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Back To Coal: Why Utilities Must Reconsider This Cheap, Plentiful Fuel
Peter R. Savage Reports, Sep 2004, Pages: 228
Preface
Executive Summary
Chapter 1: Why Coal Is Coming Back
Economics
A Roadmap For Coal's Return
A Coal Boom In China
Elsewhere In Asia
Reawakening In Europe
Electricity Growth Seems Unstoppable
Assessing The Competitors:
Natural Gas
LNG To The Rescue?
'The Oil Peak?'
'The Oil Companies Have It All Figured Out…'
Fuel Oil
Nuclear
Hydro
Wave, Wind, Solar & Other Renewables
Cogeneration
Coal & The Hydrogen Economy
What Does Reality Tell Us?
What Does Prudent Risk Management Tell Us?
Chapter 2: Know Your Coal
Coal Types
Coal Worldwide
Who Are The Coal Owners?
Chapter 3: Coal Preparation & Upgrading
Current Techniques
Flotation, Chemical Treatment, Etc.
Drying Lignite
Improving Low-Grade Coal
Upgrading Alaskan Coal
Triboelectric Cleaning
Why Not Upgrade At The Plant?
Future Potential:
Biodesulfurization
Ultrasound?
Supercritical Extraction?
Liquid Carbon Dioxide?
Solvent Extraction?
Chapter 4: Modern Coal Combustion
Types of Boiler
Supercritical/Ultrasupercritical Boilers
German Progress
Danish Progress
European THERMIE Efforts
South Korean Complex, Australian Efforts
Benson Boilers
Japan's Higher Efficiency Program
PCC Units
Corn Belt Energy Project
Wringing Better Performance From PCCs
Fluidized Bed Units
BFBCs, CFBCs and PFBCs
FBCs in China
Jacksonville JEA Project
FW Compact FBC Unit
Finnish Hybrid-Fuelled FBC
Tidd/Ohio Power PFBC
Cottbus PFBC
McIntosh Pressurized CFB
West Virginia Project
TRW Slagging Combustor
Improved Sootblowing Techniques
How About Recycling The CO2?
Hybrid Combustion/Gasification Concept?
Conclusions
Chapter 5: On To Higher Efficiency
Gasification
Proven Gasification Processes
Demonstration Plants: Polk, Wabash
Potential Wabash Successor
Europe's Big Demo Plant
UK Plans
Different In Italy
Australian IGCC Research
The 'Texaco' Gasifier
Shell Global Solutions
British Gas/Lurgi Gasifier
Rival Gasifiers:
KRW Gasifier
Transport Gasifier
IGT U-Gas Gasifier
Hybrid Gasification Project
EnviRes 'Hymelt' Technology
Japanese Efforts
Trying Low-Grade Coal in MN Cogen
Could Pulse Combustion Cut O2 Needs?
Fresh Ideas
' Chemical Looping'
Hybrid Power & Fuels
Other Hybrid Concepts
What FutureGen Hopes To Prove
Is There A Retrofitting Opportunity?
Conclusions: Gasification
Getting Fancy: Fuel Cells, MHD, Etc.
Fuel Cells
Have We Picked The Right Turbines?
CCLC Heat Recovery
Thermoelectric Heat Recovery
MHD
Chapter 6: Gas Treatment
Key Issues In Plant Emissions
'Acid Rain'
Particulates
Mercury, et al.
Variations On Treatment Options
Cut The NOx Generation
Low-NOx Burners
Coal Reburning In Cyclone Boilers
Low NOx Cell Burner Retrofit
Tangentially-Fired Low NOx Technique
Gas Reburning & Low NOx In Wall-Fired Burners
Sulfur: 'Been There, Done That'
Existing Technologies
Milliken Trial
RVS-1 Sorbent
Gas Suspension Adsorption
Combined Zone Dispersion
LIFAC Sorbent Injection
AFGD Process
CT-121/Bubbling Jet Reactor
Combined SOx/NOx Techniques:
Gas Reburning/Sorbent Injection
Integrated Dry SOx/NOx Control
LIMB/Coolside Method
SNOx For Deep Reduction
SNRB
AIRborne/B&W Process
'Low NOx Is Not No NOx'
The SCR Approach
Developing Technologies
Nailing Them All
Combined Removal Technique
Take Out NOx and Mercury Together
NeuCo's Integrated Approach
Pegasus Project
Solid Sorbents
Rethinking Claus
Nailing Mercury
Toxecon
Unfancy Hg Adsorbents
Boosting Particulates Performance
Bugs, Again?
Turn The Phage
Selenium-Specific
Nanotech Answers
Chapter 7: Disposal Issues
Coal Ash
Coal Fines
Dangerous (& Valuable) Stuff
Chapter 8: CO2, The Universal Leveler
'Perception is Reality'
What Do We Do About the CO2?
Three-Step Remedy
A Hidden Benefit For Coal
Sequestration
Marine Concepts
CO2's Hazards
Natural Remedies
Conclusions
Chapter 9: The Poisoned Chalice
The Disruptive Effect Of Emissions Trading
The Unlevel Playing Field
Political Issues
The 'All Or Nothing' Fallacy
The Gordian Knot Of Red Tape
The Environmental-Conservationist Lobby
Price Uncertainty
Doubts About New Technologies
Negative Thinking About IGCC
There's Always An Excuse For Indecision
'The Perfect Is The Enemy of the Good'
The Uncertainty of Forecasts
How Do You Fund It?
The Failure of Incomplete Deregulation
Case Studies: What Real World Players Are Doing
AEP
Peabody Energy
EPRI
Chapter 10: Making Your Case
The Nature Of The Problem
Consider The Virtues of Heresy
An Integrated Strategy
Dealing With Environmental Arguments
Getting Your Message Across
Epilogue: The Way Forward
Glossary
List of Tables
- The DOE/EPRI/CURC 'Roadmap' Goals
- Technology Milestones in DOE/EPRI/CURC 'Roadmap'
- Critical Technology Needs in Coal Utilization, 2002-2020
- US Price Evolution of Coal & Natural Gas, 1950-2002
- US Wellhead Gas Prices 1994-2004
- Current Cost of Fuels to US Electric Utilities
- UK Costs of Electricity from Various Energy Sources, 2004
- US Total Generation of Electric Power 2003-2004
- US Coal Production by State and Coal Rank, 2002
- Proven World Coal Reserves, End-2002
- Leading Coal Companies in the US
- World's Major Coal-Producing Organizations, 2003
- Comparison of Electricity-Generating Coal Utilization Process Types
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