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Functional Foods: Principles and Technology
Woodhead Publishing Ltd, March 2009, Pages: 372
Contents
Introduction
- Definition, history and market
- Awareness of functional foods
- Evolution of healthcare and functional foods
- Health claims approved by FDA
- Human body system and functional foods
- Syllabus
- Introduction
- Antioxidants
- Dietary fibre
- Pre- and probiotics
- Lipids and their health benefits
- Vitamins and minerals
- Soy products and their health benefits
- Sports drinks
- Human milk and infant formula
- Laboratory experience
- References
Antioxidants and antioxidant rich foods
- Autoxidation: Mechanisms leading to autoxidation in food systems
- Mechanisms leading to autoxidation in biological systems
- Lipid oxidation
- Mechanism of lipid oxidation in a food system
- Initiation
- Propagation
- Termination
- Mechanism of lipid oxidation in the biological systems
- Sources of free radicals
- Antioxidants
- Natural antioxidants
- Chemical classification of food antioxidants
- Classification of antioxidants based on their function
- Classification of antioxidants based on the site of synthesis
- Foods rich in antioxidants: Berries
- Cranberries (vaccinium macrocarpon)
- Antioxidants in cranberries
- Therapeutic effects of cranberry: Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- Mechanism of action of cranberries in urinary tract infections
- Oral cavity health
- Other benefits
- Grapes: Antioxidants in grapes
- Therapeutic effects of grapes
- Tomato: Antioxidants in tomato
- Therapeutic effects of tomatoes
- The mechanism accounting for health benefits of lycopene
- Garlic: Antioxidants found in garlic
- Therapeutic effects of garlic
- Antimicrobial properties of garlic
- Cardiovascular benefits of garlic
- Anticarcinogenic functions of garlic
- Other benefits
- Mechanisms of action of allicin on microbes
- Antioxidants in tea
- Therapeutic effects of consuming tea
- Synthetic antioxidants
- Mechanisms of action of antioxidants
- Summary
- References
Dietary fiber and dietary fiber rich foods
- Introduction
- Definition
- Chemistry of dietary fiber
- Physical properties of dietary fiber
- Classification of dietary fiber
- Classification based on solubility
- Classification based on fermentability
- Classification based on the way monomeric units present
- Analysis of dietary fiber
- Method requirements
- Applicable methods
- Additional methods requirements
- Dietary fiber metabolism in gastrointestinal tract: Physicochemical characteristics and physiological effects
- Colonic fermentation and its consequences
- Physiological functions of dietary fiber: Dietary fiber and cancer
- Dietary fiber and carbohydrate metabolism
- Glycemic index and glycemic load
- Dietary fiber, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular disease
- Dietary fiber, mineral bioavailability and bone health
- Dietary fiber, nitrogen utilization and bile acid metabolism Dietary fiber, role in gut barrier function and gastrointestinal disorders
- Properties and physiological effects of selected non digestible polysaccharides (NDP) and non digestible oligosaccharides (NPO): Resistant starch
- Pectins
- Guar gum
- Gum arabic
- Fructans
- Galactooligodaccharides
- Lactulose
- Other oligosaccharides
- Properties of isolated fiber in food applications: Worldwide fiber recommendations and intake
- Beneficial claims for DF
- Oats: Oat bran
- B-glucan; B-glican isolate; Oats based functional foods; Symbolic oats beverage; Symbolic oats yogurt
- Summary
- References
Prebiotics and probiotics
- Prebiotics: Chemistry of fructans
- Natural occurrence of fructans
- Occurrence of fructans in plants
- Occurrence of fructans in fungi
- Occurrence of fructans in bacteria
- Inulin: Chicory inulin
- Production of inulin and oligofructose and related products
- Sources of prebiotics
- Types of Prebiotics other than inulin and fos: Beneficial effects of prebiotics on health
- Mechanism of action of prebiotics in reducing the risk of colon cancer
- The effect of fructan-type oligosaccharide prebiotics on lipid metabolism in humans
- The effect of prebiotics on glucose and insulin levels
- Prebiotics in infant health and nutrition
- Probiotics - friendly creatures
- Probiotics and general health
- Probiotics and gastrointestinal health
- Intestinal disorders treated with probiotics
- Probiotic treatment of infections diarrhea
- Probiotics for cancer patients
- Mechanism of action
- Alternation of the metabolic activities of intestinal microflora
- Alternation of physico-chemical conditions in the colon
- Binding and degrading potential carcinogens
- Quantitive and qualitative alterations in the intestinal microflora
- Production of antitumorigenic or antimutagenic compounds
- Enhancing the host's immune response
- Effects on the physiology of the host
- Fermentation of undigested food and the formation of metabolites
- Probiotics for oral health
- Possible mechanisms of action of probiotics in maintaining oral health
- Installation of probiotics in the oral cavity
- Effects of probiotics on blood cholesterol
- Sources of probiotics
- Symbiotics: Beneficial effects of symbiotics on lipid metabolism
- Examples of symbiotics on foods
- Summary
- References
Lipids and lipid related functional foods
- Chemistry and Nomenclature
- Dietary sources: n-3 PUFA
- Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
- Trans fatty acids (TFA)
- Metabolism
- Health implication: Coronary heart diseases (CHD)
- Cancer
- Obesity
- CLA health implication
- TFA health implication
- Fish oil
- Health beneficial effects of fish oil
- Olive oil
- Chemical composition
- Olive oil extraction
- Extra-virgin olive oil
- Virgin olive oil
- Standard virgin olive oil
- Use and storage of olive oil
- Health and beneficial effects of olive oil
- Phytosterols
- Health implication of phytosterols
- Summary
- References
Vitamins and minerals as functional ingredients
- Vitamins
- Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
- Water Soluble vitamins: Vitamin C
- Vitamin B1
- Vitamin B6
- Vitamin B12
- Folic acid
- Biotin
- Minerals: Calcium
- Phosphorus (P)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Sodium (Na)
- Potasium (K)
- Sulfur (S)
- Trace minerals: Iron (Fe)
- Zinc (Zn)
- Selenium (Se)
- Copper (Cu)
- Fluoride
- Iodine (I)
- Molybdenum (Mo)
- Manganese (Mn)
- Summary
- References
Soy food products and their health benefits
- History of the soybean
- Morphology of soybean
- Chemical composition of the soybean
- Classification of soy proteins based on biological function
- Classification based on solubility pattern
- Classification based on sedimentation coefficient
- Trypsin inhibitors
- Lectin
- Lunasin
- Lipoxygenases
- Fat: Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Free fatty acids
- Plant sterols
- Carbohydrates: Soluble carbohydrates
- Insoluble carbohydrates
- Minerals
- Phenolic acids: Isoflavones
- Saponins
- Phytic acid
- Vitamins: Nutritional and physiological functions of the soybean
- Nutritional and physiological properties: Soybean
- Peptide fragments from soybean proteins
- Minor components
- Role of soy products in prevention of chronic diseases: Cardiovascular diseases
- Mechanisms of cholesterol reduction by soy components
- Soyfoods and cancer
- Osteoporosis
- Menopause
- Kidney disease
- Obesity
- Soy products
- Soymilk
- Toifu
- Tempeh
- Miso
- Soy sauce
- Tofuyo
- Natto
- Soy protein products
- Defatted soy flakes
- Soy meal
- Defatted soy grits
- Defatted soy flour
- Soy protein concentrates
- Soy protein isolates
- Toasted full-fats soy flour
- Enzyme full-fat soy flour
- Textured soy protein products
- Summary
- References
Sports drinks
- History and background
- Sports drinks market
- Exercise and nutrient requirements
- Considerations in the formulation of sports drinks
- Sports drinks processing technology
- Water treatment
- Ingredients: Carbohydrates
- Electrolytes
- Acidulants
- Flavorings and colorants
- Functional ingredients
- Future developments in sports drinks
- References
Human milk and infant formula
- Human milk chemistry
- Gross composition
- Proteins in human milk
- Lipids in human milk
- Carbohydrates in human milk
- Vitamins in human milk
- Fat-soluble vitamins
- Water-soluble vitamins
- Minerals in human milk
- Microelements
- Trace elements
- Biological functions of human milk
- Infant formula
- Ingredient selection for infant formula
- Formulation aspects of infant formula
- Infant formula processing
- Recent developments in infant formula formulation: Essential fatty acids
- Nucleotides
- Prebiotic compounds
- Summary
- References
Appendix - Laboratory manual
- Laboratory 1 - Iced tea
- Laboratory 2 - Symbiotic Yoghurt
- Laboratory 3 - Yoghurt beverage
- Laboratory 4 - Sports drinks
- Laboratory 5 -Soy milk and tofu
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