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The Future Of Global Biomass Power Generation: The Technology, Economics And Impact Of Biomass Power Generation
Business Insights, June 2004
Table of Contents
The Future of Biomass Power Generation
Executive Summary 8
Introduction 8
Global Biomass reserves 8
Energy crops 9
Biomass conversion technologies 9
Environmental implications 10
The economics of Biomass power generation 11
The future 12
Chapter 1 Introduction 15
Summary 15
Introduction 16
Electricity from Biomass 18
Sources of Biomass fuel 19
The structure of the report 20
Chapter 2 Global Biomass Resources 24
Summary 24
Introduction 25
Residues 27
Crop residues 27
Livestock residues 30
Forestry residues 32
Urban waste 32
Chapter 3 Energy Crops 38
Summary 38
Introduction 39
Types of energy crop 40
Raising an energy crop 41
Harvesting and transportation 42
Yields 43
Chapter 4 Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies 48
Summary 48
Introduction 49
Direct firing of Biomass 50
Stoker combustors 51
Suspension combustion 51
Fluidized bed combustion 52
Steam cycle improvements 53
Fuel handling 54
Whole tree system 55
Co-firing 56
Biomass gasification 60
Integrated gasification combined cycle 62
Biomass fuel cell power plant 62
Anaerobic Biomass decomposition 63
Biomass digesters 64
Chapter 5 The Environmental Effects of Biomass Power Generation 68
Summary 68
Introduction 69
The carbon cycle and atmospheric warming 70
Biomass and carbon dioxide 72
Atmospheric emissions 73
Life cycle assessment 76
Energy crops 78
Waste fuel 80
Fuelwood 33
Energy crops 35
Agricultural wastes 81
Forestry residues 81
Urban waste 81
Chapter 6 The Economics of Biomass Power Generation 84
Summary 84
Introduction 86
Technology costs 88
Co-firing 88
Direct-fired Biomass plant 89
Biomass gasification 89
Landfill gas 90
Fuel costs 91
Californian Biomass costs 92
Individual waste fuel costs 94
Energy crops 95
Delivered fuel costs 96
Generation costs 97
Chapter 7 The Prospects for Biomass Power Generation 101
Summary 101
Introduction 103
Biomass power generation development 105
Cogeneration 106
Drivers and resistors 107
Drivers 107
Environment 107
Security 108
Economics 108
Waste disposal 108
Renewable quotas and green certificates 109
Resistors 109
Technology 109
Agricultural infrastructure 110
Power industry inertia 110
Regulatory barriers 110
Financial risk 111
The future 112
Conclusion 115
Index and References 118
Index 118
References 119
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Global agricultural residues, 1987 28
Figure 4.2: The efficiency of Biomass combustion technologies 60
Figure 7.3: European Biomass generating capacity by year 113
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Current Biomass generating capacity 16
Table 2.2: Global agricultural residues, 1987 (EJ) 29
Table 2.3: Global bagasse residues 30
Table 2.4: Global livestock residues, 1987 (EJ) 31
Table 2.5: Total fuelwood production, 1999 34
Table 3.6: Annual energy crop yields in the US 44
Table 3.7: Annual energy crop yields across the world 44
Table 4.8: Biomass combustion technologies 61
Table 5.9: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations 70
Table 5.10: Typical atmospheric emissions from combustion power plants kg/MWh 73
Table 5.11: Power plant total energy balance 76
Table 6.12: The cost of Biomass and coal-fired technologies 88
Table 6.13: The cost of waste fuel in California 92
Table 6.14: The cost of US waste Biomass 94
Table 6.15: The cost of US Biomass fuels 96
Table 6.16: The cost of Biomass plantation fuel 97
Table 7.17: Biomass power generation targets, 2020 113
Table 7.18: European Biomass generating capacity by year 114
Table 7.19: European biomass generating capacity compared against other power generation technologies 114
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