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GPS Mobile Phones: the Privacy and Regulatory Issues
ARCchart, Feb 2008, Pages: 80
A. INTRODUCTION TO GPS PHONES
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Drivers for GPS phones
E911
E112 and eCall
A.3 How GPS works
Technical features
GPS Ephemeris and Almanac
C/A code
P(Y) code
Navigation Message
Differential GPS (DGPS)
A.4 Future GPS developments
IIR-M and IIF
GPS III
A.5 Other GPS-type networks
Galileo
Galileo navigation systems
GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
QZSS - Japan
Compass - China
IRNSS - India
A.6 Cellular location technologies
A.7 Assisted GPS
GPS Mobile Phones: the Privacy and Regulatory Issues
A-GPS standards
Cellular/A-GPS hybrids
A.8 Other location techniques
Cell tower databases
Wi-Fi location finding
RFID and Bluetooth
A.9 GPS receiver design
Qualcomm gpsOne.
Single chip GPS from TI
Global Locate and Infineon
GPS SIM from BlueSky Positioning
A.10 GPS phone examples
Examples of specialist GPS ‘phones’.
A.11 Handset implementations of LBS
Java
Windows Mobile
Symbian
BREW
Browser.
A.12 Network location platforms
Open Location Standards
Examples of location platform products
B. PRIVACY IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMON LBS APPLICATIONS
B.1 Market background for LBS
B.2 Active and passive services
B.3 Abuse of location information
B.4 Personal security
Roadside Assistance
Weather Warning
Child Finders
E 911 /E112
Healthcare
GeoFencing
B.5 Gaming/Education
Interactive Gaming
GeoCaching.
B.6 Enterprise
Fleet Management/ Asset Monitoring
Personnel Productivity
Customer Service
Lone worker protection
B.7 Navigation
City Guides
Mobile Yellow Pages
Turn-by-turn navigation
Traffic reroute
B.8 Social networking
Buddy Groups
Dating
Geo-tagging and blogging
B.9 Commerce
Mobile Coupons.
Location Based Billing
B.10 Government
Homeland Security.
Military
B.11 Summary
C. MANAGING LOCATION PRIVACY
C.1 Legal and regulatory approaches
International regulation – OECD
EU directives
Extract From the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulation 2003 EC Directive 42
GPS Mobile Phones: the Privacy and Regulatory Issues
National legislation and regulation
China
Japan
UK
US
C.2 National industry self-regulation
China
Japan
UK
Child location services
Adult/friend location services
Mobile games supported by location services
Corporate location services
Summary
US
CTIA Location Privacy Principles
C.3 Techniques for managing location privacy
Consent
Anonymization
Spatial cloaking
Temporal cloaking
Location perturbation
Pseudonyms
Information-minimizing
User privacy profiles
D. RECOMMENDATIONS
D.1 Regulation and self-regulation
Technology neutrality
Avoid piecemeal regulation
Emergency calling
Codes of practice
Passive services
D.2 Service Design
Privacy by design
Users in control
User interfaces.
User education
Moderate UGC
E. MARKET FORECASTS
E.1 Forecasts for GPS phone volumes
E.2 Forecasts for selected location-enabled applications
List of Figures
Figure A-1: Constellation of 31 medium earth orbit GPS satellites
Figure A-2: Nokia N95 GPS phone
Figure A-3: Motorola/ Nextel i580 ruggedised GPS phone
Figure A-4: The MobiCare GPS phone and monitoring device from Argyll Telecom
Figure A-5: The MaxCare location and alerting device from Argyll Telecom
Figure A-6: LG Migo GPS phone aimed at young children
Figure A-7: Role of the GeoMobility Server
Figure A-8: Architecture of the GeoMobility Server
Figure A-9: Openwave Location Manager: Commercial Edition
Figure A-10: Openwave Location Manager: Emergency Edition (GSM)
Figure A-11: Xypoint Location Platform from TCS
Figure C-1: LBS anonymization function
Figure E-1: GPS phone shipments 2008-12 - worldwide
Figure E-2: GPS phone shipments 2008-12 - by region
Figure E-3: Total installed base of GPS phones in use 2008-12 - worldwide
Figure E-4: Total installed base of GPS phones in use 2008-12 - by region
Figure E-5: Users of location-enabled personal security applications 2008-12
Figure E-6: Users of location-enabled gaming applications 2008-12
Figure E-7: Users of location-enabled enterprise applications 2008-12
Figure E-8: Users of location-enabled navigation applications 2008-12
Figure E-9: Users of location-enabled social networking applications 2008-12
Figure E-10: Users of location-enabled commerce applications 2008-12
List of Tables
Table A-1: Summary of GPS frequency bands
Table A-2: GPS error sources
Table A-3: Comparison of mobile location methods
Table A-4: Comparison of GPS modes
Table A-5: GPS performance metrics for GSM and CDMA assisted GPS
Table B-1: Use of location information in different LBS applications
Table C-1: OECD guidelines on data privacy
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