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Viewing report
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The Business of Computer and Video Games
DFC Intelligence, March 2004, Pages: 590
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
II. THE HISTORY OF VIDEO GAMES
A. TIMELINE: THE HISTORY OF VIDEO GAMES
B. HISTORICAL TRENDS
1. Reasons For Atari's Failure and 1983 Collapse
2. Reasons For Nintendo's Success
3. Reasons For Sega Genesis Success
4. Reasons for Failure of Sega
5. Reasons for Sony’s Success
6. Reasons for Nintendo’s Struggles
C. THE HISTORY OF VIDEO GAMES: A DETAILED LOOK
1. The Pong Era
2. The Atari Era
3. The Nintendo Era
4. The 16-Bit Era
5. 32/64-Bit Era
6. 128-Bit Era
D. GAME INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS 2001
E. GAME INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS 2002
F. GAME INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS 2003
III. VIDEO GAME AND PC GAME HARDWARE
A. OVERVIEW
B. PERSONAL COMPUTERS AND OPEN-END ARCHITECTURE
1. Advantages of the PC as a Game Machine
2. Disadvantages of the PC as a Game Machine
3. Windows and Direct X
Windows 98
Windows XP
4. Games on Apple Platforms
C. CONSOLE SYSTEM OVERVIEW.
D. CONSOLE SYSTEMS COMPARISONS
E. INDIVIDUAL CONSOLE SYSTEMS: A DETAILED LOOK
1. Cartridge Based Systems.
Nintendo NES
Sega Genesis
Nintendo SNES
Neo-Geo
Atari Jaguar
Genesis 32X
Nintendo 64
2. CD Based Systems
CD-I (Compact Disc Interactive)
Sega CD
3DO
Pioneer LaserActive
Sega Saturn
Sony PlayStation (PSX)
Apple Pippin home
VM Labs Nuon
3DO/Matsushita M2
Sega Dreamcast
Sony PlayStation 2
Nintendo GameCube/ Matsushita GameCube Q
Microsoft Xbox .
PSX DVD Recorder
3. Upcoming Console Systems
Sony PlayStation 3
Microsoft Xbox Next/ Xbox 2
Nintendo GameCube 2/ N5 .
Infinium Labs Phantom .
Discover PC Game Console/ ApeXtreme
F. MORE THAN GAMES: CAN GAME SYSTEMS BECOME MULTIPURPOSE, MULTIMEDIA “EBOX” SYSTEMS
G. CARTRIDGE-BASED SYSTEMS VERSUS CD-BASED SYSTEMS
1. Cartridge Based Console Systems.
2. CD-Based Console Systems
H. PORTABLE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
I. INDIVIDUAL PORTABLE SYSTEMS
1. Portable Systems on the Market
Nintendo Game Boy
Sega Game Gear
Nintendo Virtual Boy
Sega Nomad
Tiger game.com.
Neo Geo Pocket Color
Nintendo Game Boy Advance
Nokia N-Gage
2. Upcoming Portable Game Systems
Sony PSP
Nintendo DS
IV. INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE, GAME GENRES AND CONSUMER DEMOGRAPHICS AND PROFILES
A. OVERVIEW
B. INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE MARKET.
1. International Software Market Overview
2. Top Game Franchises and Best Selling Games of All Time
3. U.S. Market Best Selling Software: 1994-2003
Best Selling Console Software: 1994-2003
Best Selling PC Game Software: 1994-2003
4. Japan Top Selling Video Games: 1996-2003.
C. GAME GENRE OVERVIEW
1. Overall Interactive Entertainment Game Genres: 1997-2003
2. U.S. Console and Portable Game Genres: 1997-2003.
3. U.S. Personal Computer Game Genres: 1997-2003
4. Game SubGenres.
D. GAME GENRES: A DETAILED LOOK
1. Sports
2. Action: Character-Based Platform
3. Action: Shooting and First Person
4. Racing
5. Fighting
6. Role-Playing
7. Adventure/ Interactive Storytelling
8. Strategy/Puzzle/Family Entertainment/ Environmental Simulation
9. War Games, Military and Flight Simulation
10. Education/Edutainment
11. Adult
12. Reference/Productivity/General Interest.
E. KEY INGREDIENTS IN A SUCCESSFUL GAME
1. Quality
2. Originality and Cross Genre Titles
3. Big Name License
4. Multi-Player Games
5. Long-Term Play
F. GENRES: MAKING SENSE OF THE TRENDS.
G. CONSUMER DEMOGRAPHICS.
1. General Video Game User Demographics
2. Sony Demographics
3. Nintendo Demographics
4. Household Penetration
5. Personal Computer Household and Game Player Demographics
H. CONSUMER PROFILES
1. Hard-Core Video Game Players
2. Hard-Core Computer Gamers.
3. The Youth Market
4. Casual Video Game Players
5. Casual Computer Game Players
I. REACHING A NEW AUDIENCE
1. Adults
2. Females
V. DEVELOPMENT TO RETAIL
A. OVERVIEW
B. THE FOOD CHAIN
1. Developer
2. Publisher.
3. Developer/Publisher
Straight Developer/Publishers
Affiliate Labels
4. Publisher/Distributors
5. National Distributors.
6. Retailer
7. Platform Providers
8. Content Providers
C. DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
1. Testing and Customer Support
2. New Technology = Better Games But Higher Development Costs.
D. MAJOR BUSINESS CONSIDERATIONS
1. Financing Title Development
Work-For-Hire: .
Developer-Originated Project:
Negotiating a Deal
Key Considerations for Developers
2. Distribution Arrangements
Developer Self-Publishing
Affiliate Label Programs
Co-Publishing
3. Platform Considerations .
New System Trends.
4. Licensing and Acquiring Content
What a Licensed Property Can Add
Types of Licensed Properties
5. Employment Concerns: Salaries, Unions and Agents
Unions and Guilds
Agents
E. ECONOMIC MODELS
1. Unit Models
Assumptions: All Models
Assumptions: Cartridge Models
Assumptions: PC Game Models
Assumptions: CD Console Models
Assumptions: Portable Models
2. Cartridge Titles: Revenue Breakdown: Major Hit .
3. Cartridge Titles: Revenue Breakdown: Major Hit .
4. Cartridge Titles: Revenue Breakdown: Modest Success
5. Cartridge Titles: Revenue Breakdown: Modest Success
6. PC Title Revenue Breakdown: Modest Budget, Modest Success
7. PC Title Revenue Breakdown: Large Budget, Best Seller
8. PC Title Revenue Breakdown: Large Budget, Modest Success.
9. Console CD Titles: Revenue Breakdown, Best Seller
10. Console CD Titles: Revenue Breakdown, Modest Success
11. Portable Titles: Revenue Breakdown, Solid Hit.
12. Portable Titles: Revenue Breakdown, Modest Success
F. THE RETAIL MARKET
1. Overview.
2. Retail Channels
Toy Stores
Mass Merchants.
Game Specialty Stores
Consumer Electronics
Computer Hardware/ Office Supply Stores
Music, Video and Book Stores
Entertainment Superstores
Online Retailers.
Game Rental Business
Used Game Market
3. Individual Retail Chains
Amazon.com/toysrus.com
Best Buy
Blockbuster.
Circuit City
CompUSA
Costco
Electronics Boutique/EBGames
Fry’s Electronics
Game Crazy.
GameStop
Hastings Entertainment
KB Toys
Kmart
Musicland
Sears
Staples
Target
Tower Records
Toys R Us
Trans World Entertainment
Wal-Mart/Sam’s Club
4. Retail Price Points
Price Points: 128-Bit Systems
Price Points 32/64 Bit Systems
Retail Price Points: Portable Systems
Retail Price Points: PC Games
5. DFC Retail Surveys: 1995-2003
Retail Survey Pricing: 128-Bit Titles
Retail Survey Pricing: PC Software
Retail Survey Pricing: Portable Titles
Retail Survey Pricing: 32/64 Bit Titles
Retail Survey Pricing: 16-Bit Titles
Retail Survey Pricing: Miscellaneous Systems
6. DFC Retail Survey: Full Results December 2003
7. Challenges at Retail
8. Alternate Distribution Channels: Electronic Commerce, Shareware, Catalogs, Direct
Mail and Bundling.
9. Budget Software
G. MARKETING
1. Overview.
2. Marketing Made the Giants
3. Changing Attitudes Towards Marketing
4. Marketing Elements and Costs
Total Marketing Costs
Packaging
Public Relations.
Shows and Conferences.
Advertising Costs
Merchandising/Channel Marketing
Co-Op/Market Development Funds (MDF)
Sales Support
Special Promotions
Direct Mail
Online Marketing
Customer Support
5. Leveraging Marketing Dollars
Branding
Sequels and Add-Ons
Repackaging and Lifecycle Pricing
Preview Mechanisms: Arcades, Rentals, CD Samples, In-store Displays and Online
Downloads
Opinion Leaders and Game Magazines
6. Marketing Online.
Advertising Online
(1) Advantages of Online Advertising
(2) Types of Online Advertising
(3) Online Advertising Measurements
(4) Leading Online Game Sites
7. Advertising and Product Placement in Interactive Entertainment
VI. TRENDS IN INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT.
A. OVERVIEW
B. MAJOR TRENDS
1. Macro Trends
Expanding Entertainment Choices/ Rising Personal Income/Limited Leisure Time
Global Consolidation of Media Companies
Mass-Market Consumers to Niche Consumers
2. Hardware Trends.
3. Software Trends
4. Distribution Trends
C. MUSIC, MOVIES, AND BOOKS: LESSONS FROM OTHER INDUSTRIES
1. The Music Industry
Music Industry History
Music Industry Organization
2. The Movie Industry
History of the Movie Industry
Movie Industry Organization
3. The Book and Publishing Industry
4. Comparing Entertainment Industries
D. CONSOLIDATION
1. Overview.
2. Reasons for Consolidation
3. The Role of Hollywood and Potential Problems
Hollywood Phase One: 1976-1984
Hollywood Phase Two: 1994-2000
Hollywood Phase Three: The Present
The Licensing Craze
Interactive Storytelling: Does It Work?
E. NEW DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS: PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
1. Overview.
2. Product Delivery
3. Online Distribution and Shareware (ESD)
RealNetworks/RealArcade
TryMedia Systems
Arush Entertainment/Game Capsule
4. On Demand Distribution
Yahoo and Games On Demand
5. E-Commerce
6. Electronic Distribution at Retail
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 U.S. Market for Video Games: 1978-1993
Table 2 U.S. Sales for 8-Bit Hardware: 1986-1993
Table 3 U.S. Sales for 8-Bit Software: 1986-1993
Table 4 U.S. Sales for 8-Bit and 16-Bit Hardware and Software: 1989-1995
Table 5 Nintendo and Sega Battling for Market Share: 1991-1995
Table 6 U.S. Sales for 16-Bit Hardware: 1989-1995
Table 7 U.S. Sales for 16-Bit Software: 1989-1995
Table 8 U.S. Sales for 16-bit and 32/64-Bit Hardware and Software (in millions)
Table 9 U.S. Sales for 32/64-Bit Hardware: 1994-200
Table 10 U.S. Sales for 32/64-Bit Software: 1994-2002
Table 11 U.S. Sales for 128-Bit Hardware: 1999-2002
Table 12 U.S. Sales for 128-Bit Software: 1999-2002
Table 13 U.S. Sales for 32/64-Bit and 128-Bit Hardware and Software: 1994-2002
Table 14 Worldwide Hardware Sales for Console and Portable Systems: 2001-2003
Table 15 The Vicious Upgrade Cycle: Cost of PC Hardware: 1993-2003
Table 16 Sample PC Hardware Costs: 1996-2004
Table 17 U.S. Hardware Prices: 2000-2003
Table 18 Europe Hardware Prices: 2000-2003
Table 19 U.K. Hardware Prices: 2000-2003
Table 20 Japan Hardware Prices: 2000-2003
Table 21 Worldwide Total Hardware Sales: 1996-2002
Table 22 Worldwide Hardware Sales Sony versus Nintendo: 1995-2003
Table 23 Console System Comparisons
Table 24 Key Features for Future Game Systems
Table 25 U.S. Sales for Cartridge vs CD Game Systems: 1994-2001
Table 26 Worldwide Game Software Sales by Country/Region: 2002
Table 27 Top Worldwide Game Franchises
Table 28 Top 15 U.S. Titles in Revenue of the 32/64-Bit Era
Table 29 Top 10 U.S. Titles in Revenue for the 128-Bit Systems
Table 30 Top U.S. Video Games by Platform: 1995-2003
Table 31 Top U.S. Video Games by Publisher: 1995-2003
Table 32 Top 100 U.S. Video Games Unit Sales 1995-2003
Table 33 Top Japan Video Games by Platform 168
Table 34 Top Japan Video Games by Publisher
Table 35 Top 100 Japan Video Games Unit Sales 1985-2003
Table 36 U.S. 16-Bit SNES January 1993
Table 37 U.S. 16-Bit Genesis January 1993
Table 38 U.S. 16-Bit SNES August 1993
Table 39 U.S. 16-Bit Genesis August 1993
Table 40 U.S. 16-Bit Genesis: December 1993
Table 41 U.S. 16-Bit SNES December 1993
Table 42 U.S. 16-Bit SNES August 1994
Table 43 U.S. 16-Bit Genesis August 1994
Table 44 U.S. 16-Bit SNES December 1994
Table 45 U.S. 16-Bit Genesis December 1994
Table 46 U.S. All Console Titles December 1995
Table 47 U.S. All Console Titles September 1996
Table 48 U.S. PC and Console Titles Jan-Sept 1996
Table 49 U.S. All Console Titles Full Year 1996
Table 50 U.S. All Console Titles June 1997
Table 51 U.S. All Console Titles December 1997
Table 52 U.S. All Console Titles Full Year 1997
Table 53 U.S. All Console Titles 4th Quarter 1998
Table 54 U.S. All Console Titles Full Year 1998
Table 55 U.S. All Console Titles Full Year 1999
Table 56 U.S. All Console Titles First Half 2000
Table 57 U.S. All Console Titles Full Year 2000
Table 58 U.S. All Console Titles First Nine Months 2001
Table 59 U.S. All Console Titles Full Year 2001
Table 60 U.S. All Console Titles Full Year 2002
Table 61 U.S. All Console Titles December 2003
Table 62 U.S. All Console Titles Full Year 2003
Table 63 U.S. Top PC Game Titles: January 1993-April 1998
Table 64 U.S. Top Entertainment CD-ROM Titles for 1994
Table 65 Top U.S. PC Games: 1995
Table 66 U.S. Top PC Games: First Half 1996
Table 67 U.S. Top PC Games: First Half 1998
Table 68 U.S. Top PC Games: 1998
Table 69 U.S. PC Games Full Year 1999
Table 70 U.S. PC Games First Half 2000
Table 71 U.S. PC Games Full Year 2000
Table 72 U.S. PC Games First Nine Months 2001
Table 73 U.S. PC Games Full Year 2001
Table 74 U.S. PC Games Full Year 2002
Table 75 U.S. PC Games Full Year 2003
Table 76 Japan Top Video Games 1996
Table 77 Japan Top Video Games 1997
Table 78 Japan Top Video Games 1998
Table 79 Japan Top Video Games 1999
Table 80 Japan Top Video Games 2000
Table 81 Japan Top Video Games 2001
Table 82 Japan Top Video Games 2002
Table 83 Japan Top Video Games 2003
Table 84 U.S. Console Unit Sales by Game Genre: 1997-2003*
Table 85 U.S. Console Unit Sales by Game Genre: 2002-2003
Table 86 U.S. PC Unit Sales by Game Genre: 1997-2002*
Table 87 1999 U.S. Console Unit Sales by Top 10 Subgenre*
Table 88 2000 U.S. Console Unit Sales by Top 10 Subgenre*
Table 89 1999 U.S. PC Unit Sales by Top 10 Subgenre *
Table 90 2000 U.S. PC Unit Sales by Top 10 Subgenre*
Table 91 Critical Rating of Top Selling Titles: 2003
Table 92 2003 U.S. Game User Demographics
Table 93 Japan 2002 Estimated Video Game Population by Age
Table 94 Cross Ownership of Other Products Among Video Game Households: 1996-1999
Table 95 U.S. Video Game Demographics 1999
Table 96 U.S. 16-Bit vs. 32/64/128-Bit Demographics 1995 and 2001
Table 97 U.S. Nintendo Owner Demographics 1995 and 2001
Table 98 PlayStation User Demographics: 1998
Table 99 PlayStation User Demographics: 2003
Table 100 PlayStation vs PSOne Demographics: 2003
Table 101 Cumulative Average Age PlayStation and PS2: 1998-2003
Table 102 Initial PlayStation 2 North American Owner Demographics
Table 103 PlayStation 2 North American Owner Demographics: 2003
Table 104 PlayStation 2 European Owner Demographics: 2003
Table 105 Nintendo SNES U.S. Player Demographics: 1995
Table 106 Nintendo Gender Demographics by Platform: 1998
Table 107 U.S. Nintendo Users Demographics 1993-2000
Table 108 U.S. Video Game Household Penetration Estimates: 1994-2003
Table 109 1994 Household Penetration of Video Game Systems
Table 110 1996 Household Penetration of Video Game Systems
Table 111 Multiple Ownership of 128-Bit Systems
Table 112 U.S. PC game household estimates
Table 113 PC Penetration by Income
Table 114 PC Household and Video Game Household Demographic Comparisons
Table 115 Changing Demographics of PC Buyers: 1996-1998
Table 116 1998 Demographics of First Time PC Buyers
Table 117 Demographics of Sub-$1,000 PC Buyers
Table 118 Home PC Activities by Income Group 1998
Table 119 Hard-Core Video Gamer Profile
Table 120 Hard-Core PC Gamer Profile
Table 121 Triple AAA Game Development Costs: 1988-2003
Table 122 Anticipated Development Costs for Different Genres
Table 123 Distribution Terms
Table 124 Tips on Choosing a Distributor
Table 125 U.S. Average Unit Sales by Platform 2003
Table 126 Platform Considerations for 2004
Table 127 U.S. PS2 Titles Full Year 2003
Table 128 U.S. Xbox Titles Full Year 2003
Table 129 U.S. GameCube Titles Full Year 2003
Table 130 U.S. Portable Titles Full Year 2003
Table 131 U.S. Average Unit Sales by Platform: 1997-2000
Table 132 Top 40 Titles as a Percent of Total Sales (All Platforms)
Table 133 Top Selling Games as a Percent of Total Dollar Volume: 1993-1996
Table 134 Title Unit Sales (All Platforms 1997-2000)
Table 135 First Year Software Sales PlayStation versus PlayStation 2
Table 136 Lifecycle Comparison: Sony PlayStation versus PlayStation 2
Table 137 Lifecycle Comparison: Nintendo 64 versus Nintendo GameCube
Table 138 PlayStation Five-Year Lifecycle Trends
Table 139 Nintendo 64 Five-Year Lifecycle Trends
Table 140 Licensing Deals: A Case Study of Enter the Matrix
Table 141 Average Annual Development Salaries: 2003
Table 142 Average Annual Development Salaries: 2001
Table 143 Game Developer Years of Experience
Table 144 Publisher AAA Title Breakeven Analysis
Table 145 U.S. Video Game Sales by Type of Retail Channel
Table 146 U.S. PC Game Sales by Type of Retail Channel
Table 147 U.S. Game Rental Market
Table 148 Top 20 Online Video Game Rentals 2003
Table 149 U.S. Game Rentals by Platform: 2002
Table 150 Top U.S. Game Rentals 2002
Table 151 Top Game Rentals 2001
Table 152 U.S. Sales for Used Video Game Software: 1996-2002
Table 153 U.S. Video Game Sales by Individual Retail Chain
Table 154 U.S. PC Game Sales by Individual Retail Chain
Table 155 Titles Available by Chain: December 2003 Survey
Table 156 Titles Available by Chain: 2001 Survey
Table 157 Titles Available by Chain: 2000 Survey
Table 158 Titles Available by Chain: 2000-2003
Table 159 U.S. Retail Price Points by Platform 2003
Table 160 U.S. Retail Price Points by Platform: 1993 – 2001
Table 161 PlayStation 2 Price Points
Table 162 Xbox and GameCube Price Points
Table 163 Dreamcast Price Points
Table 164 Nintendo 64 Price Points
Table 165 PlayStation Price Points
Table 166 Game Boy Price Points
Table 167 PC Game Price Points
Table 168 December 2003 Retail Survey: Availability by Platform
Table 169 PlayStation 2 Software Pricing: December 2003 Retail Survey
Table 170 Xbox Software Pricing: December 2003 Retail Survey
Table 171 GameCube Software Pricing: December 2003 Retail Survey
Table 172 Game Boy Advance Software Pricing: December 2003 Retail Survey
Table 173 PC Games Software Pricing: December 2003 Retail Survey
Table 174 Games as Loss Leaders
Table 175 Sales of Video Game Software by Season: 1995-2000
Table 176 Sales of PC Game Software by Season: 1998-2000
Table 177 Cost of Some High Profile Marketing Campaigns: 1993-2003
Table 178 LifeCycle Pricing: A Case Study of Final Fantasy VII
Table 179 Circulation of Leading U.S. and U.K. Game Magazines
Table 180 Game Magazine 2002 Advertising Revenue
Table 181 Game Magazine 2001 Advertising Revenue
Table 182 Game Magazine 2000 Advertising Revenue
Table 183 Game Magazine 1999 Advertising Revenue
Table 184 Online Advertising Formats 2000-2003
Table 185 CPM of Various Media
Table 186 Advertising/Usage Share of Various Media
Table 187 Top Online Game Sites: July 2003
Table 188 Overall U.S. Consumer Household Spending
Table 189 U.S. Income Spent on Entertainment: 1958-1998
Table 190 U.S. Household Entertainment Expenditures 1990-2000
Table 191 Hours Per Person Per Year Using Consumer Media: 1998-2002
Table 192 Consumer Spending Per Person Per Year Using Consumer Media: 1995- 2000
Table 193 U.S. Record Sales: 1946-1962
Table 194 U.S. Record Sales: 1963-1983
Table 195 U.S. Record Sales: 1983-2002
Table 196 U.S. Record Sales by Genre: 1990-2002
Table 197 U.S. Record Sales by Age: 1989-2002
Table 198 Sales Channels for Music: 1990-2002
Table 199 U.S Per Capita Box Office Spending: 1942-1970
Table 200 U.S Per Capita Box Office Spending: 1970-1988
Table 201 Movie Industry Revenue Figures: 1980-2002
Table 202 U.S. Expenditures on Filmed Entertainment: 1993-2002
Table 203 Public Access to Entertainment Products
Table 204 Developing/Financing Entertainment Products
Table 205 Main Distribution Channels for Entertainment Products
Table 206 Demographic Appeal of Entertainment Products
Table 207 Marketing/Preview Mechanisms for Entertainment Products
Table 208 Life Cycle for Entertainment Products
Table 209 Revenue of Leading Companies in the Interactive Entertainment Industry
Table 210 Major Game Industry Acquistions: 1993-2003
Table 211 Major Licensing Deals for the Game Industry
Table 212 Forecasts for Online Distribution of Game Software: 2002-2009
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