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Executive Report on Strategies in Bahrain
ICON Group International, June 2007, Pages: 389
How to Strategically Evaluate Bahrain
Perhaps the most efficient way of evaluating Bahrain is to consider key dimensions which themselves are composites of multiple factors. Composite portfolio approaches have long been used by strategic planners. The biggest challenge in this approach is to choose the appropriate factors that are the most relevant to international planning. The two measures of greatest relevance are “latent demand” and “market accessibility”. The figure below summarizes the key dimensions and recommendations of such an approach. Using these two composites, one can prioritize all countries of the world. Countries of high latent demand and high relative accessibility (e.g. easier entry for one firm compared to other firms) are given highest priority. The figure below shows two different scenarios. Accessibility is defined as a firm’s ease of entering or supplying from or to a market (the “supply side”), and latent demand is an indicator of the potential in serving from or to the market (the “demand side”).
Framework for Prioritizing Countries
Demand/Market Potential Driven Firm
Relative Accessibility
Accessibility/Supply Averse Firm
Relative Accessibility
In the top figure, the firm is driven by market potential, whereas the bottom figure represents a firm that is driven by costs or by an aversion to difficult markets. This report treats the reader as coming from a “generic firm” approaching the global market - neither a market-driven nor a cost-driven company. Planners must therefore augment this report with their own company-specific factors that might change the priorities.
Latent Demand and Accessibility in Bahrain
This report provides an extremely detailed overview of factors driving latent demand and accessibility in Bahrain. Latent demand is largely driven by economic fundamentals. But, latent demand only represents half of the picture. A country may at first sight appear to be attractive due to a high latent demand, but it is often less attractive when one considers at the macro level how easy it might be to serve that entire potential and/or general business risks.
Chapter 2 deals with macro-accessibility. While accessibility will always vary from one company to another for a given country, the following domains are typically considered when evaluating macro-accessibility in Bahrain:
Openness to Trade in Bahrain
Openness to Direct Investment in Bahrain
Local Marketing and Entry Strategy Alternatives
Local Human Resources
Local Risks
Across these domains, a number of not-so-obvious factors can affect accessibility and risk. These are also covered in Chapter 2, which is presented from the perspective of an American firm, though it is equally applicable to most firms entering Bahrain. This chapter has been authored by local offices of the U.S. Government. I have included a number of edits to clarify the provided information as it relates to the general strategic framework.
In Chapter 3, I summarize the economic potential for Bahrain over the next five years for hundreds of industries, categories, and products. The goal of this chapter is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or latent demand, represented by Bahrain when defined as an area of dominant influence. The data presented are the result of various spatial econometric and time-series forecasting models which, for each category presented, are applied to forecast and allocate latent demand across all countries of the world and major distribution centers or centers of dominant influence within each country. This is accomplished knowing that economic fundamentals (e.g. income) generally vary from one country to another within a given country over time. In this chapter, I report the allocation for each category for Bahrain as an area of dominant influence in the Middle East and, potentially, the world.
The report concludes with trade indicators for Bahrain. Often, the amount of trade flowing into and out of a country is a strong indicator of trading partners, trade openness, and related latent demand. Trade indicators are purely statistical in nature. Although international trade is not a direct measure of latent demand, it does provide an indicator of general market conditions with respect to trade flows and trade openness in Bahrain.
As a whole, this report presents a strategic assessment of Bahrain by considering an extremely broad set of factors affecting both latent demand and accessibility, as outlined in the following chapters.
MACRO-ACCESSIBILITY IN BAHRAIN
Economic Fundamentals and Dynamics
Capitalizing on Bahrain’s long history as a trading nation, the Government of Bahrain has worked hard to build the transportation and communications infrastructure necessary to attract and foster international business. Diversifying its economy away from decades of reliance on oil, the government has built a financial center with a regulatory infrastructure of high international standards. To overcome its small size, Bahrain has further sought to position itself as a regional services hub. Its early successes in the financial, telecommunications, and transportation services have more recently met with stiff competition from Dubai and elsewhere. In its quest to increase foreign investment, the Government of Bahrain targeted five “economic clusters” for further expansion: tourism, information technology, telecommunications, health care, business and financial services.
The Government of Bahrain is moving ahead with a number of industrial and infrastructure development projects. Economic and social imperatives (expansion of electricity and water networks, job creation, as well as export expansion), coupled with two to three years of healthy oil revenues, are driving the movement. Major projects such as the modernization of the BAPCO (Bahrain Petroleum Company) refinery, the expansion of the ALBA (Aluminum Bahrain) smelter, the Hidd Phase II power project, and the new Khalifa port are underway. Other projects in power generation, water desalination, waste treatment, hospital construction and supply, road construction, and large housing complex design and construction are all in the offing. Large-scale construction projects are multiplying -- including large residential resorts and a Formula One racetrack.
Government Intervention Risks
Budgetary pressure continues to mount -- driven by the growing population’s demand for state-provided services. Such pressure is behind recent Government of Bahrain drives supporting the establishment of private schools and health care facilities and is now forcing discussion of privatization of some government services, including power and water provision.
The divide between government and private sector is not well defined in Bahrain, leading to potential conflicts of interest. In a few cases where entrenched local business interests are threatened, government decision-making can become opaque.
Bureaucracy and poor coordination between ministries on occasion can impede new industrial ventures. The government’s priority of “Bahrainisation” of the labor force--a quota system requiring employees to employ minimum percentages of Bahrainis--can also occasionally lead to unexplained delays and obfuscation over such things as work permit issuance or renewals.
Infrastructure Development
Most roads are paved, well lit, and well maintained. Quality hospital services are available to all. Electricity and water service are generally reliable. Telecommunications facilities are excellent. The financial sector offers an extremely wide range of products and services.
Communications
The majority state-owned Bahrain Telecommunications Company (BATELCO) provides excellent telecommunications services for all sectors of the economy. Telecommunications services in Bahrain employ fully digitized systems and state-of-the-art technology. Services provided by BATELCO include direct dialing and fax transmission facilities to almost anywhere in the world, GSM mobile telephony, high-speed data circuits, integrated service digital networks (ISDN) and corporate messaging facilities. In a step to liberate the telecommunications sector, the Government of Bahrain awarded a 15-year mobile telecommunications license to MTC Vodafone in April 2003.
Power and Water
Bahrain has built an extensive power and desalination network, but demand already taxes capacity and constrains short-term industrial growth. Revenue from continued strong oil prices coupled with surging power and water needs look sure to advance several projects in Bahrain. For the moment, the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) continues its plant rehabilitation program.
Airport
Bahrain International Airport, with a new terminal and boasting more than 35 airlines, is considered a gateway to the region. Over 300 regional passenger flights and 60 cargo flights operate each week.
Ports
The major seaport of Mina Salman can accommodate vessels up to 65,000 tons, and has a container capacity of 150,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) per year. Although the port is adequate for current volumes of sea-borne freight, the Government of Bahrain is starting construction of a new super-port (Khalifa port) at a cost of approximately USD 350 million. The new port is to have a capacity of 234,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) per year and will include 1,800 meters of quay with minimum 15 meters draught designed for containers, general cargo, dry bulk and roll-on-roll-off (Ro-Ro) traffic.
Road Network
Bahrain has a well-developed road network. Well-lit, multi-lane highways cover the country. The 25-kilometer Bahrain-Saudi Causeway, which opened in November 1986, created many new commercial opportunities. Construction has begun on a network of futuristic superhighways with a series of flyovers, eliminating bottlenecks from key routes.
Health
Bahrain has a modern health system. All Bahrainis receive free state health care; most companies offer their expatriate workers some sort of health coverage, either through insurance companies, in which case rates are negotiable, or through arrangements with one or more of the local private hospitals. There is a BD 3 (USD 8) fee for expatriates attending an emergency clinic in a government hospital. The Government of Bahrain is currently studying a compulsory medical insurance scheme for expatriates in order to cover at least some of its costs.
Education
Bahrain has over 200 government and private schools. Free public education is available to all Bahraini school-age children and the literacy rate of 87.6 percent is the highest in the region. Due to rising demand creating growing deficiencies in the state school system, however, most parents who can afford it send their children to private schools. A U.S. Department of Defense-affiliated school and a number of private schools offer education in English with an American-style curriculum. Bahrain also boasts two public universities and one new private university and also has a wide range of public and private training centers, mainly concentrating in the technical, financial and tourism sectors.
E-Commerce
Bahrain recently established in the Ministry of Commerce a directorate of electronic commerce that is to promote the electronic commerce. The Directorate of Electronic Commerce’s services include:
Adopting the concept of “Internet for business” in order to help commercial institutions in Bahrain benefit from information and communication technology as a major tool for effectively competing in world markets.
Encouraging the private commercial sector to take up e-commerce as a delivery channel, through developing programs and providing consultancy services and guidance to help small and medium institutions make use of information technology and communication services.
Developing a new basket of products and services, which serve the needs of the commercial institutions and provides the Ministry with new opportunities of increasing revenue and reducing operational costs.
Creating a “new economy” based on efficiency, knowledge and innovation.
Providing information about electronic commerce developments, products and services in general, and at all levels.
Assignment of an annual prize for electronic commerce for the best e-commerce site in the Kingdom to encourage dealings in electronic commerce.
In order to increase consumer’s trust in dealing with suppliers through the e-commerce delivery channel, the Ministry of Commerce provides an “authentication seal” which conforms that the e-commerce outlets are properly registered institutions in Bahrain.
Supporting the establishment of (commercial points) to improve and boost e-commerce, electronic dealings and investment opportunities.
Directorate of Electronic Commerce
P.O. Box 5479
Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
Tel: +973 530093
Fax: +973 530267
Political Risks
Economic Relationship with the United States
The U.S. has long enjoyed warm relations with Bahrain, even during periods of strained relations between the U.S. and many other Arab countries. The U.S. Navy’s operations in the Central Command area (the Gulf, the western Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea) have been located in Bahrain since the end of World War II; the Navy headquarters its Fifth Fleet in Bahrain.
The Political System
Formerly an emirate, Bahrain is now a Kingdom. King Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa, whose family has ruled Bahrain for over 200 years, promulgated in February 2002 a new constitution establishing a bicameral legislature consisting of an appointed and an elected house and creating a new constitutional court. The executive power remains with the King and a royally appointed Prime Minister and cabinet in May 2002. The new constitution also guarantees women full political rights including the right to vote and run for elected office. Bahrainis voted for municipal councilors, marking the first elections since 1973. Thirty-one women ran for municipal council seats, but none were elected. In October 2002, forty members were elected to the National Assembly and the King appointed forty more to the Shura (consultative) Council. Some political groups, lead by the country’s largest Shia political society, boycotted the election in objection to the constitution’s limits on the powers of the elected Council of Representatives. However, more that half of the eligible voters participated in the elections.
Politics and the Business Environment
The King’s political gestures over the past few years - including freeing political prisoners, abolishing the State Security Law and Court, allowing political exiles to return home, following through on promises to hold elections, and allowing for the creation of labor unions - have greatly reduced, at least for the time being, the political violence that plagued Bahrain during the 1990’s.
Bahrain is a small country, sometimes buffeted by the winds of regional crises. The situation in Palestine and, more recently, the war in Iraq have sparked occasional anti-Israeli and anti-American demonstrations. Protests over domestic political issues, like unemployment, occur from time to time and may disrupt traffic and generate media attention, but these are generally well organized and non-violent. The Government of Bahrain takes pride in its reputation of maintaining law and order and works hard to keep volatile situations from becoming dangerous.
The ruling monarchy, and much of the government, is Sunni Muslim; this group also controls most of Bahrain’s wealth. Roughly 2/3 of Bahrain’s citizens are Shi’a Muslim, and Bahrain’s estimated 15% unemployment rate (no good numbers available) hits this part of the population hardest. There are generally few complaints about working conditions. There are (controversial) efforts to instate a minimum wage. Roughly 60% of Bahrain’s workforce is ex-pat labor.
Bahrain has no income (or sales) tax, so redistribution of wealth is largely a function of mosques and charities. Government revenues come mostly from oil (63%, and likely growing). While per capita income exceeds USD 13,000, there is a great discrepancy between rich and poor in Bahrain.
Arab League Boycott of Israel
Goods of Israeli origin and those that bear the Israeli flag are currently not permitted to enter the GCC, including Bahrain, in support of the Arab League Boycott of Israel.
Marketing Strategies
Bahrain is a regional commercial and financial center not only for the Gulf countries but for the Middle East in general. Bahrain’s laws, regulations, and infrastructure have been developed with that goal in mind. About 155 U.S. companies are represented in Bahrain.
Establishing a business in Bahrain, whether for services, sales or manufacturing, benefits from:
Careful research of the market, economic, and social systems;
Careful choice of a Bahraini partner/advisor/consultant with strong affiliations in the local economy and who has good knowledge of and access to the country’s commercial bureaucracy and legal system;
Conducting due diligence in establishing a business relationship;
Requiring confirmed Letters of Credit for purchases, especially in the initial stages of a business relationship.
American companies are attractive to Bahraini partners for technology transfer and their readily recognized names.
Investment Incentives
100% Foreign Ownership
100% ownership is permitted for international companies in the following areas of business:
Technology
Highly specialized technical services, such as centralized services for computer companies and the preparation and marketing of their programs;
Information technology and telecommunications;
Cable and telecommunications services.
Tourism
Specialized international management services in areas such as hotels, restaurants, shopping centers, real estate, tourism projects, etc;
Tourism projects.
Health Care
Medical services.
Education and Training Services
Education and vocational training services.
Manufacturing
Re-assembly, packaging and shipping of products produced by the company;
Using Bonded Areas for storage of products for re-distribution and catering to the needs of the local and regional agents of these products;
Providing support services for products produced by the company.
Business services
Commercial project development consultants;
Liaison and monitoring of the distribution activities in the region of the parent company’s goods or services;
Consultancy services;
International courier services for goods such as currencies, precious metals, documents, parcels, samples, etc;
Services in the fields of marketing, publication, promotion and advertisement of goods and services;
Specialized international exhibition organizers;
Services in the field of organization of international conferences and specialized scientific seminars and shows.
Industry
Industrial projects;
Industrial support service centers, such as large workshops providing specialized maintenance, reconditioning and repairing, as well as the fabrication and galvanization of steel;
Maintenance of sophisticated industrial instruments.
Highly specialized scientific laboratories.
Ownership of Land
Bahrain allows foreign investors 100% ownership of land in predetermined areas. Investors setting up their operations in Bahrain in commercial, industrial, tourism, banking and financial services, health care, education and training sector may choose to purchase land in one of several sites designated by the Government as open to non-GCC ownership are in the following sectors:
Commercial
Industrial
Tourism
Banking and financial
Services
Healthcare
Education and training
Foreign investors can own commercial property in: Ahmed Al-Fateh district, Hoora district, Bu Ghazal district, Seef district and the district of Northern Manama, including the Diplomatic Area, where the main international corporations are located.
Foreign investors may also own residential property in the following tourist areas: Durrat Al Bahrain, Dannat Hawar, and Al Amwaj Islands. Amwaj Property Development Company E.C., the Amwaj Islands project developer, recently announced that expatriates or international/foreign investors investing in Amwaj Islands will be issued special residence permits.
100% Repatriation of Capital
Bahrain has no exchange control restrictions on repatriation of capital, profits and dividends so full financial transferability of capital, profits and dividends is possible. The Bahraini Dinar, which is fully convertible, is pegged to the US dollar at the fixed rate of USD 1= B.D. 0.377
Tax Free
Bahrain levies with no taxes on personal or corporate income, no withholding and no VAT.
Duty-Free Imports
Raw materials, semi-finished commodities imported for further processing, imports required for development projects, machinery for manufacturing and goods imported for re-export are all exempted from customs duties in an effort to encourage production.
Intellectual Property Risks
The government has made dramatic progress in reducing copyright piracy; patent and trademark protection has always been strong and there continue to be no reports of significant violations of U.S. patents and trademarks in Bahrain. The government’s copyright enforcement campaign--based on inspections, closures, and improved public awareness--began in late 1997 against the video industry, followed by the audio and software industries, with considerable results. The Directorate of Publications and Press continues to conduct surprise inspections, seize pirated products, and where necessary, close shops. Watchdog organizations report that piracy in audio and videotape sales has been dramatically reduced, while the software sector has proven more challenging.
Bahrain is a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and efforts to ban piracy increased after Bahrain joined the WTO in 1994 and joined the agreement on the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 1995 and other IPR-related Treaties. Efforts are being exerted to join a number of international conventions and agreements related to this field including WIPO’s Copyright Convention and the Audio Product’s Convention in Rome. Bahrain also seeks to become fully TRIPS-compliant. The country signed the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property in 1996.
Filing Trademarks, Patents & Design through the Ministry of Commerce
The Ministry of Commerce recently developed an online patent, trademark and design registration service. Please read the information on registering patents, trademarks and designs in Bahrain on the Ministry of Commerce’s Web site at www.comerce.gov.bh.
“Bahrainisation”: The Local Employment Quota
In early 1996, the Government of Bahrain launched a campaign instituting quota requirements for the percentage of Bahrainis to be employed within given sectors and by firms of varying sizes. This process is known locally as “Bahrainisation”. Every company must have at least one Bahraini employee; those employing more than 10 workers must increase their Bahraini percentage by 5 percent per year up to the government target of 50 percent; all new projects should be launched with a minimum of 20 percent Bahraini employees, to be increased by 10 percent per year. In-house policies to train Bahrainis--locally or abroad--can earn firm government incentives such as relaxed visa restrictions. Government contracts and purchase orders are not awarded to companies that fail to meet local labor requirements, and companies employing more Bahrainis typically receive preferential treatment when government contracts are awarded. Companies failing to meet these targets may encounter difficulties obtaining work permits and visas for expatriate staff members.
Distribution Channel Options
Retail sales within Bahrain can only be made through a Bahraini or GCC agent or a joint company set up with at least 51 percent Bahraini or GCC ownership. Exceptions are made for factories manufacturing in Bahrain and for regional offices established in Bahrain, enabling these firms to sell locally without requiring a local partner. Limited-term agency agreements are generally preferable to open-ended contracts
The Commercial Agencies Law of 1975 (amended in 1992 and 1998) regulates commercial agencies. The 1998 amendment modernizes the law considerably, bringing Bahrain into line with its WTO obligations. In place of sole or exclusive agencies, foreign principals may now appoint multiple agents in Bahrain. The law provides for the option of fixed-term agency agreements and the right for a principal to terminate an unproductive agreement through the Ministry of Commerce. The requirement for commissions was lifted in 2003.
Arab League Boycott of Israel
Goods of Israeli origin or those that bear the Israeli flag are currently not permitted to enter the GCC, including Bahrain, since these countries formally uphold the primary aspect of the Arab League Boycott of Israel.
Labeling Issues
Arabic labels are required on all products sold in Bahrain. U.S. companies willing to print Arabic labels and provide bilingual promotional and marketing assistance will have a competitive edge. It is also worth noting that documents and/or labels must not contain any reference to Israel, including flags or other icons that refer to Israel.
Establishing Manufacturing Facilities
The procedures in establishing manufacturing facilities resemble founding any other commercial establishment. Manufacturing enterprises benefit from duty free imports, long term land leases, tax free environment personal or corporate income, no withholding and no VAT. Establishing a manufacturing facility in Bahrain typically benefits from having a good local partner with proven ability to manage the incorporation strategy and to finalize necessary arrangements with local authorities.
Long-Term Land Leases
Companies who do not want to purchase land in Bahrain can lease it from the government. The Industrial Area Directorate at the Ministry of Industry administrates long-term land leases encouraging investors to invest in industrial projects. Land is available on a long-term basis for a maximum lease of 50 years. These government lease arrangements are governed by Legislative Decree Number 28 of 1999, with respect to the Establishment and Organizing of Industrial Areas, which sets out the rights and obligations of contracting parties.
Industrial Areas Directorate
Tel: (973) 731155
Fax: (973) 530939
Creating a Sales Office
The Ministry of Commerce’s commercial registration law requires a company to register at the Commercial Registration Department in the Ministry before conducting business in Bahrain.
The Ministry of Commerce’s Domestic Trade Affairs Directorate regulates all the commercial licenses and activities in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The Commercial Registration Department issues commercial licenses and collects commercial registration fees. This office issues commercial licenses, registration fees, processing Commercial Registration (CR) applications, publishing related announcements in the official gazette and provide counseling services to potential investors.
Commercial Registration
Applicants can obtain commercial licenses at the Customer Services Center at the Ministry of Commerce.
Customers Service Center
Ministry of Commerce
Diplomatic Area
P.O. Box 5479
Phone: +973 531-531
Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
Walk-In Registrations: Customer Services Center
Working Hours: Saturday-Wednesday 7 A.M.-12:30 P.M. Thursday: 8 A.M.-Noon.
On-Line Commercial Inquiries
The Ministry of Commerce has an online registration process. To log-on, the applicant should fill out the subscription form the Customer Services Center at the Ministry of Commerce and sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Ministry of Commerce. Once registered with the Ministry, a company can accomplish all dealings via the Ministry’s Web site, www.commerce.gov.bh. The Web site also provides a comprehensive database of information related to domestic commercial affairs.
Contact Information
The Ministry of Commerce hotline, (973) 522911, to answer commercial inquiries, provide information about existing companies, renew Company Registrations and register complaints.
Assistance in Establishing a Company
The Government of Bahrain encourages potential foreign investors to request assistance from the Economic Development Board (EDB), a government office set up to facilitate foreign direct investment in Bahrain. The EDB, designed as one-stop shop for potential investors, has the authority to issue permits and licenses and provide land allocation for certain types of investors. However, foreign companies have often found that the EDB did not necessarily make the process easier.
Economic Development Board (EDB)
Tel: (973) 229-946
Fax: (973) 217-456
Web site: www.bahrainedb.com
E-mail: edbi@batelco.com.bh
Registration Agents
The Ministry of Commerce accredits Registration Agents to provide commercial registration services for applicants. These agents include law firms, industrial property registration agents, auditing firms, as well as consulting companies, which provide professional services to other companies and institutions. This method may be preferable for applicants wishing to effect their dealings through experienced consultants, who may also provide legal, financial and other services, and to generally follow up the registration procedures, in order to obtain the best legal protection available in the Kingdom in accordance with the size, shape and activities of the service applicant. To obtain a list of accredited Registration Agents, visit the Ministry of Commerce’s Web site at www.commerce.gov.bh.
Hiring Local Counsel
Although a local attorney is not required to draw up agency and sales agreements, it is advisable to do so. The U.S. Embassy can also provide a list of local attorneys. Many well-known international, including U.S., law firms have offices in Bahrain.
Agents and Distributors
American firms interested in marketing products exclusively in Bahrain will need to appoint an agent. In Bahrain, a commercial agency exists whenever a foreign party appoints a Bahraini party as the representative of any product or service of the foreign party. Local law governs the relationship, whether the relationship is structured as a distributorship, sales agency or otherwise. Appointing a commercial agent often enables the foreign party to achieve significant market penetration without establishing a direct presence.
A company that services even one additional Gulf Cooperation Council (G.C.C.) country qualifies as a regional office. Bahraini law does not require foreign companies to hire a local agent or partner to establish a regional office in Bahrain. Nevertheless, U.S. companies setting up regional offices typically find it useful to have some sort of facilitating relationship with a local representative, particularly to deal with the local bureaucracy.
Use of the term “agent” often raises difficulties from the standpoint of U.S. firms when a contract for an agreement is being drawn up due to definitional differences. The Ministry of Commerce allows for substitution in contracts of the term “agent”, confusing from an U.S. legal standpoint with “distributor”, which more accurately describes the function intended.
Contracts between the Principal and a Bahraini agent should contain the names, nationalities, and assets of the parties, along with a description of the types of products handled.
A clause in the Commercial Agencies Law requires the agent to provide spare parts and tools needed to maintain and repair any machinery or equipment sold by the agency (Article 3, paragraph h, Legislative Decree No. 10 of 1992).
Appointing a representative in Bahrain requires thought and care, as well a thorough vetting.
Franchising Activities
The demand for U.S. restaurant franchises remains strong in Bahrain, as fast food and family dining are very popular. Over 40 U.S. franchise restaurants were operating in Bahrain, including: Baskin Robbins, Burger King, California Cheesecake, Chili’s, Dairy Queen, Domino’s Pizza, Donut Inn, Fuddruckers, Gorin’s Homemade Ice Cream & Sandwiches, Gyro Wraps, Applebees, Hardees, Hard Rock Café, Hol’N’One, Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, Ponderosa, Round table California Pizza, Taco Maker, Trader Vic’s, Bennigan’s and Johnny Carrino’s.
Selling Strategies
A careful
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