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Animal Biotechnology - Technologies, Markets and Companies
Jain PharmaBiotech, Nov 2009, Pages: 334
Executive Summary
1. Introduction to Animal Biotechnology
Introduction
Historical evolution of animal biotechnology
Basics of biotechnology
DNA
RNA
Genes
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
Gene expression
Gene regulation
Proteins
Functions of proteins
Monoclonal antibodies
Animal genetics
Molecular genetics
Twinning in cattle
Pig genetics
Genetic studies in dogs
Animal genomics
The mouse genome
The dog genome
Sequencing of the dog genome
Comparison of genomes of healthy and diseased dogs
Analysis of DNA copy number variation
The cat genome
Marsupial genomes
Genomes of non-human primates
Chimpanzee genome
Genome of the rhesus macaque
Livestock genomics
Bovine genome
Bovine SNP map
Pig genome
Horse genomics
Sheep genome
Chicken genome
Turkey genome
Priority genome list of the National Human Genome Research Institute
Applications of animal genomics
Genomics of disease resistance
Statistical genomics to improve breeding
Chicken breeding based on genomics
Animal proteomics
Applications of proteomics in animals
Caseins in goat milk
Lactic acid bacteria
Applications of proteomics in animal healthcare
Bioinformatics
Application of nanobiotechnology for animal health
Recombinant protein manufacture
Animal biotechnology in relation to other technologies
2. Application of Biotechnology in Animals
Introduction
Genetic engineering
Livestock improvement by genetic engineering
Disease control by genetic engineering
Limitations and precautions for genetic engineering
Transgenic animal technology
Cloning animals
Nuclear transfer technology
Nuclear bisection for cloning
Zona-free cloning method
Abnormalities in cloned animals
Cloning from embyonic cells
Cloning of rabbits
Cloning the rat
Cloning the horse
Cloning the cow
Cloning the dog
Cloning in primates
Retrovector-mediated production of transgenic animals
Episomal vector-mediated gene delivery
Sperm-mediated gene transfer
Lentiviral transduction of male germ-line stem cells
Lentiviral transgenesis
Transgenic pharmaceuticals
Proteins from the milk of transgenic animals
Advantages of milk as source of transgenic proteins
Therapeutic proteins from rabbit milk
Recombinant human antibodies from cows
Therapeutic proteins from goat milk
Chicken transgenesis for the production of biopharmaceuticals
Concluding remarks about production of recombinant proteins in animals
Companies involved in production of transgenic pharmaceuticals
Transgenic food products
Milking genetically modified cows
Transgenic fish
Cloned animals as sources of milk and meat
Animal feeds from transgenic plants
Transgenic modification of plants to increase nutritional value of animal feeds
Transgenic disease models
Technologies to create transgenic disease models
Gene manipulation techniques
Embryonic stem cells for gene targeting
Homologous recombination
Animal models of human diseases
Transgenic models for studying human drug metabolism and toxicity
The Human Genome Project and the role of transgenics
Genomic and proteomic analyses of transgenic animal models
Concern about health and welfare of transgenic animals
Safety of transgenic technology
Concluding remarks about use of transgenic animals
RNA interference technology
RNAi versus antisense
Applications of RNAi in animal biotechnology
Xenotransplantation
Pigs for xenotransplantation
Genetically engineered pigs for transplants
Risks of xenotransplantation
World Health Organization and xenotransplantation
Companies involved in xenotransplantation
Ethical aspects of animal biotechnology
3. A Biotechnology Perspective of Animals Diseases
Introduction
Infections in animals
Viral infections
Avian influenza
Animal surveillance of influenza
Animal biotechnology implications of H1N1 influenza
Animal corona viruses and human SARS
Avian coronavirus
Bluetongue virus
Canine parvovirus
Classical swine fever
Developing new treatments against FMDV
Equine infectious anemia
Foot-and-mouth disease
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Rabies
Rinderpest
Bacterial infections
Bovine tuberculosis
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
Protozoal infections
Neosporosis
Toxoplasmosis
Coccidiosis
Nematodes
Infections that cross the species barrier
Complications of bacterial infections and antibiotic use in animals
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
Inter-species transfer of prions
Scrapie
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Epidemiology of BSE
Biomarkers in the urine of BSE infected cattle
Human health implications of BSE
Breeding animals protected against BSE
TSE research
Prion gene haplotyping
Pharmacological approaches to TSE research
Molecular diagnostic approach to TSE research
RNAi for knockdown of the bovine prion gene
Chronic wasting disease
Chronic wasting disease in wildlife
Chronic wasting disease of the cattle in Sudan
Chronic wasting in dairy cows in the Netherlands
Genetic disorders in farm animals
Diseases of pet animals
Canine anemia
Cardiovascular disease
Heart failure
Cardiac complications of canine babesiosis
Diabetes
Role of biotechnology in management of diabetes
Arthritis
Cancer in cats and dogs
Cancer clinical trials in dogs
Canine Comparative Oncology Genomics Consortium
Preventive veterinary medicine
Prevention of introduction of foreign animal diseases
Producing transgenic cattle resistant to BSE
Zoonotic diseases
Collaborative management of animal and human health
Vaccines for zoonotic viral diseases
4. Molecular Diagnostics in Animals
Introduction
Nucleic acid technologies
The polymerase chain reaction
Basic Principles of PCR
Target selection
Detection of amplified DNA
Real-time PCR systems
LightCycler PCR system
Molecular beacons
Applications of PCR in veterinary medicine
Fluorescent in situ hybridization
Immunodiagnostics
Enzyme-linked immunoassays
Bovine Gamma Interferon Test
Antigen diagnosis of trichinosis
Parachek™ for the diagnosis of Johne's disease
Antibodies for differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals
Biochip/microarray technology
Applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology
Cattlearray3800 for functional genomics
eSensor™ electrochemical biochip
Biosensors
Immunosensors
Biosensor for ovulation prediction in dairy cows
Flow cytometry for animal diagnostics
Molecular imaging in animals
Veterinary cytogenetics
Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals
Canine DNA testing
Diagnostic aids to selective breeding
Selection of desirable traits
Using genetic markers for improved milk production in dairy cattle
Application of bovine genomics for improving milk yield
Recognition of hereditary syndromes
Genetic markers in animals
SNP genotyping in animals
SNP genotyping for selective breeding of chicken
Animal identity and parentage analysis
Animal species identification in food
Diagnosis of infections
Bacterial infections
Diagnosis of viral infections
Molecular diagnosis of avian influenza
Diagnosis of parasitic infections
Detection of natural or bioterror threats to livestock
Molecular diagnosis of prion diseases
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Testing for BSE in living animals
Prions in urine
Diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in wildlife
Developing new tests for prion diseases
Differentiation among various types of TSEs
Protein cyclic amplification
Antibody tests for prion diseases
Scrapie genotyping
A real-time ultrasonic method for prion protein detection
Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs
Diagnosis of genetic disorders
Genetic screening of companion animals
Genes associated with exercise-induced collapse
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Diagnosis of cancer in animals
Diagnosis of food-borne pathogens
Introduction
Molecular diagnostic methods used in food-borne infections
Limitations of use of molecular probes in food analysis
Companies with technologies for food pathogen detection
Biotechnology-based novel diagnostics for aquatic animals
Detection of chemicals in foods of animal origin
5. Biotechnology-based Veterinary Medicine
Introduction
Biotechnology versus pharmaceutical products
Role of biotechnology in drug discovery and development
Cost of veterinary vs. human drug discovery and development
Advantages and disadvantages of testing biotech products in animal models
Biotechnolgoy-based antiparasitic drugs
Non-antibiotic strategies for control of infections in animals
Probiotics
Potential role for probiotics in the human gut
Potential role for probiotics in animals
Probiotic bacteria for control of pathogens in cattle
Nonantibiotic drugs for infections in animals
Immunomodulation as an alternative to antibiotics in infections
Cathelicidins: effector molecules of mammalian innate immunity
Bacteriophage therapy for antibiotic resistance
Biotechnology for treating tendon injuries
Use of growth factors to facilitate tendon injuries
Productivity enhancers
Bovine somatotropin for increasing milk production in dairy cows
Use of growth factors
Transgenic plant products for use in animals
Biotechnology-based vaccines
Modern vaccines without viral non-structural proteins
Vaccines for tick control
Plant-derived vaccines for use in animals
Genetically engineered vaccines
Application of nucleic acid vaccines in veterinary medicine
DNA vaccines
DNA vaccine for tuberculosis
DNA vaccines for West Nile encephalitis
Gene-based vaccine for Marek’s disease
Genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines
Genetically engineered vaccines for equine encephalitis
Genetically engineered vaccines for Johne's disease
Vaccines against avian influenza
Vaccines against parasitic infections
Recombinant marker vaccines
Marker vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease
Marker vaccine for Newcastle disease
Vaccines for classical swine fever
Using RNAi to develop vaccines for viral infections in prawns
Nano-bead vaccine adjuvant
Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines
Biotechnology in treatment of parasitic infections
Biotechnology in the treatment of CNS injuries in pet animals
Paraplegia due to acute spinal cord injury in dogs
RNAi for suppression prions in livestock
Cell Therapy
Umbilical cord blood stem cells
Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine
Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries in horses
Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs
Gene therapy
Gene therapy vectors
Gene therapy by mitochondrial transfer
In utero gene therapy
Applications of gene therapy in veterinary medicine
Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis VII in dogs
Gene therapy to increase disease resistance
Gene therapy for infections
Gene therapy for hematological disorders
Gene therapy for cardiomyopathy in dogs
Gene therapy for endocrine disorders
Gene therapy for arthritis
Gene therapy for renal failure
Cancer gene therapy
Antiangiogeneic cancer gene therapy in dogs
Brain tumors in cats and dogs
Breast cancer in dogs
Canine hemangiosarcoma
Canine melanoma
Canine soft tissue sarcoma
Melanoma in horses
6. Research in Animal Biotechnology
Introduction
Research institutes
Ethical issues of research in animal biotechnology
Future prospects
Strategies for control of twining in cattle
Future developments of molecular diagnostics
Future of vaccine application in veterinary medicine
Promotion of innate immunity in animals
Identification of key parasite antigens for eliciting immune response
Virus-like particle vaccines for lasting immune response
Control of respiratory virus infections
Control and prevention of bioterrorism diseases in animals
Genetic control of disease resistance
Production of cattle lacking prion protein
Application of genetics and biotechnology to wildlife management
Future of animal genomics
Future prospects of in vitro meat production
7. Animal Biotechnology Markets
Introduction
Markets for biotechnology-based products for animal healthcare
Markets for animal diagnostics
Test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Animal biotechnology markets according to therapeutic areas
Markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans
Transgenic proteins
Market for xenotransplantation
Strategies for promoting use of animal biotechnology
Financial losses from death and disease in animals
Losses in farm animals
Losses in poultry
Losses in equine industry
The emerging role of pet owners
Improvement in cattle through application of biotechnology
Pig market
Cattle Market
Poultry market
Milk from genetically modified cows
Transgenic fish
Role of biotechnology in livestock performace enhancer market
Gene transfer technologies
In vitro meat production and animal biotechnology markets
Cost-benefit aspects of transgenic proteins
Lower costs of transgenic production
Lower costs of treatment
Unmet needs in animal biotechnology
Future opportunities for biotechnology in animal healthcare
Farm animals
Companion animals
8. Regulatory issues
Introduction
Regulatory agencies for veterinary biotechnology in the US
FDA regulatory issues in agricultural biotechnology
Food safety evaluation of transgenic animals
Food from cloned animals
FDA investigation of drug transfer into eggs
Animal feed safety
Medicated feeds
Regulatory issues for production of transgenic proteins
Risks of animal biotechnology
FDA regulation of bovine products
Worldwide biotechnology regulatory and trade issues
9. Companies Involved in Animal Biotechnology
Introduction
Biotechnology at top veterinary pharmaceutical companies
Profiles of selected companies
Collaborations
10. References
Tables
Table 1-1: Landmarks in the evolution of animal biotechnology in the 20th century
Table 1-2: Applications of genomics in livestock industry and veterinary medicine
Table 1-3: Applications of proteomics in livestock industry and veterinary medicine
Table 1-4: Selected animal genomics and proteomics databases (DB)
Table 1-5: Expression systems for production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals
Table 2-1: Recombinant proteins obtained from milk of transgenic animals
Table 2-2: Companies involved in the production of transgenic pharmaceuticals
Table 2-3: A comparison of gene knockout and transgenic techniques
Table 2-4: Examples of transgenic mouse models of non-neoplastic human diseases
Table 2-5: Companies involved in xenotransplantation
Table 3-1: Diseases of dairy cattle
Table 3-2: Causes of chronic wasting disease in animals
Table 4-1: Potential applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology
Table 4-2: Biosensor technologies with potential applications in molecular diagnostics
Table 4-3: Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals
Table 4-4: Viruses that can be detected by molecular diagnostics
Table 4-5: Testing for harmful prions in brain tissue from dead cattle
Table 4-6: Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs
Table 4-7: Pathogenic bacteria in food and targets for molecular diagnostic probes
Table 4-8: Companies involved in molecular diagnostics for food-borne infections
Table 5-1: Veterinary biotechnology products
Table 5-2: Pharmaceutical versus biotechnology products
Table 5-3: Nonantibiotic strategies for control of infections
Table 5-4: Experimental DNA vaccines tested in animals
Table 5-5: Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines for animals
Table 6-1: Areas for future research applications of animal biotechnologies
Table 7-1: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for farm animals: 2008-2018
Table 7-2: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for pet animals: 2008-2018
Table 7-3: Biotechnology-based markets for animal healthcare according to regions: 2008-2018
Table 7-4: Biotechnology markets for farm animals according to therapeutic areas: 2008-2018
Table 7-5: Biotechnology markets for pet animals according to therapeutic areas: 2008-2018
Table 7-6: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans: 2008-2018
Table 9-1: Ranking of top veterinary companies with biotechnology products
Table 9-2: Selected collaborations of companies in animal biotechnology
Figures
Figure 1-1: Relation of animal biotechnology to other technologies and human health
Figure 2-1: Nuclear transfer technology
Figure 2-2: Generation of transgenic animals by linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer
Figure 2-3: Production of therapeutic proteins in the milk of transgenic animals
Figure 7-1: Unmet needs in animal biotechnology
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