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Fuel Cell Fuel Sources Market Opportunities, Strategies, and Forecasts, 2007 to 2013
WinterGreen Research, Inc., Jan 2005, Pages: 471
FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Fuel Cell Market Development ES-1
Governments Exist To Create Infrastructure ES-6
It Does Not Make Much Sense To Use Electricity To Generate Hydrogen To Generate Electricity ES-7
Production Of High Purity Hydrogen ES-7
Natural Gas Refueling Infrastructure ES-8
Fuel Cell Transportation Vehicles And Refueling ES-10
Central Refueling Infrastructures ES-10
Hydrogen gas, H2, Essential To Power Fuel Cell Engines ES-11
Fundamental Difference Between Methanol Stations And Natural Gas Refueling Stations ES-11
1. FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES MARKET DYNAMICS AND MARKET DESCRIPTION
1.1 Fuel Cell Market Development 1-1
1.1.1 Stationary Power Market 1-2
1.1.2 Automotive Market 1-3
1.1.3 Micropower Applications 1-3
1.2 Alternative Fuel Sources for Fuel Cells 1-4
1.2.1 Fuel Cells As A Disruptive Technology 1-4
1.2.2 Hydrogen 1-5
1.2.3 Hydrogen Storage Methods 1-6
1.2.4 Natural Gas Systems 1-10
1.2.5 Gasification Of Coal 1-11
1.2.6 Biomass-To-Liquid 1-11
1.3 Fuel Cell Supply Infrastructure 1-12
1.3.1 Hydrogen Applications 1-12
1.3.2 Minor Applications Of Hydrogen 1-14
1.3.3 Infrastructure Spending Is Being Directed Toward Development Of Renewable Energy 1-15
1.4 Hydrogen 1-16
1.4.1 Impact Of Hydrogen On Contact Materials 1-16
1.4.2 Methanol Environmentally Sound And Achieves High Performance 1-17
1.5 End To End Fuel Source Parameter Analysis 1-18
1.5.1 Well-To-Tank Analysis 1-19
1.5.2 Hydrogen Not An Energy Source But An Energy Carrier 1-21
1.5.3 Hydrogen Transport 1-22
1.6 Hydrogen Energy Balance Between Coal and Natural Gas 1-23
1.6.1 Hydrogen Energy Hydro / Electrolysis Energy Efficiency 1-24
1.6.2 Hydrogen Energy Wind Energy Efficiency 1-24
1.6.3 Alternative Liquid Fuels Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Diesel 1-25
1.7 Hydrogen Production 1-25
1.7.1 Chemistry Of Hydrogen Production Is Yet To Be Researched Thoroughly 1-25
1.7.2 Hydrogen Production On Industrial Scale 1-26
1.7.3 Coal Transport And Storage 1-33
1.8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1-33
1.9 Direct Hydrogen 1-35
1.10 Fuel Cell Technology Holds Key To Providing Renewable Energy Source 1-36
1.11 Fuel Cell Issues 1-37
1.12 Hydrogen and Safety 1-40
1.12.1 Ford Focus Safety Systems 1-40
1.12.2 Lack Of Refueling Infrastructure 1-40
1.13 Hydrogen Fuel Characteristics 1-41
1.13.1 Powering Fuel Cells 1-42
1.13.2 California Takes The Lead 1-43
1.13.3 Hydrogen Gas 1-43
1.13.4 Producing Hydrogen 1-44
1.13.5 Hydrogen Generation For Stationary Power 1-44
1.13.6 Hydrogen Generation For Vehicular Power 1-45
1.13.7 Hydrogen Generation For Portable Power 1-45
1.13.8 Hydrogen Generators For Stationary Fuel Cell Installations 1-45
1.13.9 Fuel Processing 1-46
1.14 Fundamental Shift In Transportation Technology 1-46
1.14.1 Fuel Cell Dependence On Hydrogen 1-47
1.15 Fuel Cell Description 1-49
1.16 Fuel Cell Operation 1-52
1.16.1 Types Of Fuel Cells 1-52
1.16.2 Types of Fuel Cell Technology 1-55
1.16.3 Alkaline Fuel Cells 1-56
1.16.4 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC) For Space Missions 1-56
1.16.5 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 1-57
1.16.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC) Commercial Fuel Cells 1-58
1.16.7 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 1-59
1.16.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) Electrolyte 1-60
1.16.9 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 1-61
1.16.10 PEM Fuel Cell Types for Transportation 1-63
1.16.11 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells 1-64
1.16.12 PEM Fuel Cells 1-67
1.17 Battery Description 1-67
1.18 Hydrogen Fuel 1-68
1.18.1 Hydrogen Fuel 1-69
1.19 Fuel Cell Functional Characteristics 1-70
1.20 Methanol Fuel Cells 1-71
1.20.1 Better Dispersion Of Energy Resources 1-72
1.20.2 Less Fuel Used 1-72
1.20.3 Stable Energy Pricing 1-73
1.20.4 Toxic Fuel Constituents 1-73
1.21 Gasoline Fuel Cells 1-75
1.22 Gasoline Vs. Methanol Fuel For Fuel Cells 1-76
1.23 Hybrid Vehicle 1-77
1.24 Barriers To Alternative Fuel Use 1-78
1.24.1 Average Fuel Economy Credits 1-79
1.25 Energy Security Risks 1-80
1.26 State Incentives 1-81
1.27 Strategic Alliances 1-82
1.27.1 Increased Funding For Research In DMFC Technologies 1-82
1.27.2 Fundamental Shift In Transportation Technology 1-82
1.28 Conventional Transportation Energy Devices 1-84
1.28.1 Rechargeable Batteries 1-84
1.29 Hydrogen Storage Methods 1-84
1.30 Global Trends Driving Fuel Cell Development 1-85
1.31 Fuel Cell Transportation Competitive Landscape 1-87
1.31.1 Adoption of Fuel Cells When Users See Advantages 1-87
1.31.2 Hybrid Systems 1-88
1.31.3 Public Awareness Of Fuel Cell Technology 1-88
1.31.4 Growth Of Fuel Cell Component And Fuel Supply Base 1-88
2. FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES MARKET SHARES, MARKET OPPORTUNITIES, AND MARKET FORECASTS
2.1 Hydrogen Market Development 2-1
2.1.1 Hydrogen as Fuel for Personal Power Systems 2-3
2.1.2 Hydrogen Delivered By Pipeline 2-5
2.1.3 Investment in a Regional Hydrogen Infrastructure 2-6
2.2 Fuel Cells Promise To Create A Vast New Industry 2-8
2.3 Fuel Cell Issues 2-9
2.4 Opportunities Associated With Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology 2-12
2.5 Economics of Fuel cost 2-14
2.5.1 Early Mass Market For Hydrogen 2-15
2.5.2 Hydrogen Delivered By Pipeline 2-16
2.5.3 Investment in a Regional Hydrogen Infrastructure 2-17
2.5.4 Hydrogen Infrastructure Cost 2-18
2.5.5 Advantages Of Onsite Hydrogen Production 2-19
2.5.6 Cost For Installing A Hydrogen Refueling Station 2-20
2.5.7 Key Elements Of A Hydrogen Economy Work 2-20
2.5.8 Costs 2-22
2.5.9 Investment for a Regional Hydrogen Infrastructure 2-22
2.5.10 Hydrogen Supply Cost 2-25
2.6 Natural Gas and Hydrogen Fuel Delivery 2-25
2.6.1 Natural Gas As A Direct Fuel And A Fuel To Manufacture Hydrogen 2-26
2.6.2 Hydrogen From Water Using Off Peak Electricity 2-27
2.6.3 Solar and Wind Power to Fuel Manufacture of Hydrogen 2-29
2.6.4 Infrastructure for Power to Manufacture Hydrogen 2-30
2.7 Potential For Alternative Fuels By 2020 2-39
3. FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES DESCRIPTION
3.1 Innovative Fuel Cell Applications 3-1
3.2 Fuels for Fuel Cells 3-1
3.3 Hydrogen 3-2
3.3.1 Hydrogen Fuel Mass-Production 3-3
3.3.2 Hydrogen Security Of Supply And Fuel Diversification 3-3
3.3.3 Hydrogen Distribution And Storage 3-4
3.3.4 Hydrogen Loss Rates Through Boil-Off 3-5
3.3.5 Advantages Of On Site Production Of Hydrogen 3-6
3.3.6 Central Production Of Hydrogen 3-7
3.3.7 Hydrogen Power Train 3-9
3.3.8 Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure 3-10
3.3.9 Hydrogen Sources 3-11
3.3.10 Hydrogen Distributed Generation 3-12
3.3.11 Fuel Cell Refueling Requires Cooperation Between The Vehicle OEMs And The Fuel Provider 3-12
3.3.12 Codes and Standards 3-12
3.4 Hydrogen Production And Movement 3-14
3.4.1 Hydrogen Production 3-16
3.4.2 Near-Term Hydrogen Production 3-16
3.4.3 Hydrogen Fuel 3-17
3.4.4 Local manufacture of Hydrogen 3-18
3.5 GreenVolt 3-18
3.5.1 GreenVolt HY-Cat product line. 3-18
3.6 Shell Hydrogen 3-19
3.6.1 Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles 3-20
3.6.2 Shell Hydrogen Station In Amsterdam 3-21
3.6.3 Shell Hydrogen Stations 3-22
3.7 Large-Scale Hydrogen Production for Vehicles 3-22
3.7.1 Fuel Price Neutrality 3-23
3.7.2 Export of Hydrogen 3-24
3.7.3 Fuel Cell Military Applications 3-25
3.7.4 Military Micro-Applications 3-27
3.7.5 Military Vehicular Applications 3-29
3.7.6 Fuel Cells In Large Military Vehicles And In Large Naval Vessels 3-30
3.8 Fuel Cell Fuel Sources Logistical Challenges 3-30
3.8.1 Military Use Of Smaller Portable Systems Below 1kW 3-34
3.9 Fuel Cell Vehicle Fuelling 3-34
3.10 Fuel Cell Efficiency 3-39
3.11 Natural Gas Refueling Infrastructure 3-41
3.11.1 Fuel Distribution Variables 3-42
3.11.2 Overall Cost Advantage For Natural Gas Against Gasoline And Against Diesel 3-43
3.11.3 Natural Gas Vehicle Infrastructure Costs 3-44
3.11.4 Natural Gas Vehicle Infrastructure Maintenance Costs 3-45
3.11.5 Natural Gas Alternative Fuels 3-46
3.11.6 Natural Gas Vehicles Have A Co2 Advantage 3-46
3.11.7 Optimized Natural Gas Engine Technology 3-47
3.11.8 Long-Distance Gas Distribution Infrastructure Is Required For Stationary Uses 3-47
3.11.9 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 3-50
3.11.10 Natural Gas Codes And Standards Harmonization 3-50
3.11.11 European Commission Targets For Alternative Fuels 3-51
3.11.12 Investment for a European Hydrogen Infrastructure 3-54
3.11.13 Hydrogen Supply Cost 3-54
3.11.14 Fuel Cell Industry Groups For Codes And Standards 3-55
3.12 Dais Analytic Polymer Materials 3-55
3.13 DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell Vehicle 'F-Cell' 3-56
3.13.1 DaimlerChrysler F-Cell Global Partnership Program 3-57
3.14 Bridgestone Corporation Intelligent Tires 3-58
3.14.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle Intelligent Tires 3-58
3.15 MTU CFC Stationary Carbonate Fuel Cell Solutions 3-59
3.15.1 Chrysler Group Development Of Fuel Cell Fuel Systems 3-60
3.15.2 Fuel Sources For Fuel Cell Bus Project 3-61
3.15.3 Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4) As A Fuel Cell Fuel Source 3-61
3.16 Millennium Cell Hydrogen on Demand 3-61
3.17 Natural Gas Broken Down Chemically Into Carbon Dioxide And Hydrogen 3-62
3.18 DaimlerChrysler Methanol-A Liquid 3-63
3.19 Hydrogen Filling Stations 3-63
3.19.1 DaimlerChrysler 3-64
3.20 Duracell 3-64
3.20.1 Fuel Cell Vehicles Need Hydrogen Storage to Compete On The Basis Of Range And Cargo Space 3-66
3.21 Coleman Powermate 3-66
3.22 GreenVolt Power 3-66
3.22.1 GreenVOLT Modular Systems 3-67
3.22.2 IdaTech Development of Prototype Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell System 3-69
3.22.3 IdaTech Natural Gas Fuel Cell System 3-70
3.23 Fuel Processing 3-71
3.24 IdaTech Fuel Processors 3-71
3.24.1 IdaTech FPM 20™ Fuel Processor Module 3-73
3.24.2 IdaTech Multi-Fuel Solutions 3-73
3.25 Hydrocarbon Strategy 3-73
3.25.1 Methanol Is Common 3-75
3.25.2 Methanol Efficient and Versatile 3-76
3.25.3 Methanol Fuel Service Solutions 3-77
3.25.4 IdaTech Hydrocarbon Strategy 3-77
3.26 Hybrid Solutions 3-78
3.26.1 Strength Of A Photovoltaic (PV) Solar System 3-78
3.26.2 Strength Of A Fuel Cell System 3-79
3.27 IdaTech Solar-Fuel Cell Hybrid System 3-79
3.27.1 IdaTech Service Solutions 3-80
3.28 Millennium Cell Manufacturing Process Of Sodium Borohydride 3-81
3.28.1 Millennium Cell Hydrogen on Demand™ System 3-81
3.28.2 Millennium Cell Hydrogen on Demand Chrysler Town & Country Natrium 3-82
3.28.3 Millennium Cell Hydrogen Solution 3-83
3.28.4 Millennium Cell Partnership With Ballard 3-85
3.28.5 Millennium Cell Uses Boron, A Close Cousin Of Carbon 3-86
3.28.6 Millennium Cell Hydrogen On Demand 3-86
3.29 Ford Crown Victoria 3-87
3.29.1 Ford Explorer 3-87
3.30 Nuvera Gemini 3-88
3.31 Proton Energy Systems 3-89
3.31.1 Proton Energy Systems Strategic Positioning 3-89
3.31.2 Proton Energy Systems / Acquisition of Northern Power Systems 3-90
3.31.3 Northern Power Systems 3-90
3.31.4 Proton Energy Systems Products 3-91
3.32 UTC Fuel Cells 3-91
3.32.1 HydrogenSource - UTC Fuel Cells Partnered With Shell Hydrogen 3-92
3.32.2 HydrogenSource Power Systems and Integration 3-92
3.32.3 Hydrogen Not Energy Unless It Is Put Into A Form That Can Be Used 3-93
3.32.4 What Cost Hydrogen Becomes Ideal 3-93
3.33 California Infrastructure 3-94
3.34 Polar Fuel Additives 3-95
4. FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES TECHNOLOGY AND COUNTRY INITIATIVES
4.1 Shell Offshore Initiatives 4-1
4.2 Fuel Cell Technology 4-3
4.2.1 Fuel Cell Technology Research 4-3
4.3 Fuel Cell Technology Holds Key To Providing Renewable Energy Source 4-4
4.3.1 Onboard Reformation vs. Off-Board Hydrogen Production 4-5
4.3.2 Centralized vs. Distributed Generation 4-6
4.3.3 Hydrogen Storage 4-7
4.3.4 Compressed Hydrogen Storage 4-7
4.3.5 Storage vs. Vehicle Efficiency 4-8
4.3.6 Advanced Hydrogen Storage 4-9
4.4 Transportation Industry Hydrogen Sources 4-12
4.4.1 Well-To-Wheels Study On Greenhouse Gas Emissions 4-13
4.4.2 Large-Scale Introduction Of Natural Gas As Motor Fuel 4-14
4.4.3 Substitution Of Gasoline Or Diesel With Natural Gas 4-15
4.4.4 Hydrogen Potential Main Energy Carrier 4-16
4.4.5 Linking Hydrogen And Natural Gas Fuel Infrastructures Supports Introduction Of Hydrogen As Fuel 4-16
4.4.6 Large Market Introduction Of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Vehicles 4-17
4.4.7 Hydrogen Production From Biomass 4-17
4.4.8 Ethanol Safety 4-17
4.4.9 Hydrogen Has A Low Flash Point 4-18
4.5 Hydrogen Potential 4-18
4.5.1 U.S. Federal Spending 4-20
4.5.2 U.S. DoE Hydrogen Research Funds reduced by 50 Percent 4-20
4.5.3 New Jersey Genesis 4-21
4.5.4 California Infrastructure 4-21
4.5.5 California South Coast Air Quality Management District 4-22
4.5.6 European Commission 4-22
4.5.7 Canadian Government 4-23
4.5.8 Japan Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization 4-23
4.5.9 Satellite Containing An Array Of Mirrors And Focusing Lenses To Gather Sunlight 4-24
4.5.10 Hydrogen Is A Solution Crying Out For It's Own Solution 4-25
4.5.11 Options To Replace The Power Density Of Electricity Produced From Fossil Fuels 4-25
4.5.12 It Does Not Make Much Sense To Use Electricity To Generate Hydrogen To Generate Electricity 4-26
4.5.13 Solar Power Satellite 4-27
4.6 Hydrogen Production 4-27
4.6.1 Chemistry Of Hydrogen Production Is
4.6.2 Yet To Be Researched Thoroughly 4-28
4.6.2 Hydrogen Production On Industrial Scale 4-29
4.6.3 Coal Transport And Storage 4-35
4.7 Hydrogen Flows Through Channels In Flow Field Plates 4-36
4.7.1 Air 4-36
4.7.2 Membrane Electrode Assembly 4-37
4.7.3 Flow Field Plates 4-37
4.7.4 Fuel Cell Module 4-37
4.7.5 Iceland Vast Resources Of Natural Geothermal And Hydro Power 4-37
4.8 Boron Hydrides 4-38
4.9 Reverse Fuel Cells 4-39
4.9.1 Local Hydrogen Manufacture Is Compelling 4-39
5. FUEL CELL COMPANY PROFILES
5.1 Fuel Cell Companies 5-1
5.2 Air Products 5-5
5.3 Anuvu 5-6
5.4 Ballard 5-6
5.4.1 Ballard Chief Technology Officer Change 5-7
5.4.2 Ballard Power Systems Revenue 5-8
5.4.3 Ballard Revenue 5-9
5.4.4 Ballard Government / Industry Partnerships 5-10
5.4.5 Michelin Challenge Bibendum 5-11
5.4.6 Ballard Nexa 5-12
5.4.7 Ballard AirGen 5-12
5.4.8 Ballard AirGen Fuel Cell Generators 5-13
5.4.9 Ebara Ballard 5-13
5.4.10 Ballard Acquisition Of Coleman Powermate 5-14
5.4.11 Ballard / Coleman Powermate AirGen™ Fuel Cell Generator 5-14
5.4.12 Ballard Next Generation Transportation Fuel Cell Engine 5-15
5.4.13 Ballard Strategy 5-15
5.4.14 Ballard Carbon Fiber Products 5-16
5.4.15 Ballard Ecostar™ Power Converter 5-18
5.4.16 Ballard Plans For PEM Fuel Cell Products 5-18
5.4.17 Ballard Customers 5-20
5.4.18 DaimlerChrysler and Ford Funding 5-20
5.4.19 Ballard Power Electronics 5-21
5.4.20 Ballard Discontinued Internal Combustion Engine Generator Sets 5-22
5.4.21 Ballard Acquisition Of FirstEnergy Stationary Power Subsidiary 5-23
5.4.22 Ballard Power Systems 5-23
5.5 California Fuel Cell Partnership 5-24
5.6 DaimlerChrysler 5-25
5.6.1 DaimlerChrysler Balanced Portfolio Of Environmental Initiatives 5-25
5.6.2 DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell Drive System Planned Investment 5-26
5.7 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 5-26
5.8 Dynetek 5-27
5.8.1 Lightweight Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Storage Cylinder 5-28
5.8.2 Dynetek Revenue Fourth Quarter and the Year Ended 2003 5-29
5.8.3 Dynetek Industries Strategic Positioning 5-30
5.9 Ebara 5-31
5.9.1 Environmental Engineering Group Product Set 5-32
5.9.2 Ebara Corporation Strategic Positioning 5-35
5.10 Energy Conversion Devices 5-35
5.10.1 Energy Conversion Devices Synthesis Of New Materials 5-35
5.10.2 Multi-Disciplinary Business, Scientific, Technical And Manufacturing Organization 5-36
5.10.3 Energy Conversion Devices Proprietary technologies 5-37
5.10.4 Energy Conversion Devices Business Strategy 5-38
5.10.5 Energy Conversion Devices Battery And Photovoltaic Products 5-39
5.10.6 Energy Conversion Devices Information Technology Activities 5-39
5.10.7 Energy Conversion Devices Revenue 5-40
5.11 Energy Partners Ltd. 5-42
5.12 Ford 5-43
5.13 FuelCell Energy 5-44
5.13.1 FuelCell Energy Commercial Distribution Alliances 5-44
5.13.2 FuelCell Energy / Versa Power Systems 5-46
5.13.3 FuelCell Energy and Marubeni 5-47
5.13.4 FuelCell Energy / Global Thermoelectric 5-48
5.14 Fuel Cell Technologies 5-48
5.14.1 5 kW SOFC Undergoing Tests In Alaska 5-48
5.14.2 Fuel Cell Technologies Revenue 5-49
5.14.3 Fuel Cell Technologies Operations 5-50
5.15 GE Energy 5-52
5.15.1 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell System Benefits 5-52
5.15.2 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell System Improved Efficiency and Reduced Emissions 5-53
5.15.3 How The GE Energy Proton Exchange Membran (PEM) Fuel Cell Systems Work 5-53
5.15.4 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Processor 5-55
5.15.5 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Stack 5-55
5.15.6 GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Power Conditioner 5-55
5.16 General Motors 5-56
5.16.1 General Motors Invested $1 Billion In Developing Fuel Cell Technology 5-57
5.17 GreenVolt Power 5-58
5.18 HERA Hydrogen Storage Systems Private Company Owned By Shell Hydrogen and Hydro-Quebec CapiTech 5-59
5.18.1 Shell Hydrogen Storage 5-60
5.18.2 Shell Hydrogen Manufacturing 5-61
5.18.3 Shell Hydrogen Marketing and Business Development 5-61
5.18.4 HERA Hydrogen Storage Systems / Ergenics 5-61
5.19 Hitachi / Tokai 5-62
5.20 Hydrogenics 5-63
5.20.1 Hydrogenics Clean Power Generation 5-63
5.20.2 Hydrogenics Test Division, Greenlight Power Technologies 5-64
5.20.3 Fuel Cell Power Generation Products In Premium Power Markets 5-64
5.20.4 Hydrogenics Strategy 5-65
5.20.5 Hydrogenics Revenue 5-65
5.21 Hyundai Motor 5-66
5.22 Icelandic New Energy 5-66
5.22.1 Icelandic New Energy Ltd Research 5-67
5.23 IdaCorp / IdaTech 5-67
5.24 Impco 5-67
5.25 Johnson Controls / Optima Batteries 5-69
5.25.1 Johnson Controls Building Automation Systems 5-70
5.25.2 Johnson Controls Acquires Borg Instruments AG 5-71
5.26 Marubeni 5-71
5.27 Matsushita 5-72
5.27.1 Matsushita Plans To Develop Fuel Cells Into Small Cogeneration Systems For Home Use 5-73
5.28 Messer 5-74
5.29 Millennium Cell 5-75
5.29.1 Millennium Cell Patents 5-75
5.29.2 Millennium Cell Core Business Strategy 5-78
5.29.3 Millennium Cell Proprietary Rights Agreement With DaimlerChrysler 5-78
5.29.4 Millennium Cell and Borax/ Rio Tinto 5-79
5.29.5 Millennium Cell and Air Products 5-79
5.29.6 Millennium Cell Development Agreement With Aperion Energy Systems 5-80
5.30 Mitsui 5-80
5.31 NEC 5-81
5.32 Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. 5-81
5.33 Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium (NAVC) 5-82
5.34 Nuvera 5-85
5.34.1 Nuvera Fuel Cells Small-Scale, On-Board Fuel Processing 5-87
5.34.2 Nuvera Fuel Cells Agreement With TotalFinaElf 5-88
5.34.3 Nuvera Cross-Platform Product Line 5-89
5.34.4 Nuvera Andromeda 5-90
5.34.5 Nuvera Star 5-90
5.34.6 Nuvera / Renault 5-90
5.34.7 Nuvera Gemini 5-91
5.34.8 Nuvera Strategy 5-92
5.35 Northern Power Systems 5-92
5.36 Palcan 5-93
5.36.1 Palcan Fuel Cells / Singapore's CET Technologies 5-93
5.37 Polar 5-94
5.37.1 DurAlt - The Technology 5-95
5.37.2 DurAlt Key Market Drivers 5-97
5.38 Proton Energy Systems 5-100
5.38.1 Proton Energy Systems Contracts 5-100
5.38.2 Proton Energy Systems Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) 5-103
5.38.3 Proton Energy Systems Strategic Positioning 5-104
5.38.3 Proton Energy Systems / Acquisition of Northern Power Systems 5-104
5.38.5 Proton Energy Systems Products 5-105
5.39 Plug Power 5-106
5.39.1 Plug Power Acquires H Power 5-106
5.39.2 H Power 5-107
5.40 PSA Peugeot Citroen 5-108
5.40.1 PSA Peugeot Citroen Vehicles Sold 5-109
5.41 PolyFuel 5-110
5.42 Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology 5-110
5.43 Sanyo 5-110
5.44 Shell Oil Company 5-111
5.44.1 Shell Hydrogen LLC 5-112
5.45 Siemens Westinghouse 5-112
5.45.1 Siemens Power Generation 5-114
5.46 Snow Leopard 5-114
5.47 Teledyne Technologies / Teledyne Energy Systems 5-114
5.47.1 TESI Advanced Power Group 5-115
5.47.2 TESI Combined With Energy Partners 5-115
5.47.3 Teledyne Energy Systems 5-116
5.47.4 Teledyne MedUSA 5-117
5.47.5 Teledyne Perry NG Fuel Cell 5-119
5.47.6 Teledyne's TITAN™ Water Electrolysis Products 5-122
5.47.7 Teledyne Medusa™ Fuel Cell Test Stations 5-123
5.48 Tokyo Gas 5-123
5.48.1 Tokyo Gas Profile 5-124
5.49 Toshiba 5-125
5.50 TotalFinaElf 5-125
5.51 Toyota 5-126
5.51.1 Toyota Motor Sales 5-126
5.51.2 Toyota Revenue 5-126
5.51.3 Toyota Fuel-Cell Hybrid Vehicles 5-127
5.51.4 Toyota Prius Gas-Electric Hybrid Vehicle 5-128
5.51.5 Toyota FCHV-3 5-128
5.51.6 Toyota FCHV-5 5-130
5.51.7 Toyota Jointly Developed Fuel-Cell Hybrid Bus, the FCHV-BUS1 5-130
5.51.8 Toyota Fuel Cell-Friendly Model Communities 5-131
5.51.9 Toyota, UC Irvine and Horiba Expand the Hydrogen Community 5-131
5.52 UTC Fuel Cells 5-132
5.52.1 UTC Fuel Cells / Hyundai 5-134
5.52.2 UTC Fuel Cells for NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter 5-134
5.52.3 HydrogenSource - UTC Fuel Cells Partnered With Shell Hydrogen 5-135
5.52.4 HydrogenSource Power Systems and Integration 5-135
5.52.5 UTC Fuel Cells Distributed Generation And Transportation 5-135
5.53 Ultralife Batteries 5-137
List of Tables and Figures
FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table ES-1 ES-1
Commercialization Challenges Of The Fuel Cell Industry
Figure ES-2 ES-4
Global Number of Hydrogen From Wind and Solar New Fuel Cell Stations Per Year, 2005-2011
Figure ES-3 ES-5
Global Hydrogen Manufacture Form Water Using Solar and/or Wind Power Cost Per Local Fuel Cell
Refueling Station Forecast, 2005-2011
Table ES-4 ES-6
Fuel Cell Infrastructure Investment Needed
Table ES-5 ES-8
Production Of High Purity Hydrogen
FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES MARKET DYNAMICS AND MARKET DESCRIPTION
Table 1-1 1-1
Fuel Cell Market Applications
Table 1-2 1-8
Hydrogen Storage Products
Table 1-3 1-9
Industrial / Commercial Hydrogen Suppliers
Table 1-4 1-12
Largest Uses Of Hydrogen
Table 1-5 1-14
Minor Applications Of Hydrogen
Table 1-6 1-15
Alternative fuels
Table 1-7 1-18
End To End Fuel Source Parameter Analysis
Table 1-8 1-20
Primary Energy Sources
Table 1-9 1-22
Options for Location of Manufacture Of Hydrogen
Table 1-10 1-28
Hydrogen Production On Industrial Scale
Table 1-11 1-29
Key Factors In Hydrogen Production Processes
Table 1-12 1-30
Key Factors In Hydrogen Production Efficiency
Table 1-13 1-31
Hydrogen Manufacture Aspects
Table 1-14 1-32
Hydrogen And Fuel Cells Provide A Way To Store Energy
Table 1-15 1-33
Low-carbon production systems
Table 1-16 1-37
Basic Fuel Cell Functionality Issues
Table 1-17 1-38
Fuel Cell Issues
Table 1-18 1-39
Domestic Fuel Cell System
Table 1-19 1-41
Hydrogen Sources
Table 1-20 1-48
Fuel Cell Uses An Electrochemical Process To Create Energy
Table 1-21 1-50
Fuel Cell Characteristics
Table 1-22 1-51
Fuel Cell Description
Table 1-23 1-52
Types Of Fuel Cells
Table 1-24 1-54
Classes Of Fuel Cells
Table 1-25 1-55
Fuel Cell Applications
Table 1-26 1-56
Alkaline Fuel Cell Features
Table 1-27 1-57
Phosphoric acid fuel cells applications
Table 1-28 1-58
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Features
Table 1-29 1-60
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Table 1-30 1-61
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Features
Table 1-31 1-65
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Functions
Table 1-32 1-69
Commercial Challenges Of Hydrogen as Fuel For Automotive Applications
Table 1-33 1-70
Fuel Cell Functional Characteristics
Table 1-34 1-74
Estimated Half-Lives Of Methanol, Benzene, And MTBE
Table 1-35 1-76
Gasoline Vs Methanol As Fuel For Fuel Cells
Table 1-36 1-80
Benefits Of These Methanol Applications For Fuel
Table 1-37 1-86
Global Trends Driving Fuel Cell Development
FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES MARKET SHARES MARKET OPPORTUNITIES, AND MARKET
FORECASTS
Table 2-1 2-1
Commercialization Challenges Of The Automotive, Truck, and Bus Fuel Cell Industry
Table 2-2 2-4
Integrated Fuel Cell Personal Transport Power Systems
Table 2-3 2-7
Regional Investment Needed For Hydrogen Infrastructure
Table 2-4 2-10
Fuel Cell Issues
Table 2-5 2-10
Fuel Cell Questions
Table 2-6 2-11
Energy Conversion Of Water To Hydrogen Issues
Table 2-7 2-12
Energy Materials For Manufacturing The Catalyst Issues
Table 2-8 2-13
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology Application Opportunities
Table 2-9 2-18
Regional Investment Needed For Hydrogen Infrastructure
Table 2-10 2-19
Types of Hydrogen Supply
Table 2-11 2-23
Regional Investment Needed For Hydrogen Infrastructure
Table 2-12 2-24
Hydrogen Infrastructure Buildout
Figure 2-13 2-26
Global Natural Gas New Refueling Station Infrastructure Annual Construction Cost, Market Forecast,
Dollars, 2005-2011
Figure 2-14 2-27
Global Hydrogen From Natural Gas Fuel Cell New Refueling Station Infrastructure Annual Construction
Cost, Market Forecast, Dollars, 2005-2011
Figure 2-15 2-28
Global Hydrogen From Water Using Off Peak Electricity Fuel Cell New Refueling Station Infrastructure
Annual Construction Cost, Market Forecast, Dollars, 2005-2011
Figure 2-16 2-29
Global Hydrogen Manufacture From Wind and Solar Power Fuel Cell New Refueling Station
Infrastructure Annual Construction Cost, Market Forecast, Dollars, 2005-2011
Figure 2-17 2-31
Global Natural Gas and Fuel Cell New Refueling Station Infrastructure Annual Construction Cost, Market
Forecast, Dollars, 2005-2011
Table 2-18 2-32
Global Refueling Station Fuel Cell Infrastructure Costs by Fuel Type, Dollars, 2005-2011
Figure 2-19 2-33
Global Natural Gas Cost Per Refueling Station Forecast, 2005-2011
Figure 2-20 2-34
Global Hydrogen From Natural Gas Cost Per Fuel Cell Refueling Station Forecast, 2005-2011
Figure 2-21 2-35
Global Hydrogen From Natural Gas Cost Per Fuel Cell Refueling Station Forecast, 2005-2011
Figure 2-22 2-36
Global Hydrogen Manufacture From Water Using Solar and/or Wind Power Cost Per Fuel Cell Refueling
Station Forecast, 2005-2011
Table 2-23 2-37
U.S. Fuel Cell Refueling Station Installed Infrastructure By Fuel Type, Number of Stations, 2005-2011
Table 2-24 2-38
Global Fuel Cell Refueling Station Installed Infrastructure By Fuel Type, Number of Stations, 2005-2011
FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES DESCRIPTION
Table 3-1 3-8
Early Phase Of Hydrogen And Fuel Cell Market Introduction
Table 3-2 3-13
Fuel Cell Codes and Standards
Table 3-3 3-14
Hydrogen Issues To Be Addressed
Table 3-4 3-15
Sources of Hydrogen
Table 3-5 3-20
Shell Hydrogen Heat- And Mass- Transfer Technology
Table 3-6 3-23
Fuel Price Neutrality Issues
Table 3-7 3-24
Range Of Conditions Needed To Achieve Hydrogen Export
Table 3-8 3-25
Non-Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies
Table 3-9 3-26
Military Fuel Cell Applications Factors
Table 3-10 3-28
Military Micro-Applications Fuel Cell Issues
Table 3-11 3-29
Military Micro-Applications
Table 3-12 3-31
Fuel Cell Fuel Sources Logistical Challenges
Table 3-13 3-33
Fuel Cell Fuel Sources Logistical Challenges For The Military
Table 3-14 3-36
Fuel Cell Vehicle Fuelling Infrastructure Issues
Table 3-15 3-38
Role of Government in Fuel Cell Vehicle Fuelling Infrastructure
Table 3-16 3-52
Pathways Allow Specifying A Range For Well To Tank Base
Table 3-17 3-53
Hydrogen Infrastructure Buildout
Table 3-18 3-68
GreenVOLT Focus On Stationary Power Applications
Table 3-19 3-74
Primary Fuel Cell Challenges With Traditional Hydrocarbon Fuels
Table 3-20 3-75
Hydrocarbon Fuels For Fuel Cells
Table 3-21 3-77
Methanol Advantages
Table 3-22 3-80
Advantages of a Solar-Fuel Cell Hybrid System
Table 3-23 3-84
Millennium Cell Hydrogen Solution Applications
FUEL CELL FUEL SOURCES TECHNOLOGY AND COUNTRY INITIATIVES
Table 4-1 4-1
Fuel Cell Technology Uses
Table 4-2 4-3
Basic Fuel Cell Functionality Issues
Table 4-3 4-8
Advanced Hydrogen Storage Materials
Table 4-4 4-9
Advanced Hydrogen Storage Issues
Table 4-5 4-29
Hydrogen Production On Industrial Scale
Table 4-6 4-30
Key Factors In Hydrogen Production Processes
Table 4-7 4-31
Key Factors In Hydrogen Production Efficiency
Table 4-8 4-32
Hydrogen Manufacture Aspects
Table 4-9 4-33
Hydrogen And Fuel Cells Provide A Way To Store Energy
FUEL CELL COMPANY PROFILES
Table 5-1 5-1
Selected Companies Participating In Fuel Cell Markets
Table 5-2 5-3
Selected Publicly Traded Fuel Cell Companies
Table 5-3 5-18
Ballard Plans To Bring PEM Fuel Cell Products To Market
Table 5-4 5-33
Environmental Engineering Group Products
Table 5-5 5-34
Environmental Engineering Group New Energy Systems
Table 5-6 5-37
Energy Conversion Devices Proprietary Technologies
Table 5-7 5-43
Ford Fuel Cell and Hybrid Vehicles 43
Table 5-8 5-45
FuelCell Energy Commercial Distribution Alliances
Table 5-9 5-54
GE Energy Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell System Major Components
Table 5-10 5-68
IMPCO Go To Market Strategy
Table 5-11 5-77
Millennium Cell Patents
Table 5-12 5-83
Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium (NAVC) Recommended Practices
Table 5-13 5-102
Proton Energy Systems Design Goals
Table 5-14 5-106
Plug Power Strategic Partners
Table 5-15 5-116
Teledyne MedUSA™ Fuel Cell Test Stations Typical Applications
Table 5-16 5-117
Teledyne Modular PEM Fuel Cell Stacks
Table 5-17 5-119
TESI PEM Fuel Cell Stacks And Systems
Table 5-18 5-127
Toyota FCHV-3 Fuel-Cell Hybrid Vehicle Features
Table 5-19 5-132
UTC Fuel Cells Participation In The Transportation Market
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