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Stationary Fuel Cell: Market Opportunities, Strategies, and Forecasts, 2005 to 2009
WinterGreen Research, Inc., May 2004, Pages: 486
STATIONARY FUEL CELL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
Stationary Fuel Cell Market Development ES-1
Stationary Fuel Cell Growth ES-3
Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares ES-3
Worldwide Stationary Fuel Cell Market Share Analysis For Campus and Residential Markets ES-5
Stationary Fuel Cells Market Forecasts ES-6
Market For Continued Fuel Cell Commercialization ES-8
Natural Gas Refueling Infrastructure ES-10
On Grid And Off Grid Issues ES-11
Hydrogen gas, H2, Essential To Power Fuel Cell Engines ES-12
1. STATIONARY FUEL CELL MARKET DYNAMICS AND MARKET DESCRIPTION 1-1
1.1 Industrialization Requires Sustainable, Highly Efficient Energy 1-1
1.1.1 Petroleum 1-2
1.2 Value Of Export Market Electricity 1-3
1.3 Fuel Cell Operation 1-5
1.3.1 Fuel Cells Definition 1-7
1.3.2 Fuel Cell Insulating Nature Of The Electrolyte 1-10
1.3.3 Inconsistency Of Cell Performance 1-11
1.3.4 Fuel Cell Performance Improvements 1-11
1.3.5 Transition To Hydrogen 1-12
1.4 Fuel Environmental Issues 1-13
1.4.1 Environmental Benefits Of Using Fuel Cell Technology 1-16
1.4.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1-19
1.5 Battery Description 1-21
1.6 Fuel Cell Functional Characteristics 1-22
1.7 Water In A Fuel Cell System 1-24
1.8 Power Of A Fuel Cell 1-26
1.8.1 Gas Control 1-26
1.8.2 Temperature Control 1-27
1.9 Fuel Cell Converts Chemical Energy Directly Into Electricity And Heat 1-27
1.9.1 Types Of Fuel Cells 1-28
1.10 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology 1-31
1.10.1 Types Of Fuel Cells 1-31
1.10.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells 1-34
1.10.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 1-35
1.10.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 1-38
1.10.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 1-39
1.10.6 PEM Technology 1-41
1.10.7 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells 1-41
1.10.8 PEM Fuel Cells 1-44
1.10.9 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell 1-45
1.10.10 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Membranes And Catalysts 1-46
1.10.11 Common Types Of Fuel Cells 1-48
1.11 Stationary Power Applications 1-49
1.11.1 Traditional Utility Electricity Generation 1-49
1.12 On Grid And Off Grid Issues 1-50
1.12.1 Stationary Public Or Commercial Buildings Fuel Cell Market 1-52
1.12.2 Distributed Power Generation 1-53
1.13 Impact Of Deregulation 1-54
1.13.1 Excess Domestic Capacity 1-55
1.13.2 Power Failures 1-55
1.14 Fuel Cell Issues 1-56
1.14.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 1-58
1.14.2 Fuel Cell Workings 1-58
1.14.3 Environmental Benefits Of Fuel Cells 1-61
1.14.4 Fuel-To-Electricity Efficiency 1-62
1.15 Boilers 1-63
1.15.1 Domestic Hot Water 1-63
1.15.2 Space Heating Loops 1-63
1.15.3 Absorption Cooling Thermal Loads 1-64
1.16 Fuel Cell Reliability 1-64
1.16.1 Power Quality 1-65
1.16.2 Licensing Schedules 1-66
1.16.3 Modularity 1-66
1.17 Fuel Cell Supply Infrastructure 1-66
1.18 AFC Fuel Cells 1-67
1.19 Laws And Regulations 1-68
1.19.1 National Hydrogen Association 1-68
1.19.2 Military Solutions 1-69
2. STATIONARY FUEL CELL MARKET SHARES, MARKET OPPORTUNITIES, AND MARKET FORECASTS 2-1
2.1 Stationary Fuel Cell Market Development 2-1
2.2 Market For Continued Fuel Cell Commercialization 2-3
2.2.1 Fuel Cell Promise To Create A Vast New Industry 2-4
2.2.2 Stationary Fuel Cell Market 2-7
2.2.3 Stationary Fuel Cell Growth 2-10
2.2.4 Fuel Cell Technology 2-10
2.2.5 Primary Stationary Power 2-10
2.2.6 Back-Up Stationary Power 2-11
2.2.7 SOFC Development 2-11
2.3 Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares 2-13
2.3.1 UTC Fuel Cells 2-13
2.3.2 Siemens Westinghouse 2-14
2.3.3 Worldwide Stationary Fuel Cell Market Share Analysis For Utilities 2-15
2.3.4 Worldwide Stationary Fuel Cell Market Share Analysis For Campus and Residential Markets
2-17
2.3.5 Plug Power 2-19
2.3.6 Plug Power 2003 2-20
2.3.7 Plug Power Gencore® System Remote Cell Tower 2-23
2.3.8 1 kW Combined Heat And Power Generator From Ebara Ballard 2-23
2.3.9 Ballard 250 kW Stationary Generator 2-24
2.3.10 FuelCell Energy Direct FuelCell 2-26
2.3.11 Versa Power Systems 2-27
2.3.12 GreenVOLT Modular Systems 2-27
2.4 Stationary Fuel Cells Market Forecasts 2-27
2.4.1 Stationary Fuel Cell Utility Grid Power Market Fo recasts 2-32
2.4.2 Military Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forecasts 2-38
2.4.3 Stationary Fuel Cell Industrial And Commercial Market Forecasts 2-43
2.4.4 Stationary Fuel Cells Data Center Back-Up Power Market Forecasts 2-48
2.4.5 Stationary Fuel Cells for Telecommunications Market Forecasts 2-53
2.4.6 Stationary Fuel Cells Educational Campus Power Market Forecasts 2-58
2.4.7 Stationary Fuel Cells Civilian Government Power Market Forecasts 2-62
2.4.8 Stationary Fuel Cell Residential Market Forecasts 2-67
2.4.9 UTC Energy Center (PEM) Residential 2-72
2.5 Stationary Fuel Cell System Integration 2-73
2.5.1 Endurance and Reliability 2-74
2.5.2 Stationary Fuel Cell Infrastructure 2-75
2.6 Non-Technical Stationary Fuel Cell Market Issues 2-75
2.6.1 Fuel-To-Electricity Efficiency Ranges 2-78
2.6.2 PEM Units 2-79
2.7 Synergism Among Different Fuel Cell Applications 2-79
2.7.1 Small Portable Power Market 2-80
2.7.2 Synergy Among Fuel Cells Developed For Cars, Buses, Back-Up Power, And Primary Power
2-80
2.7.3 Fuel Cell Fuel Sources Transport Possibilities 2-84
2.8 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 2-85
2.8.1 SOFC Energy Conversion Efficiencies Of 75-85% 2-85
2.8.2 Typical Cell Designs For SOFC 2-86
2.8.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Benefits 2-86
2.8.4 Technolo gical Drawbacks Of SOFC 2-88
2.8.5 SOFC Market incentives 2-90
2.8.6 SOFC Market 2-90
2.9 Stationary Fuel Cell Regional Analysis 2-93
2.9.1 U.S., Europe, Canada, and Asia 2-93
2.9.2 Japan 2-94
2.9.3 Iceland
2-94
2.9.4 Manitoba Canada Hydrogen Energy Development Initiative 2-94
2.9.5 Renewable Hydrogen Is The Aim 2-95
2.9.6 Early Stage Opportunities For Manitoba Clean Energy 2-97
2.9.7 Research / Scientific Center of Excellence 2-101
2.9.8 Value Of Export Market Electricity 2-103
2.9.9 U.S. Accounts For 60 Percent Of The World's Total Energy Use 2-104
3. STATIONARY FUEL CELL PRODUCT DESCRIPTION 3-1
3.1 Innovative Fuel Cell Applications 3-1
3.2 Fuel Cell Stationary Application Companies 3-1
3.3 Stand-Alone Fuel Cell Systems 3-4
3.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 3-5
3.4.1 SOFC Technology 3-6
3.4.2 Direct-to-DC Stationary Applications 3-6
3.4.3 Fuel Cell Fuel Sources Transport Possibilities 3-8
3.4.4 Fuel Cell Operation 3-8
3.4.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells For Distributed Power Generation 3-9
3.4.6 Common Types Of Fuel Cells 3-9
3.4.7 Electrochemical Principle Of Fuel Cells 3-10
3.5 Siemens Westinghouse Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 3-10
3.5.1 Siemens Westinghouse Power Generation 3-11
3.5.2 Siemens Westinghouse Planned SOFC Products 3-11
3.5.3 0.5 MW SOFC / Gas Turbine Hybrid System 3-12
3.5.4 Siemens Westinghouse First Commercial Product 3-12
3.5.5 Principle of Siemens Fuel Cell Cylindrical-Tube SOFC Technology 3-12
3.5.6 Siemens Westinghouse Tubular SOFC Technology 3-13
3.5.7 Siemens W estinghouse Cell Design Of Cylindrical-Tube SOFC Technology 3-14
3.5.8 Siemens Westinghouse Cell Design Achieves Power by Bundling 3-15
3.5.9 Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Stack Cross Section Description 3-15
3.5.10 Siemens cylindrical-tube SOFC technology 3-17
3.5.11 Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Stack Operation Principle 3-19
3.5.12 Siemens Westinghouse Dry Hybrid Cycle Power System 3-20
3.5.13 Siemens Westinghouse SOFC/GT Hybrids 3-21
3.5.14 Siemens Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 3-22
3.5.15 Siemens Westinghouse Power Generation 3-22
3.5.16 Siemens Westinghouse Stationary Fuel Cells Division 3-22
3.5.17 Siemens Westinghouse Tubular SOFC Technology 3-23
3.5.18 Siemens Power By Bundling 3-25
3.5.19 Siemens Simple-Cycle Atmospheric SOFC Cogeneration System 3-29
3.5.20 SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Cycle 3-31
3.5.21 Siemens Westinghouse Dry Hybrid Cycle Power System 3-32
3.5.22 Siemens Westinghouse Dry Hybrid Cycle 3-34
3.5.23 Siemens Westinghouse Power Systems Benefits And Features 3-34
3.5.24 Pressurizing A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Increases Voltage And Improves Electrical Efficiency 3-
35
3.5.25 SOFC/ Gas Turbine Hybrid System Of 300-kW-Class 3-36
3.5.26 Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Projects 3-41
3.5.27 Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Projects 3-43
3.5.28 Siemens Westinghouse Tubular SOFC Systems 3-43
3.5.29 Siemens Westinghouse Running SOFC 100 kW SOFC Cogeneration System 3-46
3.5.30 Siemens Westinghouse Running SOFC 100 kW SOFC Cogeneration System 3-48
3.5.31 25 kW Siemens Westinghouse Test Unit 3-50
3.5.32 Siemens Westinghouse SOCA – The SOFC Commercialization Association 3-50
3.6 UTC Fuel Cells Commercial Fuel Cell Power Plant 3-51
3.6.1 Grid Connected Operating Mode / Grid -Independent Operating 3-52
3.6.2 UTC Fuel Cells Power Assurance 3-53
3.6.3 UTC Fuel Cells Waste Methane 3-53
3.6.4 UTC Fuel Cells 5kW Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Power Plant 3-55
3.6.5 UTC Fuel Cells 5kW Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Residential 3-55
3.6.6 UTC Fuel Cells 5kW Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Light Commercial 3-55
3.6.7 UTC Fuel Cells Proton Exchange Membrane PEM Cell Stack Activities 3-56
3.7 Ballard 3-57
3.7.1 Ballard Stationary Power Alliance 3-58
3.7.2 Ballard Power Systems 3-58
3.7.3 1 kW Combined Heat And Power Generator From Ebara Ballard 3-59
3.7.4 Ballard 250 kW Stationary Generator 3-59
3.7.5 Ballard Stationary Fuel Cell Power Generator 3-60
3.7.6 Ballard MGE Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) Systems 3-63
3.7.7 Ballard Stationary Fuel Cell Power Generator for Telecommunications 3-63
3.7.8 Ballard Nexa™ Power Module 3-63
3.7.9 Ballard Intermittent Stationary Power 3-64
3.7.10 Ballard Japanese Residential Market Target 3-64
3.7.11 Ballard Supports OEM Fuel Of Choice 3-65
3.8 FuelCell Energy 3-66
3.8.1 FuelCell Energy Direct FuelCells® 3-66
3.8.2 FuelCell Energy Direct FuelCells 300 kW Single Stack 3-67
3.8.3 Fuel Cell Energy Direct FuelCell® Turbine 3-69
3.8.4 DFC/Turbine Hybrid 3-72
3.8.5 Direct FuelCell Marine Applications 3-73
3.8.6 FuelCell Energy / Marubeni Three Megawatt System 3-74
3.8.7 FuelCell Energy Direct FuelCells 3-75
3.9 Versa Power Systems Focused on Solid Oxide Technology 3-75
3.10 GreenVOLT Modular Systems 3-76
3.11 Plug Power 3-77
3.11.1 Plug Power GenCoreTM5T 3-78
3.11.2 Plug Power GenSys™ Systems 3-78
3.12 DaimlerChrysler Subsidiary MTU Friedrichshafen 3-80
3.12.1 HotModule at the Rhön -Klinikum 3-81
3.12.2 Fuel Cell Power Station At The Mercedes -Benz plant in Tuscaloosa, Alabama 3-82
3.13 Altair Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Program 3-83
3.13.1 Altair Nanocrystalline Materials 3-85
3.14 IdaTech 3-86
3.14.1 IdaTech Propane Off-Grid Power Solutions 3-86
3.14.2 IdaTech Fuel Cell Solutions Based On Multi-Fuel Fuel Processing Technology 3-87
3.14.3 IdaTech Development of Prototype Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell System 3-87
3.14.4 IdaTech Natural Gas Fuel Cell System 3-88
3.14.5 IdaTech PEM Fuel Cell Stack 3-89
3.14.6 IdaTech FCS 1200™ 3-91
3.14.7 IdaTech FCS NG™ 3-91
3.14.8 IdaTech Military Solutions 3-92
3.15 Nuvera Avanti and DuAlto Products 3-93
3.15.1 Nuvera Avanti Environmental Control 3-93
3.15.2 Nuvera DuAlto 3-94
3.15.3 Nuvera H2e and Forza Products 3-95
3.15.4 Nuvera Forza Product 3-96
3.16 Proton Energy Systems 3-97
3.16.1 Proton Energy Systems Architecture 3-97
3.17 Axpo Group / Sulzer Hexis Test Decentralized Fuel Cell Cogeneration 3-98
3.18 Fuel Cell Technologies 3-99
3.18.1 Fuel Cell Technologies Underwater Vehicle 3-101
4. STATIONARY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS 4-1
4.1 Fuel Cell Power Plant 4-1
4.1.1 Hydrogen 4-2
4.1.2 Flow Field Plates 4-2
4.1.3 Liquids 4-3
4.1.4 Gases 4-3
4.1.5 Impact Of Hydrogen On Contact Materials 4-3
4.1.6 Concentration Gradient 4-4
4.1.7 Electrochemical Reactions 4-4
4.1.8 Electrolytes 4-7
4.1.9 Transferring The Energy 4-8
4.1.10 Activation Polarization 4-9
4.1.11 Ohmic Polarization 4-10
4.1.12 Concentration Polarization 4-11
4.1.13 Effect Of Polarizations 4-11
4.1.14 Stationary Fuel Cell Applications 4-14
4.1.15 Fuel Cells Used For Commercial Building And Institutional Applications 4-16
4.2 Fuel Cells Legislation 4-17
4.3 Fuel Cell Activities Of Industry Associations And Industry/Government Partnerships 4-18
4.3.1 United States Comprehensive Energy Bills 4-18
4.3.2 California Fuel Cell Partnership 4-19
4.3.3 European Fuel Cell Bus Project 4-19
4.3.4 European Intelligent Energy for Europe Program 4-20
4.3.5 Canadian Climate Change Mitigation Strategy 4-20
4.3.6 Asian Government Support For Fuel Cells 4-21
4.4 Siemens Westinghouse SOCA 4-21
4.4.1 The SOFC Commercialization Association 4-23
4.4.2 Benefits of being a SOCA Member 4-24
4.4.3 US Supportive Program For SOFC 4-24
4.4.4 U.S. Fuel Cell Council Activities 4-25
4.4.5 SECA program 4-27
4.4.6 Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance SECA 4-28
4.4.7 Propane Education and Research Council (PERC) 4-29
5. FUEL CELL COMPANY PROFILES 5-1
5.1 Fuel Cell Companies 5-1
5.2 Air Products 5-5
5.3 Anuvu 5-6
5.4 Ballard 5-6
5.4.1 Ballard Chief Technology Officer Change 5-7
5.4.2 Ballard Power Systems Revenue 5-8
5.4.3 Ballard Revenue 5-9
5.4.4 Ballard Government / Industry Partnerships 5-10
5.4.5 Michelin Challenge Bibendum 5-11
5.4.6 Ballard Nexa 5-12
5.4.7 Ballard AirGen 5-12
5.4.8 Ballard AirGen Fuel Cell Generators 5-13
5.4.9 Ebara Ballard 5-13
5.4.10 Ballard Acquisition Of Coleman Powermate 5-14
5.4.11 Ballard / Coleman Powermate AirGen™ Fuel Cell Generator 5-14
5.4.12 Ballard Next Generation Transportation Fuel Cell Engine 5-15
5.4.13 Ballard Strategy 5-15
5.4.14 Ballard Carbon Fiber Products 5-16
5.4.15 Ballard Ecostar™ Power Converter 5-18
5.4.16 Ballard Plans For PEM Fuel Cell Products 5-18
5.4.17 Ballard Customers 5-20
5.4.18 DaimlerChrysler and Ford Funding 5-20
5.4.19 Ballard Power Electronics 5-21
5.4.20 Ballard Discontinued Internal Combustion Engine Generator Sets 5-22
5.4.21 Ballard Acquisition Of FirstEnergy Stationary Power Subsidiary 5-23
5.4.22 Ballard Power Systems 5-23
5.5 California Fuel Cell Partnership 5-24
5.6 DaimlerChrysler 5-25
5.6.1 DaimlerChrysler Balanced Portfolio Of Environmental Initiatives 5-25
5.6.2 DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell Drive System Planned Investment 5-26
5.7 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 5-26
5.8 Dynetek 5-27
5.8.1 Lightweight Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Storage Cylinder 5-28
5.8.2 Dynetek Revenue Fourth Quarter and the Year Ended 2003 5-29
5.8.3 Dynetek Industries Strategic Positioning 5-30
5.9 Ebara 5-31
5.9.1 Environmental Engineering Group Product Set 5-32
5.9.2 Ebara Corporation Strategic Positioning 5-35
5.10 Energy Conversion Devices 5-35
5.10.1 Energy Conversion Devices Synthesis Of New Materials 5-35
5.10.2 Multi-Disciplinary Business, Scientific, Technical And Manufacturing Organization 5-36
5.10.3 Energy Conversion Devices Proprietary technologies 5-37
5.10.4 Energy Conversion Devices Business Strategy 5-38
5.10.5 Energy Conversion Devices Battery And Photovoltaic Products 5-39
5.10.6 Energy Conversion Devices Information Technology Activities 5-39
5.10.7 Energy Conversion Devices Revenue 5-40
5.11 Energy Partners Ltd. 5-42
5.12 Ford 5-43
5.13 FuelCell Energy 5-44
5.13.1 FuelCell Energy Commercial Distribution Alliances 5-44
5.13.2 FuelCell Energy / Versa Power Systems 5-46
5.13.3 FuelCell Energy and Marubeni 5-47
5.13.4 FuelCell Energy / Global Thermoelectric 5-48
5.14 Fuel Cell Technologies 5-48
5.14.1 5 kW SOFC Undergoing Tests In Alaska 5-48
5.14.2 Fuel Cell Technologies Revenue 5-49
5.14.3 Fuel Cell Technologies Operations 5-50
5.15 GE Energy 5-52
5.15.1 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell System Benefits 5-52
5.15.2 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell System Improved Efficiency and
Reduced Emissions 5-53
5.15.3 How The GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Systems Work 5-53
5.15.4 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Processor 5-55
5.15.5 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Stack 5-55
5.15.6 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Power Conditioner 5-55
5.16 General Motors 5-56
5.16.1 General Motors Invested $1 Billion In Developing Fuel Cell Technology 5-57
5.17 GreenVolt Power 5-58
5.18 HERA Hydrogen Storage Systems Private Company Owned By Shell Hydrogen and Hydro-Quebec
CapiTech 5-59
5.18.1 Shell Hydrogen Storage 5-60
5.18.2 Shell Hydrogen Manufacturing 5-61
5.18.3 Shell Hydrogen Marketing and Business Development 5-61
5.18.4 HERA Hydrogen Storage Systems / Ergenics 5-61
5.19 Hitachi / Tokai 5-62
5.20 Hydrogenics 5-63
5.20.1 Hydrogenics Clean Power Generation 5-63
5.20.2 Hydrogenics Test Division, Greenlight Power Technologies 5-64
5.20.3 Fuel Cell Power Generation Products In Premium Power Markets 5-64
5.20.4 Hydrogenics Strategy 5-65
5.20.5 Hydrogenics Revenue 5-65
5.21 Hyundai Motor 5-66
5.22 Icelandic New Energy 5-66
5.22.1 Icelandic New Energy Ltd Research 5-67
5.23 IdaCorp / IdaTech 5-67
5.24 Impco 5-67
5.25 Johnson Controls / Optima Batteries 5-69
5.25.1 Johnson Controls Building Automatio n Systems 5-70
5.25.2 Johnson Controls Acquires Borg Instruments AG 5-71
5.26 Marubeni 5-71
5.27 Matsushita 5-72
5.27.1 Matsushita Plans To Develop Fuel Cells Into Small Cogeneration Systems For Home Use5-73
5.28 Messer 5-74
5.29 Millennium Cell 5-75
5.29.1 Millennium Cell Patents 5-75
5.29.2 Millennium Cell Core Business Strategy 5-78
5.29.3 Millennium Cell Proprietary Rights Agreement With DaimlerChrysler 5-78
5.29.4 Millennium Cell and Borax/ Rio Tinto 5-79
5.29.5 Millennium Cell and Air Products 5-79
5.29.6 Millennium Cell Development Agreement With Aperion Energy Systems 5-80
5.30 Mitsui 5-80
5.31 NEC 5-81
5.32 Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. 5-81
5.33 Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium (NAVC) 5-82
5.34 Nuvera 5-85
5.34.1 Nuvera Fuel Cells Small-Scale, On-Board Fuel Processing 5-87
5.34.2 Nuvera Fuel Cells Agreement With TotalFinaElf 5-88
5.34.3 Nuvera Cross-Platform Product Line 5-89
5.34.4 Nuvera Andromeda 5-90
5.34.5 Nuvera Star 5-90
5.34.6 Nuvera / Renault 5-90
5.34.7 Nuvera Gemini 5-91
5.34.8 Nuvera Strategy 5-92
5.35 Northern Power Systems 5-92
5.36 Palcan 5-93
5.36.1 Palcan Fuel Cells / Singapore's CET Technologies 5-93
5.37 Plug Power 5-95
5.37.1 Plug Power’s Gencore® System 5-98
5.37.2 Plug Power Agreement With Honda For Home Energy Station Collaboration 5-99
5.37.3 Plug Power Partners 5-99
5.37.4 Plug Power Revenue 5-101
5.38 Polar 5-102
5.38.1 DurAlt - The Technology 5-102
5.38.2 DurAlt Key Market Drivers 5-105
5.39 Proton Energy Systems 5-107
5.39.1 Proton Energy Systems Contracts 5-108
5.39.2 Proton Energy Systems Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) 5-111
5.39.3 Proton Energy Systems Strategic Positioning 5-111
5.39.4 Proton Energy Systems / Acquisition of Northern Power Systems 5-112
5.39.5 Proton Energy Systems Products 5-112
5.40 Plug Power 5-113
5.40.1 Plug Power / H Power 5-114
5.41 PSA Peugeot Citroen 5-115
5.41.1 PSA Peugeot Citroen Vehicles Sold 5-116
5.42 PolyFuel 5-117
5.43 Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology 5-117
5.44 Sanyo 5-117
5.45 Siemens Westinghouse 5-118
5.45.1 Siemens Power Generation 5-119
5.46 Snow Leopard 5-119
5.47 Teledyne Technologies / Teledyne Energy Systems 5-120
5.47.1 TESI Advanced Power Group 5-120
5.47.2 TESI Combined With Energy Partners 5-121
5.47.3 Teledyne Energy Systems 5-122
5.47.4 Teledyne MedUSA 5-122
5.47.5 Teledyne Perry NG Fuel Cell 5-125
5.47.6 Teledyne's TITAN™ Water Electrolysis Products 5-128
5.47.7 Teledyne Medusa™ Fuel Cell Test Stations 5-128
5.48 Tokyo Gas 5-129
5.48.1 Tokyo Gas Profile 5-130
5.49 Toshiba 5-131
5.50 TotalFinaElf 5-131
5.51 Toyota 5-131
5.51.1 Toyota Motor Sales 5-132
5.51.2 Toyota Revenue 5-132
5.51.3 Toyota Fuel-Cell Hybrid Vehicles 5-132
5.51.4 Toyota Prius Gas -Electric Hybrid Vehicle 5-133
5.51.5 Toyota FCHV-3 5-134
5.51.6 Toyota FCHV-5 5-135
5.51.7 Toyota Jointly Developed Fuel-Cell Hybrid Bus, the FCHV-BUS1 5-136
5.51.8 Toyota Fuel Cell-Friendly Model Communities 5-136
5.51.9 Toyota, UC Irvine and Horiba Expand the Hydrogen Community 5-137
5.52 UTC Fuel Cells 5-138
5.52.1 UTC Fuel Cells / Hyundai 5-139
5.52.2 UTC Fuel Cells for NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter 5-140
5.52.3 HydrogenSource - UTC Fuel Cells Partnered With Shell Hydrogen 5-140
5.52.4 HydrogenSource Power Systems and Integration 5-141
5.52.5 UTC Fuel Cells Distributed Generation And Transportation 5-141
5.53 Ultralife Batteries 5-143
List of Tables and Figures
STATIONARY FUEL CELL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table ES-1 ES-1
Commercialization Challenges Of The Stationary Fuel Cell Industry
Table ES-2 ES-3
Stationary Fuel Cell Market Driving Forces
Figure ES-3 ES-4
Worldwide Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Utilities, Dollars, 2003
Figure ES-4 ES-5
Worldwide Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Residential and Campus, Dollars, 2003
Table ES-5 ES-7
Global Utility Grid and Off Grid Stationary Power Generation Fuel Cell Equipment Shipment Segment
Forecasts, Dollars, 2003-2009
Table ES-6 ES-8
Specific Areas In Which Cost Reductions Are Being Investigated
STATIONARY FUEL CELL MARKET DYNAMICS AND MARKET DESCRIPTION
Table 1-1 1-2
Methods Of Producing Energy
Table 1-2 1-4
Key Aspects Of Fuel Cell Stack Costs
Table 1-3 1-6
Fuel Cell Operation
Table 1-4 1-8
Fuel Cell Characteristics
Table 1-5 1-9
Fuel Cell Description
Table 1-6 1-10
Fuel Cell Categories
Table 1-7 1-12
Fuel Cell Performance Improvements
Table 1-8 1-15
Environmental Concerns Relating To Energy
Table 1-9 1-17
Environmental Benefits Of Using Fuel Cell Technology
Table 1-10 1-17
Fuel Cell Advantages Compared To Internal Combustion Engine
Table 1-11 1-19
Low-carbon production systems
Table 1-12 1-23
Fuel Cell Functional Characteristics
Table 1-13 1-25
Characteristics Of Water In Fuel Cells
Table 1-14 1-29
Types Of Fuel Cells
Table 1-15 1-30
Classes Of Fuel Cells
Table 1-16 1-31
Fuel Cell Applications
Table 1-17 1-32
Types Of Fuel Cells
Table 1-18 1-33
Classes Of Fuel Cells
Table 1-19 1-34
Fuel Cell Applications
Table 1-20 1-35
Alkaline Fuel Cell Features
Table 1-21 1-36
Phosphoric acid fuel cells applications
Table 1-22 1-37
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Features
Table 1-23 1-38
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Table 1-24 1-40
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Features
Table 1-25 1-42
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Functions
Table 1-26 1-56
Fuel Cell Issues
Table 1-27 1-57
Fuel Cell System
Table 1-28 1-60
Conceptual Operation of a Fuel Cell.
Table 1-29 1-61
Fuel Cell System Relative Efficiencies
Table 1-30 1-65
Fuel Cell Reliability Research And Development Issues
Table 1-31 1-67
AFC Fuel Cell advantages
STATIONARY FULE CELL MARKET SHARES, MARKET OPPORTUNITIES, AND MARKET
FORECASTS
Table 2-1 2-1
Commercialization Challenges Of The Stationary Fuel Cell Industry
Table 2-2 2-5
Stationary Fuel Cell Market Driving Forces
Table 2-3 2-6
Stationary Fuel Cell Market Demand Factors
Table 2-4 2-7
Stationary Fuel Cell Types
Table 2-5 2-8
Stationary Fuel Cell System Description
Table 2-6 2-9
Stationary Fuel Cell Campus System Target Markets
Table 2-7 2-12
Stationary Fuel Cell Market Issues
Figure 2-8 2-16
Worldwide Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Utilities, Dollars, 2003
Table 2-9 2-17
Global Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Utilities, Dollars, 2003
Figure 2-10 2-18
Worldwide Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Residential and Campus, Dollars, 2003
Table 2-11 2-19
Global Stationary Fuel Cell Market Shares, Campus/ Residential, Dollars, 2003
Table 2-12 2-22
Plug Power Strategic Partner Collaboration With Honda
Table 2-13 2-26
FuelCell Energy Megawatt-Class Power Plant Target Markets
Table 2-14 2-28
Specific Areas In Which Cost Reductions Are Being Investigated
Figure 2-15 2-29
Worldwide Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments by Segment, Dollars, 2003
Figure 2-16 2-30
Global Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments by Region, Dollars, 2003
Table 2-17 2-31
Global Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments by Segment, Percent, 2003
Table 2-18 2-32
Global Utility Grid and Off Grid Stationary Power Generation Fuel Cell Equipment Shipment Segment
Forecasts, Dollars, 2003-2009
Figure 2-19 2-34
Worldwide Utility Fuel Cell Market Forecast, System Units, 2004-2009
Figure 2-20 2-35
Worldwide Stationary Utility Fuel Cell Shipments, Dollars, 2004-2009
Figure 2-21 2-36
Worldwide Utility Stationary Fuel Cell, Market Forecast, Dollars, per Kilowatt, 2004-2009
Table 2-22 2-37
Global Stationary Fuel Cell, Dollars per Kilowatt Utility Grid Power Generation Market Forecast, Unit and
Dollars, 2003-2009
Figure 2-23 2-39
Worldwide Military Fuel Cell Market Forecast, System Units, 2004-2009
Figure 2-24 2-40
Worldwide Military Fuel Cell Shipments, Dollars, 2004-2009
Figure 2-25 2-41
Worldwide Military Fuel Cell Market Forecast, Dollars, per Kilowatt, 2004-2009
Table 2-26 2-42
Global Stationary Fuel Cell, Dollars per Kilowatt Military/Off Grid Power Generation Market Forecast,
Units and Dollars, 2003-2009
Figure 2-27 2-44
Worldwide Enterprise / Large Commercial Fuel Cell Market Forecast, System Units, 2004-2009
Figure 2-28 2-45
Worldwide Enterprise / Large Commercial Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments, Dollars, 2004-2009
Figure 2-29 2-46
Worldwide Enterprise / Large Commercial Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forecast, Dollars per Kilowatt,
2004-2009
Table 2-30 2-47
Global Stationary Fuel Cell, Dollars per Kilowatt, Enterprise Large Commercial Stationary Fuel Cell
Market Forecast, Units and Dollars, 2003-2009
Figure 2-31 2-49
Worldwide Power Backup Data Centers Fuel Cell Market Forecast, System Units, 2004-2009
Figure 2-32 2-50
Worldwide Backup Power Data Center Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments, Dollars, 2004-2009
Figure 2-33 2-51
Worldwide Backup Power Data Center Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forecast, Dollars per Kilowatt, 2004-
2009
Table 2-34 2-52
Global Stationary Fuel Cell, Dollars per Kilowatt, Backup Power / Data Center Market Forecast, Units and
Dollars, 2003-2009
Figure 2-35 2-54
Worldwide Backup Telecommunications Power Fuel Cell Market Forecast, System Units, 2004-2009
Figure 2-36 2-55
Worldwide Backup Power Telecommunications Fuel Cell Shipments, Dollars, 2004-2009
Figure 2-37 2-56
Worldwide Backup Telecommunications Power Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forecast, Dollars per
Kilowatt, 2004-2009
Table 2-38 2-57
Global Stationary, Dollars per Kilowatt, Backup Power / Telecommunications Generations Market
Forecast, Units and Dollars, 2003-2009
Figure 2-39 2-59
Worldwide Educational Institution Power Fuel Cell Market Forecast, System Units, 2004-2009
Figure 2-40 2-60
Worldwide Educational Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments, Dollars, 2004-2009
Figure 2-41 2-61
Worldwide Educational Facility Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forecast, Dollars per Kilowatt, 2004-2009
Table 2-42 2-62
Global Stationary Fuel Cell, Dollars per Kilowatt Educational Power Generation Market Forecast, Units and Dollars, 2003-2009
Figure 2-43 2-63
Worldwide Civilian Government Power Fuel Cell Market Forecast, System Units, 2004-2009
Figure 2-44 2-64
Worldwide Civilian Government Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments, Dollars, 2004-2009
Figure 2-45 2-65
Worldwide Civilian Government Stationary Fuel Cell Market Forecast, Dollars per Kilowatt, 2004-2009
Table 2-46 2-66
Global Stationary Fuel Cell, Dollars per Kilowatt, Civilian Government Power Generation Market
Forecast, Units and Dollars, 2003-2009
Figure 2-47 2-68
Worldwide Residential Fuel Cell Market Forecast, System Units, 2004-2009
Figure 2-48 2-69
Worldwide Residential Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments, Dollars, 2004-2009
Figure 2-49 2-70
Worldwide Residential Stationary Fuel Cell, Market Forecast, Dollars per Kilowatt, 2004-2009
Table 2-50 2-71
Global Stationary Fuel Cell, Dollars per Kilowatt Residential Power Generation Market Forecast, Units and Dollars, 2003-2009
Table 2-51 2-74
Ballard Nexa ® RM Series Target Markets
Table 2-52 2-75
Fuel Infrastructure
Table 2-53 2-76
Non-Technical Stationary Fuel Cell Market
Table 2-54 2-77
Innovative And Fruitful Stationary Fuel Cell Concepts
Table 2-55 2-82
Synergy Among Fuel Cells Developed For Automotive And Stationary Power
Table 2-56 2-83
Fuel Cells Similarities And Differences Between Those Developed For Automotive And Stationary Power
Table 2-57 2-87
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Benefits
Table 2-58 2-88
Technological Drawbacks Of SOFC
Table 2-59 2-91
SOFC Benefits
Table 2-60 2-91
SOFC Fuel Choices
Table 2-61 2-96
Fuel Cell Opportunity Areas Identified By Manitoba Government Energy Development Initiative
Table 2-62 2-98
Priority Niche Hydrogen Market Areas For Manitoba
Table 2-63 2-99
Manitoba Working Groups and Steering Committee Recommendations
Table 2-64 2-104
Hydrogen Transport Costs
Table 2-65 2-107
U.S Power Generation
Figure 2-66 2-108
Global Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments by Region, Dollars, 2009
Table 2-67 2-109
Global Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments by Region, Dollars, 2009
Table 2-68 2-109
Global Utility Power Generation by Region, Percent, 2003
Table 2-69 2-110
Global Utility Power Generation by Region, Dollars, 2003
STATIONARY FUEL CELL PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Table 3-1 3-2
Fuel Cell Stationary Application Companies
Table 3-2 3-3
Fuel Cell Stationary Applications
Table 3-3 3-7
Hydrogen Transport Costs
Table 3-4 3-17
Siemens Westinghouse Fuel Cells Principle
Table 3-5 3-21
Siemens Westinghouse SOFC/GT Hybrids Electrical Efficiency
Table 3-6 3-24
Siemens Westinghouse Cell Design Of Cylindrical-Tube SOFC Technology
Table 3-7 3-26
Siemens Westinghouse Multiple Fuel Cells Bundled To A Stack Connected By A Nickel Felt
Table 3-8 3-27
Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Stack Cross Section Bundles
Table 3-9 3-28
Siemens Westinghouse Simplified SOFC Module
Table 3-10 3-30
Siemens Westinghouse Simple-Cycle Atmospheric SOFC Cogeneration System
Table 3-11 3-32
SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Cycle Diagram
Table 3-12 3-36
SOFC / Gas Turbine Hybrids
Table 3-13 3-37
Siemens Westinghouse atm Pressure Electrical Efficiency For SOFC Cogeneration Systems
Table 3- 14 3-38
Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Stack Lifetime Potential and Function
Table 3- 15 3-41
Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Tests and Demonstrations
Table 3-16 3-43
SOFC Tests and Demonstrations
Table 3-17 3-45
Stationary Fuel Cell Components and Aspects
Table 3-18 3-47
Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Cogeneration System
Table 3-19 3-48
Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Cogeneration System Diagram
Table 3-20 3-49
Siemens Westinghouse 220 kW SOFC / Gas Turbine Hybrid System At National Fuel Cell Research
Center, Irvine CA
Table 3-21 3-52
UTC Fuel Cells Commercial Fuel Cell Power Plant
Table 3-22 3-54
UTC Fuel Cells Fuel Cell
Table 3-23 3-57
Ballard Power Conversion Product Positioning
Table 3-24 3-61
Ballard Nexa ® RM Series Target Markets
Table 3-25 3-62
Ballard Nexa ® RM Series Features
Table 3-26 3-68
FuelCell Energy Megawatt-Class Power Plant Target Markets
Table 3-27 3-70
Key Features Of The Fuel Cell Energy Direct FuelCell® Turbine System
Table 3-28 3-71
Fuel Cell Energy Direct FuelCell® Turbine System Environmental Benefits
Table 3-29 3-77
GreenVOLT Focus On Stationary Power Applications
Table 3-30 3-84
Altair SOFC Process
Table 3-31 3-90
IdaTech PEM Fuel Cell Stack Key Technology Attributes
Table 3-32 3-92
IdaTech Integrated Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Systems Features
Table 3-33 3-93
Nuvera Avanti Environmental Control Functions
Table 3-34 3-94
Nuvera Avanti Hot Water Consumption Target Markets
Table 3-35 3-100
Fuel Cell Technologies SOFC Power System
Table 3-36 3-101
Fuel Cell Technologies Unmanned Underwater Vehicle
STATIONARY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS
Table 4-1 4-1
Fuel Cell Power Plant Segments
Table 4-2 4-5
Electrochemical Reactions In A Fuel Cell
Table 4-3 4-6
Electron Flow Path
Table 4-4 4-7
Criteria For Selecting An Electrolyte
Table 4-5 4-9
Categories Of Polarization
Table 4-6 4-10
Factors Which Add To The Energy Loss
Table 4-7 4-13
Variables Impacting Fuel Cells
Table 4-8 4-14
Classes Of Fuel Cells
Table 4-9 4-16
Fuel Cells Issues
Table 4-10 4-21
Asian Government Support For Fuel Cells
Table 4-11 4-22
Siemens Westinghouse SOCA Positioning
Table 4-12 4-26
U.S. Fuel Cell Council Activities
FUEL CELL COMPANY PROFILES
Table 5-1 5-1
Selected Companies Participating In Fuel Cell Markets
Table 5-2 5-3
Selected Publicly Traded Fuel Cell Companies
Table 5-3 5-18
Ballard Plans To Bring PEM Fuel Cell Products To Market
Table 5-4 5-33
Environmental Engineering Group Products
Table 5-5 5-34
Environmental Engineering Group New Energy Systems
Table 5-6 5-37
Energy Conversion Devices Proprietary Technologies
Table 5-7 5-43
Ford Fuel Cell and Hybrid Vehicles
Table 5-8 5-45
FuelCell Energy Commercial Distribution Alliances
Table 5-9 5-54
GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell System Major Components
Table 5-10 5-68
IMPCO Go To Market Strategy
Table 5-11 5-77
Millennium Cell Patents
Table 5-12 5-83
Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium (NAVC) Recommended Practices
Table 5-13 5-109
Proton Energy Systems Design Goals
Table 5-14 5-113
Plug Power Strategic Partners
Table 5-15 5-123
Teledyne MedUSA™ Fuel Cell Test Stations Typical Applications
Table 5-16 5-124
Teledyne Modular PEM Fuel Cell Stacks
Table 5-17 5-126
TESI PEM Fuel Cell Stacks And Systems
Table 5-18 5-134
Toyota FCHV-3 Fuel-Cell Hybrid Vehicle Features
Table 5-19 5-139
UTC Fuel Cells Participation In The Transportation Market
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