Departement du Sud-est et du Sud). Rural retailers generally travel once a month to large cities such as Port-au-Prince or Cap Haitien to buy food and other imported products from wholesalers.
Product Pricing
There is no set pricing structure in Haiti, but the government does impose restrictions on the percentage of mark-up allowed on pharmaceutical products (no more than 40% is allowed). The cost of products sold in Haiti reflects high operating and transaction costs. Haiti has the highest port fees in the hemisphere as well as various import taxes and duties that apply to all imported products. These high transaction costs add approximately 35% to the final selling price of a product.
Agents and Distributors
Many firms do business in Haiti through an agent, a relationship subject to Haitian law. The two parties are free to negotiate a contractual agreement, with the agents usually appointed specific tasks and duties. Agents are almost always compensated on a commission basis, as opposed to a salary system or other compensation packages. Arrangements used between the parties are established at their own discretion and do not have to be supervised or approved by the Haitian Government.
Finding a partner in Haiti is possible through a number of channels including business/industry associations in the country.
Franchising Activities
Franchising does exist in Haiti, but at this time there are no specific regulatory laws. The government allows any private citizen to enter into a franchising agreement and does not require the submission of specifications on the contract, nor does it require technical specifications on machinery and equipment used. The list of American companies with franchisees or affiliated local partners in Haiti includes Sears and Roebuck, Radio Shack, DHL, Federal Express, United Parcel Service, Culligan Water Technologies, and NAPA Auto Parts, Domino’s Pizza, and Jerry’s Subs and Pizza.
Direct Marketing Options and E-Commerce
Direct marketing and e-commerce is a slow but growing sector in Haiti. The Haitian postal system has greatly improved in the last couple of years. DHL is now using it for transporting goods in rural areas. Growing interest in e-commerce has spurred the establishment of several new companies, e.g., Mail&More, and expanded the market for others, e.g., Lynx Air and Haiti Messager. Haiti’s principal cellular companies, Comcel and Haitel, have been highly successful and helped expand interest in wireless Internet services. Consumer interest in Haiti’s new telecommunications environment has resulted in the expansion of services by TELECO, the state-owned telephony utility, which now offers cellular as well as Internet service. Haiti has also benefited from the entry into the market of several new Internet service providers, and from additional ISPs now providing wireless connection service. The e-commerce revolution is not confined to mail delivery services and telephone and Internet service providers. New companies are investing in local e-commerce infrastructure to expand marketing efforts. in fact, one local automobile dealer is now direct marketing vehicles from their website. While other Haitian entrepreneurs have had modest success doing direct marketing through companies, e.g., Amway. These companies market selected products, e.g., cosmetics and beauty supplies.
Import and Export Regulation Risks
Trade Barrier Risks
Import tariffs charged under Haitian law are enumerated in subsequent sections of this chapter. Perhaps the only significant non-tariff barrier confronting American exporters relates to the cost of shipping goods through Haiti’s state-owned international seaports. The largest international port in Haiti is located in Port-au-Prince, which reportedly has the highest user fees in the hemisphere. This facility is on the list of public enterprises slated to be privatized by the government. A reduction in port user fees will probably not occur until the physical infrastructure is upgraded and internal management is improved.
Customs Regulations
In 1987, the Haitian customs regulations were updated. Since that date several decrees were published to lower all custom duties on a temporary basis. The last decree published on this subject, modifying the level of customs duties on virtually all products was in March 1995. However, the Haitian government has still not issued any new customs regulations to supercede the existing 1987 code.
In terms of the basic regulations governing the import and export of commodities, listed below is a summary of documentation that is required by the Haitian government.
For import the documentation requested by customs includes:
The bill of lading signed by the captain or his delegate.
The original invoice for the goods.
The bill of lading must include:
The name of the vessel (sea freight); the identification number (airfreight).
The name of the shipping company.
The ports of origin.
The ports of destination.
The complete manifest of the cargo and the volume on which the freight calculation was based.
The nature of the merchandise (not necessary if the merchandise is in bulk).
For export of agricultural products and some textile products, the documentation requested by customs includes:
Export permit from the Ministry of Commerce.
Tariff Rates
All imported commodities are subject to payment of customs duties and other taxes. The value of imported goods, either FOB or CIF, is converted into Haitian gourdes at the prevailing daily rate, prior to the application of duties and taxes. All duties and taxes are payable to the Haitian Customs Administration. Any cargo vessel (sea, air, or land) coming to Haiti, loaded or unloaded, should present to Customs upon arrival a bill of lading in four originals signed by the captain. Customs valuation is based on:
The cost of the goods
Original invoice from the country of origin.
If Customs will not accept the invoice, blue book value will be used to set the price, this is often the case for vehicles imported into Haiti.
Insurance Cost
Varies according to insurance company; Customs generally accepts the cost.
Freight Cost and Port Charges
Varies according to shipping company; Customs generally accepts the cost.
The Haitian government has recently taken some positive steps toward lowering their overall customs tariff rates. Tariff rates are levied on the FOB or CIF value of the goods at the port of entry. in March 1995, a law was enacted providing for the temporary lowering of duties on goods imported into Haiti. Such duties range from 0-15% CIF (previously 0-40%). Tariffs on some major imports are as follows: sugar - 3%; cement - 3%. Draft legislation has been prepared following an agreement with international financial institutions that, once enacted, will further reduce tariffs on all products to one of three applicable levels: 0%, 5%, or 10%.
Import Tariffs
There are no fewer that five fees and taxes levied on commodities imported to Haiti. These include:
Verification Fee: 4% of FOB value of imports
Acompte: A newly established tax. A deposit of 2% on CIF value of imported goods and deductible from the income tax.
Importers who are current on payment of income tax pay 1% on CIF value of imported goods.
Value-Added Tax (TCA): 10% of ex-customs value of imported goods. The ex-customs value is calculated by adding the CIF value to the amounts charged for verification fees and customs duties. TCA is not applied to petroleum products, agricultural inputs and equipment, pharmaceuticals, school materials, and raw materials for assembly to be re-exported.
Excise Tax: 10% ex-customs on imported cars of or over 2200cc 90% CIF on gasoline; 40% CIF on diesel oil; 30% CIF on kerosene; 2% CIF on fuel oil; 2% CIF on lubricants; and 3% CIF on aviation fuel.
CFGDCT: The Contribution to Management Funds for Territory Collectives which is applied at the rate of 2% on all imports except petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, parcel posts, food products, agricultural inputs and paper.
There are additional taxes levied for the importation of new cars ranging from 5-20%. Used cars pay a “tourist tax” of 10% CIF value. Passenger transportation vehicles for over 25 passengers, and trucks over 2 tons are exonerated. Pick-up trucks under 2 tons have a 5% levy.
Licenses Required for Imports
The Haitian Government does no require any license for importing most goods except for firearms and pharmaceutical products. But the importation of petroleum products is regulated.
Entering Temporary Imports
A 0.25% unique rate is applied to goods entering under diplomatic concessions and for those that are on “temporary entry.”
Additional Trade Issues
Importers of pharmaceutical products should request an import permit from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Pharmaceutical products are also subject to a sanitary registration, required by the Ministry of Public Health and is applicable to all pharmaceutical products being imported into Haiti. Information regarding clinical studies, toxicology, and pharmaceutical certifications from the country of origin is required by the Ministry of Public Health. The Ministry also requests three product samples for each drug to be imported.
Labeling Issues
Specific marks or labels are not required except for food and pharmaceutical products. Labels on processed food products should indicate ingredients in order of predominance, name and address of manufacturer and expiration date of food. Labels on pharmaceutical products must indicate weight or quantity of active ingredients and the lot control number. The date of expiration should also be included as well as the generic name and the commercial name of pharmaceutical drug.
Restrictions on Imports
Import of weapons, waste, drugs, and agricultural products must have an authorization from the government. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry has not updated its list of prohibited products since 1962. According to a 1962 law voted by the Haitian parliament, it is illegal to import used shoes and used clothing. However, the law is not normally enforced and the importation of used clothing is a major business in Haiti. These goods are cleared through customs as personal effects or as used clothing.
Local Standards
The Haitian government has indicated its desire to implement a regime of trade, safety, and security standards. Representatives of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce visited Haiti in 1998 to assist the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in working towards this goal. in addition, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization has taken steps to assist the Government of Haiti in implementing a standards regime in compliance with international agreements. At present, the Haitian government has only an extremely limited ability to monitor and enforce standards in trade and commerce.
Free Trade Zone Options
Haiti does not presently have any duty-free enterprise zones or free ports. Legislation has been drafted to create enterprise zones, duty free zones, and a “one-stop” office for foreign investors to obtain customs clearances and expedite other necessary paperwork. There is a draft free trade zone legislation before the Parliament, which would create several free zones throughout the country.
Adherence to Free Trade Agreements
Haiti acceded to the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) on July 1, 2002. Haiti negotiated a ten-year period as a Least Developed Country to fully integrate into CARICOM. Haiti’s parliament must vote to ratify this membership. in addition, Haiti benefits from three preferential trade programs.
Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI)
Approximately 3,500 Haitian export products are eligible for duty-free entry into the U.S. under the CBI. However, most textiles are excluded, with the exception of those made from linen or silk, or qualifying as handicraft work. Also excluded are certain watches and watch parts, petroleum and its by-products, prepared or canned tuna, sugar, molasses, syrup, beef, spirits, and footwear.
Products must be shipped directly from Haiti to the U.S. to qualify for CBI entry. The products may incorporate imported components as long as the goods exported to the U.S. are a new merchandise product distinct from such components, and the Haitian direct costs of production (including domestic raw materials and those originating in other CBI beneficiary countries, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) must amount to at least 35% of the customs value. Materials of U.S. origin may be included up to a maximum of 15% of the customs value.
Eligible articles assembled or processed from U.S. materials, components or ingredients are accorded duty free access into the U.S. regardless of whether such articles satisfy the 35% value added criterion.
Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA)
On October 2, 2000, Haiti was designated as a beneficiary of the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA). CBTPA, passed by Congress as part of the Trade and Development Act of 2000, is designed to provide greater duty-free access to U.S. markets for Caribbean and Central American nations, as a means of illustrating the importance of trade in fostering peace abroad and prosperity in the United States. The CBTPA expands on the current CBI program by allowing duty-free and quota-free treatment for imports of certain apparel from the region, and by extending NAFTA-equivalent tariff treatment to a number of other products previously excluded from the CBI program.
The Lome Convention Trade Advantages
On December 15, 1989, Haiti signed the fourth Agreement on Common Preferences (ACP)/EEC Lomé Convention under which products originating from Haiti and more than 68 ACP countries are exempt from import duties or equivalent taxes upon entry to the European Union. Certain agricultural products, such as rum, bananas and sugar are subject to import quotas. Other products must comply with specific import regulations. Primary export products benefit from a price insurance fund called Stabex, part of a system created to compensate for losses due to world price fluctuations.
The exporter must obtain a proof of origin called a certificate of circulation of goods (Form Eur.1). The customs officials of the exporting country issue the certificate. It must then be sent to the customs authorities of the importing country within 10 months of delivery date.
Investment Climate
Openness to Foreign Investment
Haiti’s openness to foreign investment is codified in its laws. The GOH’s commitment to investment has not been followed by streamlined procedures, transparency, or established and clear rules that would facilitate foreign investment. Moreover, the GOH’s commitment to modernize commercial laws, investment, banking, and tax codes, has not produced many results, and lack of enforcement along with a general climate of insecurity and impunity are major issues discouraging investment.
Haiti does not have economic or industrial strategies with discriminatory effects on foreign investors. Import and export policies are non-discriminatory and are not based upon nationality.
The GOH has made several commitments to the World Trade Organization in the financial services sector. These include allowing foreign participation in financial services retail, commercial and investment banking, and in consulting and auxiliary services for each of the above services.
The Haitian banking system is open to the entry and operation of foreign banks. Though affected by the political crisis and the faltering economy, the banking system represents the most modern and resilient sector of the economy. Credit is relatively concentrated and mainly used for trade financing. At present, there are two foreign banks operating in Haiti: Citibank of the United States and Scotiabank of Canada.
Privatization
Haiti’s October 1996 legislation concerning the modernization of public enterprises allowed foreign investors to participate in the management and/or ownership of Haitian state-owned enterprises. A modernization commission (CMEP) was established in 1995 to choose among management contract, concession (long-term lease), or capitalization for each of the companies to be privatized, with foreign investment made through competitive bidding, as well as to determine, in the case of capitalizations, the percentage of the enterprise to be retained by the GOH (between 20 percent and 49 percent). in conjunction with Unifinance, an arm of Haiti’s second largest banking group, U.S. companies Seaboard and Continental Grain purchased 70 percent of the state-owned flour mill in 1998. Each partner owns 23.33 percent o
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