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The 2009 Report on Manufacturing Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery: World Market Segmentation by City
ICON Group International, May 2009, Pages: 373
Market Potential Estimation Methodology
Overview
This study covers the world outlook for manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery across more than 2000 cities. For the year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the city in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the city is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-à-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.
This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the cities of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E. for manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world’s cities. In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.
What is Latent Demand and the P.I.E.?
The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) or total revenues (not profit) if a market is served in an efficient manner. It is typically expressed as the total revenues potentially extracted by firms. The “market” is defined at a given level in the value chain. There can be latent demand at the retail level, at the wholesale level, the manufacturing level, and the raw materials level (the P.I.E. of higher levels of the value chain being always smaller than the P.I.E. of levels at lower levels of the same value chain, assuming all levels maintain minimum profitability).
The latent demand for manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery is not actual or historic sales. Nor is latent demand future sales. In fact, latent demand can be lower either lower or higher than actual sales if a market is inefficient (i.e., not representative of relatively competitive levels). Inefficiencies arise from a number of factors, including the lack of international openness, cultural barriers to consumption, regulations, and cartel-like behavior on the part of firms. In general, however, latent demand is typically larger than actual sales in a city market.
Another reason why sales do not equate to latent demand is exchange rates. In this report, all figures assume the long-run efficiency of currency markets. Figures, therefore, equate values based on purchasing power parities across countries. Short-run distortions in the value of the dollar, therefore, do not figure into the estimates. Purchasing power parity estimates of country income were collected from official sources, and extrapolated using standard econometric models. The report uses the dollar as the currency of comparison, but not as a measure of transaction volume. The units used in this report are: US $ mln.
For reasons discussed later, this report does not consider the notion of “unit quantities”, only total latent revenues (i.e., a calculation of price times quantity is never made, though one is implied). The units used in this report are U.S. dollars not adjusted for inflation (i.e., the figures incorporate inflationary trends) and not adjusted for future dynamics in exchange rates (i.e., the figures reflect average exchange rates over recent history). If inflation rates or exchange rates vary in a substantial way compared to recent experience, actually sales can also exceed latent demand (when expressed in U.S. dollars, not adjusted for inflation). On the other hand, latent demand can be typically higher than actual sales as there are often distribution inefficiencies that reduce actual sales below the level of latent demand.
As mentioned earlier, this study is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. If fact, all the current products or services on the market can cease to exist in their present form (i.e., at a brand-, R&D specification, or corporate-image level) and all the players can be replaced by other firms (i.e., via exits, entries, mergers, bankruptcies, etc.), and there will still be an international latent demand for manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery at the aggregate level. Product and service offering details, and the actual identity of the players involved, while important for certain issues, are relatively unimportant for estimates of latent demand.
The Methodology
In order to estimate the latent demand for manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery on a city-by-city basis, I used a multi-stage approach. Before applying the approach, one needs a basic theory from which such estimates are created. In this case, I heavily rely on the use of certain basic economic assumptions. In particular, there is an assumption governing the shape and type of aggregate latent demand functions. Latent demand functions relate the income of a country, city, state, household, or individual to realized consumption. Latent demand (often realized as consumption when an industry is efficient), at any level of the value chain, takes place if an equilibrium in realized. For firms to serve a market, they must perceive a latent demand and be able to serve that demand at a minimal return. The single most important variable determining consumption, assuming latent demand exists, is income (or other financial resources at higher levels of the value chain). Other factors that can pivot or shape demand curves include external or exogenous shocks (i.e., business cycles), and or changes in utility for the product in question.
Ignoring, for the moment, exogenous shocks and variations in utility across countries, the aggregate relation between income and consumption has been a central theme in economics. The figure below concisely summarizes one aspect of problem. In the 1930s, John Meynard Keynes conjectured that as incomes rise, the average propensity to consume would fall. The average propensity to consume is the level of consumption divided by the level of income, or the slope of the line from the origin to the consumption function. He estimated this relationship empirically and found it to be true in the short-run (mostly based on cross-sectional data). The higher the income, the lower the average propensity to consume. This type of consumption function is labeled 'A' in the figure below (note the rather flat slope of the curve). In the 1940s, another macroeconomist, Simon Kuznets, estimated long-run consumption functions which indicated that the marginal propensity to consume was rather constant (using time series data across countries). This type of consumption function is show as 'B' in the figure below (note the higher slope and zero-zero intercept). The average propensity to consume is constant.
Is it declining or is it constant? A number of other economists, notably Franco Modigliani and Milton Friedman, in the 1950s (and Irving Fisher earlier), explained why the two functions were different using various assumptions on intertemporal budget constraints, savings, and wealth. The shorter the time horizon, the more consumption can depend on wealth (earned in previous years) and business cycles. In the long-run, however, the propensity to consume is more constant. Similarly, in the long run, households, industries or countries with no income eventually have no consumption (wealth is depleted). While the debate surrounding beliefs about how income and consumption are related and interesting, in this study a very particular school of thought is adopted. In particular, we are considering the latent demand for manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery across some 230 countries. The smallest have fewer than 10,000 inhabitants. I assume that all of these counties fall along a 'long-run' aggregate consumption function. This long-run function applies despite some of these countries having wealth, current income dominates the latent demand for manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery. So, latent demand in the long-run has a zero intercept. However, I allow firms to have different propensities to consume (including being on consumption functions with differing slopes, which can account for differences in industrial organization, and end-user preferences).
Given this overriding philosophy, I will now describe the methodology used to create the latent demand estimates for manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery. Since ICON Group has asked me to apply this methodology to a large number of categories, the rather academic discussion below is general and can be applied to a wide variety of categories, not just manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery.
Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection
Any study of latent demand across countries requires that some standard be established to define “efficiently served”. Having implemented various alternatives and matched these with market outcomes, I have found that the optimal approach is to assume that certain key countries or cities are more likely to be at or near efficiency than others. These are given greater weight than others in the estimation of latent demand compared to others for which no known data are available. Of the many alternatives, I have found the assumption that the world’s highest aggregate income and highest income-per-capita markets reflect the best standards for “efficiency”. High aggregate income alone is not sufficient (i.e., China has high aggregate income, but low income per capita and can not assumed to be efficient). Aggregate income can be operationalized in a number of ways, including gross domestic product (for industrial categories), or total disposable income (for household categories; population times average income per capita, or number of households times average household income per capita). Brunei, Nauru, Kuwait, and Lichtenstein are examples of countries with high income per capita, but not assumed to be efficient, given low aggregate level of income (or gross domestic product); these countries have, however, high incomes per capita but may not benefit from the efficiencies derived from economies of scale associated with large economies. Only countries with high income per capita and large aggregate income are assumed efficient. This greatly restricts the pool of countries to those in the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), like the United States, or the United Kingdom (which were earlier than other large OECD economies to liberalize their markets).
The selection of countries is further reduced by the fact that not all countries in the OECD report industry revenues at the category level. Countries that typically have ample data at the aggregate level that meet the efficiency criteria include the United States, the United Kingdom and in some cases France and Germany.
Latent demand is therefore estimated using data collected for relatively efficient markets from independent data sources (e.g. Euromonitor, Mintel, Thomson Financial Services, the U.S. Industrial Outlook, the World Resources Institute, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, various agencies from the United Nations, industry trade associations, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank). Depending on original data sources used, the definition of “manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery” is established. In the case of this report, the data were reported at the aggregate level, with no further breakdown or definition. In other words, any potential product or service that might be incorporated within manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery falls under this category. Public sources rarely report data at the disaggregated level in order to protect private information from individual firms that might dominate a specific product-market. These sources will therefore aggregate across components of a category and report only the aggregate to the public. While private data are certainly available, this report only relies on public data at the aggregate level without reliance on the summation of various category components. In other words, this report does not aggregate a number of components to arrive at the “whole”. Rather, it starts with the “whole”, and estimates the whole for all cities and the world at large (without needing to know the specific parts that went into the whole in the first place).
Given this caveat, this study covers “manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery” as defined by the North American Industrial Classification system or NAICS (pronounced “nakes”). For a complete definition of manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery, please refer to the Web site at http://www.icongrouponline.com/codes/NAICS.html. The NAICS code for manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery is 3331. It is for this definition of manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery that the aggregate latent demand estimates are derived. “Manufacturing agriculture, construction, and mining machinery” is specifically defined as follows:
3331
Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing
33311
This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing farm machinery and equipment, powered mowing equipment and other powered home lawn and garden equipment.
333111
This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing agricultural and farm machinery and equipment, and other turf and grounds care equipment, including planting, harvesting, and grass mowing equipment (except lawn and garden-type).
3331111
Farm-type wheel tractors ( 2 & 4 wheel drive)(sold with or without attachments)
33311110
Farm~type (power take~off hp) wheel tractors (2~ and 4~wheel drive) (sold with or without attachments)
3331111000
Farm~type (power take~off hp) wheel tractors (2~ and 4~wheel drive) (sold with or without attachments)
3331111001
Wheel tractors, farm~type (power take~off hp) 2~wheel drive (including front wheel assist types)
3331111006
Wheel tractors, farm~type (power take~off hp) 4~wheel drive (including tractors with equal size tires, front and rear)
3331111011
Attachments for wheel tractors, farm~type
33311111
Farm_type (power take_off hp) wheel tractors (2_ and 4_wheel drive) (sold with or without attachments)
3331111100
Farm_type (power take_off hp) wheel tractors (2_ and 4_wheel drive) (sold with or without attachments)
3331111101
Wheel tractors (excluding contractors’ off_highway, nonfarm (industrial type) garden, turf, and motor tilers), farm type (power take_off hp) 2_wheel drive (including front wheel assist types)
3331111106
Wheel tractors (excluding contractors’ off_highway, nonfarm (industrial type) garden, turf, and motor tilers), farm type (power take_off hp) 4_wheel drive
3331111111
Attachments for wheel tractors, farm type (excluding attachments for tractor chassis shipped as part of front engine design tractor shovel loader/backhoes (NEHP))
3331113
Farm dairy eq., sprayers & dusters, farm elevators, farm blowers, & att
33311130
Farm dairy equipment, sprayers and dusters (except aerial types), farm elevators, farm blowers, and attachments
3331113000
Farm dairy equipment, sprayers and dusters (except aerial types), farm elevators, farm blowers, and attachments
3331113001
Farm dairy machines and equipment, mechanical installations for milking machines, complete, suspended and floor~type bucket, single and double units
3331113004
Farm dairy machines and equipment, mechanical installations for pipeline milking units, complete, including claws, shells, inflations, air tubes, with or without pulsator
3331113016
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, self~ propelled
3331113021
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, tractor mounted
3331113024
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, other than tractor mounted power take~off driven, piston pump type
3331113028
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, other than tractor mounted, nonpiston pump type
3331113032
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, other than tractor mounted, other power sprayers, over 4 g.p.m.
3331113036
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, other than row crop and field types, over 4 g.p.m., power take~off driven
3331113041
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, other than row crop and field types, over 4 g.p.m., engine~driven
3331113044
Sprayers and dusters, air carried type power sprayers (field, row crop, and orchard types)
3331113048
Sprayers and dusters, foggers and mist sprayers, portable
3331113052
Sprayers and dusters, hand pulled and garden~type 4 g.p.m. and under
3331113056
Sprayers and dusters, sprayers, agricultural hand, under 1 gallon
3331113061
Sprayers and dusters, sprayers, agricultural hand, 1 gallon and over, compressed air or gas
3331113064
Sprayers and dusters, sprayers, agricultural hand, 1 gallon and over, other (including knapsack, hose end and flame sprayers and sprayer pumps)
3331113068
Sprayers and dusters, dusters, power, hand, all types
3331113072
Sprayers and dusters, all other sprayers
3331113076
Sprayers and dusters, attachments for sprayers and dusters
3331113081
Farm elevators and blowers, farm elevators, portable single and double chain
3331113084
Farm elevators and blowers, farm elevators, portable auger type
3331113088
Farm elevators, portable: Auger type
3331113092
Farm elevators and blowers, other farm blowers, including forage blowers, combination grain and forage blowers
3331113101
Farm dairy machines and equipment, mechanical installations for milking machines, complete, suspended and floor~type bucket, single and double units
3331113104
Farm dairy machines and equipment, mechanical installations for pipeline milking units, complete, including claws, shells, inflations, air tubes, with or without pulsator
3331113116
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, self~ propelled
3331113121
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, tractor mounted
3331113124
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, other than tractor mounted power take~off driven, piston pump type
3331113128
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, other than tractor mounted, nonpiston pump type
3331113132
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, field and row crop type, other than tractor mounted, other power sprayers, over 4 g.p.m.
3331113136
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, other than row crop and field types, over 4 g.p.m., power take~off driven
3331113141
Sprayers and dusters, power sprayers, other than row crop and field types, over 4 g.p.m., engine~driven
3331113144
Sprayers and dusters, air carried type power sprayers (field, row crop, and orchard types)
3331113148
Sprayers and dusters, foggers and mist sprayers, portable
3331113152
Sprayers and dusters, hand pulled and garden~type 4 g.p.m. and under
3331113156
Sprayers and dusters, sprayers, agricultural hand, under 1 gallon
3331113161
Sprayers and dusters, sprayers, agricultural hand, 1 gallon and over, compressed air or gas
3331113164
Sprayers and dusters, sprayers, agricultural hand, 1 gallon and over, other (including knapsack, hose end and flame sprayers and sprayer pumps)
3331113168
Sprayers and dusters, dusters, power, hand, all types
3331113172
Sprayers and dusters, all other sprayers
3331113176
Sprayers and dusters, attachments for sprayers and dusters
3331113181
Farm elevators and blowers, farm elevators, portable single and double chain
3331113188
Farm elevators, portable: Auger type
3331113192
Farm elevators and blowers, other farm blowers, including forage blowers, combination grain and forage blowers
3331114
FARM DAIRY EQUIPMENT, SPRAYERS AND DUSTERS (EXCEPT AERIAL TYPES), FARM BLOWERS, AND ATTACHMENTS
33311141
Farm dairy equipment, sprayers and dusters (except aerial types), farm blowers, and attachments
3331114100
Farm dairy equipment, sprayers and dusters (except aerial types), farm blowers, and attachments
3331117
Planting, seeding, & fertilizing machinery & attachments, exc. turf machinery
33311170
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery and attachments, excluding turf machinery
3331117000
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery and attachments, excluding turf machinery
3331117001
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, corn planters, corn and cotton planters, and lister planters~ pull type and mounted
3331117008
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, grain drills (fixed frame), all types
3331117011
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, transplanters (pull~type or mounted) and broadcast seeders (end~gate, mounted and drawn)
3331117018
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, fertilizer distributors (pull~type or mounted) dry (including lime spreaders)
3331117021
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, fertilizer distributors (pull~type or mounted) liquid and anhydrous ammonia
3331117028
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, fertilizer distributors (pull~type or mounted) manure spreaders, rear discharge
3331117031
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, fertilizer distributors (pull~type or mounted) manure spreaders, side discharge
3331117038
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, fertilizer distributors (pull~type or mounted) manure pumps, liquid
3331117041
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, front and rear tractor mounted loaders (farm~type), manure and general utility (except beet and sugar cane loaders)
3331117048
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, row crop unit planters
3331117051
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, other planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery
3331117058
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery, attachments for planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery
33311171
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery and attachments, excluding turf machinery
3331117100
Planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery and attachments, excluding turf machinery
3331117101
Corn planters, corn and cotton planters, and lister planters, pull type and mounted
3331117108
Grain drills (fixed frame), all types
3331117111
Transplanters (pull type or mounted) and broadcast seeders (end_gate, mounted and drawn)
3331117118
Fertilizer distributors (pull type or mounted) (excluding lawn and garden hand types and fertilizer attachments), dry (including lime spreaders)
3331117121
Fertilizer distributors (pull type or mounted) (excluding lawn and garden hand types and fertilizer attachments), liquid and anhydrous ammonia
3331117128
Fertilizer distributors (pull type or mounted) (excluding lawn and garden hand types and fertilizer attachments), manure speaders, rear discharge
3331117131
Fertilizer distributors (pull type or mounted) (excluding lawn and garden hand types and fertilizer attachments), manure speaders, side discharge
3331117138
Fertilizer distributors (pull type or mounted) (excluding lawn and garden hand types and fertilizer attachments), manure pumps, liquid
3331117141
Front and rear tractor mounted loaders (farm type), manure and general utility (except beet and sugar cane loaders)
3331117148
Row crop unit planters
3331117151
Other planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery
3331117158
Attachments for planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery (excluding planting attachments for listers)
3331119
Harvesting machinery (except hay and straw) and attachments
33311190
Harvesting machinery (except hay and straw) and attachments
3331119000
Harvesting machinery (except hay and straw) and attachments
3331119001
Harvesting machinery, combines (harvester~threshers), grain~types only (self~propelled and pull~type)
3331119011
Harvesting machinery, small grain header for combines, all sizes
3331119021
Harvesting machinery, corn heads, all sizes
3331119031
Harvesting machinery, other grain~type combines
3331119041
Harvesting machinery, field forage harvesters, shear bar, self~propelled type and pull~type (basic machines)
3331119051
Harvesting machinery, attachments for shear bar type forage harvester
3331119061
Harvesting machinery, flail~type (horizontal knives or vertical free~swinging knives or hammers), including discharge spouts
3331119071
Harvesting machinery, other harvesting machinery, including potato diggers, cane harvesting equipment, and picker~shellers
3331119081
Harvesting machinery, attachments for harvesting machinery (including platform and seeder, reel, straw spreader, load leveler, weed stripper, grate unit, knife grinder, and stalk walker)
33311191
Harvesting machinery (except hay and straw) and attachments
3331119100
Harvesting machinery (except hay and straw) and attachments
3331119101
Harvesting machinery, combines (harvester_threshers), grain types only (self_propelled and pull type)
3331119111
Harvesting machinery, small grain header for combines, all sizes
3331119121
Harvesting machinery, corn heads, all sizes
3331119131
Harvesting machinery, other grain type combines
3331119141
Harvesting machinery, field forage harvesters, shear bar, self_propelled type and pull_type (basic machines)
3331119151
Attachments for shear bar type forage harvester
3331119161
Harvesting machinery, flail type (horizontal knives or vertical freeswinging knives or hammers), including discharge spouts
3331119171
Other harvesting machinery, including cane harvesting equipment, potato diggers, and picker_shellers
3331119181
Attachments for harvesting machinery (including platform and seeder, reel, straw spreadera, load levelera, weed stripper, grate unit, knife grinders, and stalk walkers)
333111A
Haying machinery and attachments
333111A0
Haying machinery and attachments
333111A000
Haying machinery and attachments
333111A001
Haying machinery, mowers, cutter bar type (including drum and disk)
333111A011
Haying machinery, mower~conditioners and windrowers with conditioner auger and draper~type (pull~type and self~propelled)
333111A021
Haying machinery, rakes, side delivery, cylinder type, and finger wheel type, rotary, tedder and combination rotary~tedder type
333111A031
Haying machinery, hay balers, hay stackers, field type, hay bale loaders, bale throwing attachments
333111A041
Haying machinery, other haying machinery
333111A051
Haying machinery, other attachments for haying machinery (stripper, bale chute, and knife attachments)
333111A1
Haying machinery and attachments
333111A100
Haying machinery and attachments
333111A101
Haying machinery, mowers, cutter_bar type (including drum and disk)
333111A111
Haying machinery, mower_conditioners and windrowers with conditioner auger and draper type (pull type and self_propelled)
333111A121
Haying machinery, rakes, side delivery, cylinder type, finger wheel type, rotary, and tedder and combination rotar/_tedder type
333111A131
Haying machinery, hay balers, field type (including bale throwing attachments)
333111A141
Other haying machinery
333111A151
Other attachments for haying machinery (including stripper, bale chute, and knife attachments)
333111C
Parts for farm machinery, for sale separately
333111C1
Parts for farm_type wheel tractors (except operator cabs), for sale separately
333111C110
Parts for farm_type wheel tractors (except operator cabs), for sale separately
333111C116
Parts for wheel tractors, farm type (excluding parts for tractor chassis shipped as part of front engine design tractor shovel loader/backhoes)
333111C2
Other parts for farm machinery (except for wheel tractors ), including operator cabs, for sale separately
333111C220
Other parts for farm machinery (except for wheel tractors ), including operator cabs, for sale separately
333111C221
Parts for farm dairy machines and equipment
333111C223
Parts for sprayers and dusters
333111C225
Parts for farm blowers
333111C229
Parts for planting, seeding, and fertilizing machinery
333111C22A
Parts for harvesting machinery
333111C22C
Parts for haying machinery
333111C22E
Parts for plows (except plowshares)
333111C22G
Parts for harrows, rollers, pulverizers, and similar equipment
333111C22J
Parts for cultivators and weeders
333111C22L
Parts for stalk shredders and cutters or rotary mowers (PTO)
333111C22N
Parts for machines for preparing crops for market or for use
333111C22P
Parts for farm poultry equipment
333111C22T
Parts for hog equipment
333111C22U
Parts for other barn and barnyard equipment
333111C22V
Parts for self_propelled irrigation systems (sold separately)
333111C232
Parts for farm wagons and other transportation equipment (including operator cabs for farm tractors)
333111E
Farm plows, harrows, rollers, pulverizers, and cultivators
333111E0
Farm plows (including plowshares, primary tillage), harrows, rollers, pulverizers, and cultivators and weeders, and attachments
333111E000
Farm plows (including plowshares, primary tillage), harrows, rollers, pulverizers, and cultivators and weeders, and attachments
333111E001
Primary tillage equipment, plows, subsoilers (deep tillage), wide shank
333111E009
Primary tillage equipment, plows, terracing, and ditching plows
333111E011
Primary tillage equipment, plows, chisel plows, deep tillage (chisel or sweep type) pull~type
333111E019
Primary tillage equipment, plows, chisel plows, deep tillage (chisel or sweep type) mounted
333111E021
Primary tillage equipment, plows, other plows, except snow plows
333111E031
Primary tillage equipment, plows, attachments for plows (coulters, jointers, root cutters, subsoilers, fertilizer distributors, etc.), excluding lister planting attachments
333111E039
Primary tillage equipment, plows, plowshares pounds
333111E041
Secondary tillage equipment, spike~tooth harrow sections and spring~tooth and tine~tooth harrow sections
333111E049
Secondary tillage equipment, disc harrows, single, tandem, and offset
333111E051
Secondary tillage equipment, combination tillage equipment, roller~ harrows, disc or coulter~field cultivators, disc or coulter~spring tooth
333111E058
Secondary tillage equipment, blade terracers, or scrapers (farm~size)
333111E059
Primary tillage equipment, plows, middlebusters, and disc bedders
333111E061
Secondary tillage equipment, land levelers
333111E069
Secondary tillage equipment, other harrows, rollers, pulverizers, and similar equipment
333111E071
Secondary tillage equipment, attachments for harrows, rollers, pulverizers, and similar equipment
333111E079
Cultivators and weeders secondary tillage, corn and cotton type cultivators, shank and sweep type (front and rear mounted)
333111E081
Cultivators and weeders secondary tillage, rotary cultivators, ground and power~driven
333111E089
Cultivators and weeders secondary tillage, fiel
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The 2009 Report on Attachments for Agricultural Planting, Seeding, and Fertilizing Machinery Excluding Planting Attachments for Listers: World Market Segmentation by City
The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Manufacturing Agricultural and Farm Machinery and Equipment, Planting, Harvesting, Grass Mowing Equipment, and Other Turf and Grounds Care Equipment Excluding Lawn and Garden-Type Grass Mowing Equipment
The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Agricultural Dairy Equipment, Sprayers, Dusters, Elevators, Blowers, and Related Attachments
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