The 2009 Report on Top Grain and Machine Buff Upholstery Leather Made from Full-Grain and Grain-Split Cattle Hide and Kip Side Excluding Offal and Welting Leather: World Market Segmentation by City
ICON Group International, May 2009, Pages: 349
Market Potential Estimation Methodology
Overview
This study covers the world outlook for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather across more than 2000 cities. For the year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the city in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the city is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-à-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.
This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the cities of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E. for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world’s cities. In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.
What is Latent Demand and the P.I.E.?
The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) or total revenues (not profit) if a market is served in an efficient manner. It is typically expressed as the total revenues potentially extracted by firms. The “market” is defined at a given level in the value chain. There can be latent demand at the retail level, at the wholesale level, the manufacturing level, and the raw materials level (the P.I.E. of higher levels of the value chain being always smaller than the P.I.E. of levels at lower levels of the same value chain, assuming all levels maintain minimum profitability).
The latent demand for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather is not actual or historic sales. Nor is latent demand future sales. In fact, latent demand can be lower either lower or higher than actual sales if a market is inefficient (i.e., not representative of relatively competitive levels). Inefficiencies arise from a number of factors, including the lack of international openness, cultural barriers to consumption, regulations, and cartel-like behavior on the part of firms. In general, however, latent demand is typically larger than actual sales in a city market.
Another reason why sales do not equate to latent demand is exchange rates. In this report, all figures assume the long-run efficiency of currency markets. Figures, therefore, equate values based on purchasing power parities across countries. Short-run distortions in the value of the dollar, therefore, do not figure into the estimates. Purchasing power parity estimates of country income were collected from official sources, and extrapolated using standard econometric models. The report uses the dollar as the currency of comparison, but not as a measure of transaction volume. The units used in this report are: US $ mln.
For reasons discussed later, this report does not consider the notion of “unit quantities”, only total latent revenues (i.e., a calculation of price times quantity is never made, though one is implied). The units used in this report are U.S. dollars not adjusted for inflation (i.e., the figures incorporate inflationary trends) and not adjusted for future dynamics in exchange rates (i.e., the figures reflect average exchange rates over recent history). If inflation rates or exchange rates vary in a substantial way compared to recent experience, actually sales can also exceed latent demand (when expressed in U.S. dollars, not adjusted for inflation). On the other hand, latent demand can be typically higher than actual sales as there are often distribution inefficiencies that reduce actual sales below the level of latent demand.
As mentioned earlier, this study is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. If fact, all the current products or services on the market can cease to exist in their present form (i.e., at a brand-, R&D specification, or corporate-image level) and all the players can be replaced by other firms (i.e., via exits, entries, mergers, bankruptcies, etc.), and there will still be an international latent demand for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather at the aggregate level. Product and service offering details, and the actual identity of the players involved, while important for certain issues, are relatively unimportant for estimates of latent demand.
The Methodology
In order to estimate the latent demand for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather on a city-by-city basis, I used a multi-stage approach. Before applying the approach, one needs a basic theory from which such estimates are created. In this case, I heavily rely on the use of certain basic economic assumptions. In particular, there is an assumption governing the shape and type of aggregate latent demand functions. Latent demand functions relate the income of a country, city, state, household, or individual to realized consumption. Latent demand (often realized as consumption when an industry is efficient), at any level of the value chain, takes place if an equilibrium in realized. For firms to serve a market, they must perceive a latent demand and be able to serve that demand at a minimal return. The single most important variable determining consumption, assuming latent demand exists, is income (or other financial resources at higher levels of the value chain). Other factors that can pivot or shape demand curves include external or exogenous shocks (i.e., business cycles), and or changes in utility for the product in question.
Ignoring, for the moment, exogenous shocks and variations in utility across countries, the aggregate relation between income and consumption has been a central theme in economics. The figure below concisely summarizes one aspect of problem. In the 1930s, John Meynard Keynes conjectured that as incomes rise, the average propensity to consume would fall. The average propensity to consume is the level of consumption divided by the level of income, or the slope of the line from the origin to the consumption function. He estimated this relationship empirically and found it to be true in the short-run (mostly based on cross-sectional data). The higher the income, the lower the average propensity to consume. This type of consumption function is labeled "A" in the figure below (note the rather flat slope of the curve). In the 1940s, another macroeconomist, Simon Kuznets, estimated long-run consumption functions which indicated that the marginal propensity to consume was rather constant (using time series data across countries). This type of consumption function is show as "B" in the figure below (note the higher slope and zero-zero intercept). The average propensity to consume is constant.
Is it declining or is it constant? A number of other economists, notably Franco Modigliani and Milton Friedman, in the 1950s (and Irving Fisher earlier), explained why the two functions were different using various assumptions on intertemporal budget constraints, savings, and wealth. The shorter the time horizon, the more consumption can depend on wealth (earned in previous years) and business cycles. In the long-run, however, the propensity to consume is more constant. Similarly, in the long run, households, industries or countries with no income eventually have no consumption (wealth is depleted). While the debate surrounding beliefs about how income and consumption are related and interesting, in this study a very particular school of thought is adopted. In particular, we are considering the latent demand for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather across some 230 countries. The smallest have fewer than 10,000 inhabitants. I assume that all of these counties fall along a "long-run" aggregate consumption function. This long-run function applies despite some of these countries having wealth, current income dominates the latent demand for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather. So, latent demand in the long-run has a zero intercept. However, I allow firms to have different propensities to consume (including being on consumption functions with differing slopes, which can account for differences in industrial organization, and end-user preferences).
Given this overriding philosophy, I will now describe the methodology used to create the latent demand estimates for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather. Since ICON Group has asked me to apply this methodology to a large number of categories, the rather academic discussion below is general and can be applied to a wide variety of categories, not just top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather.
Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection
Any study of latent demand across countries requires that some standard be established to define “efficiently served”. Having implemented various alternatives and matched these with market outcomes, I have found that the optimal approach is to assume that certain key countries or cities are more likely to be at or near efficiency than others. These are given greater weight than others in the estimation of latent demand compared to others for which no known data are available. Of the many alternatives, I have found the assumption that the world’s highest aggregate income and highest income-per-capita markets reflect the best standards for “efficiency”. High aggregate income alone is not sufficient (i.e., China has high aggregate income, but low income per capita and can not assumed to be efficient). Aggregate income can be operationalized in a number of ways, including gross domestic product (for industrial categories), or total disposable income (for household categories; population times average income per capita, or number of households times average household income per capita). Brunei, Nauru, Kuwait, and Lichtenstein are examples of countries with high income per capita, but not assumed to be efficient, given low aggregate level of income (or gross domestic product); these countries have, however, high incomes per capita but may not benefit from the efficiencies derived from economies of scale associated with large economies. Only countries with high income per capita and large aggregate income are assumed efficient. This greatly restricts the pool of countries to those in the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), like the United States, or the United Kingdom (which were earlier than other large OECD economies to liberalize their markets).
The selection of countries is further reduced by the fact that not all countries in the OECD report industry revenues at the category level. Countries that typically have ample data at the aggregate level that meet the efficiency criteria include the United States, the United Kingdom and in some cases France and Germany.
Latent demand is therefore estimated using data collected for relatively efficient markets from independent data sources (e.g. Euromonitor, Mintel, Thomson Financial Services, the U.S. Industrial Outlook, the World Resources Institute, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, various agencies from the United Nations, industry trade associations, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank). Depending on original data sources used, the definition of “top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather” is established. In the case of this report, the data were reported at the aggregate level, with no further breakdown or definition. In other words, any potential product or service that might be incorporated within top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather falls under this category. Public sources rarely report data at the disaggregated level in order to protect private information from individual firms that might dominate a specific product-market. These sources will therefore aggregate across components of a category and report only the aggregate to the public. While private data are certainly available, this report only relies on public data at the aggregate level without reliance on the summation of various category components. In other words, this report does not aggregate a number of components to arrive at the “whole”. Rather, it starts with the “whole”, and estimates the whole for all cities and the world at large (without needing to know the specific parts that went into the whole in the first place).
Given this caveat, this study covers “top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather” as defined by the North American Industrial Classification system or NAICS (pronounced “nakes”). For a complete definition of top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather, please refer to the Web site at http://www.icongrouponline.com/codes/NAICS.html. The NAICS code for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather is 31611012. It is for this definition of top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather that the aggregate latent demand estimates are derived. “Top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather” is specifically defined as follows:
31611012
Upholstery leather (top grains and machine buffs), full grain and grain split (except offal and welting), cattle hide and kip side
3161101231
Upholstery leather (top grains and machine buffs), full grain and grain split (except offal and welting), cattle hide and kip side
Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing
Based on the aggregate view of top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather as defined above, data were then collected for as many similar countries and cities as possible for that same definition, at the same level of the value chain. This generates a convenience sample from which comparable figures are available. If the series in question do not reflect the same accounting period, then adjustments are made. In order to eliminate short-term effects of business cycles, the series are smoothed using an 2 year moving average weighting scheme (longer weighting schemes do not substantially change the results). If data are available for a country, but these reflect short-run aberrations due to exogenous shocks (such as would be the case of beef sales in a country stricken with foot and mouth disease), these observations were dropped or "filtered" from the analysis.
Step 3. Filling in Missing Values
In some cases, data are available for countries or cities on a sporadic basis. In other cases, data may be available for only one year. From a Bayesian perspective, these observations should be given greatest weight in estimating missing years. Assuming that other factors are held constant, the missing years are extrapolated using changes and growth in aggregate national income. Based on the overriding philosophy of a long-run consumption function (defined earlier), cities which have missing data for any given year, are estimated based on historical dynamics of aggregate income for that country.
Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation
Given the data available from the first three steps, the latent demand is estimated using a “varying-parameter cross-sectionally pooled time series model”. Simply stated, the effect of income on latent demand is assumed to be constant across cities unless there is empirical evidence to suggest that this effect varies (i.e., the slope of the income effect is not necessarily same for all countries). This assumption applies across cities along the aggregate consumption function, but also over time (i.e., not all cities are perceived to have the same income growth prospects over time and this effect can vary from city to city as well). Another way of looking at this is to say that latent demand for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather is more likely to be similar across cities that have similar characteristics in terms of economic development (i.e., African cities will have similar latent demand structures controlling for the income variation across the pool of African cities).
This approach is useful across cities for which some notion of non-linearity exists in the aggregate consumption function. For some categories, however, the reader must realize that the numbers will reflect a city’s contribution to global latent demand and may never be realized in the form of local sales. For certain category combinations this will result in what at first glance will be odd results. For example, the latent demand for the category “space vehicles” will exist for cities in “Togo” even though they have no space program. The assumption is that if the economies in these countries did not exist, the world aggregate for these categories would be lower. The share attributed to these cities is based on a proportion of their income (however small) being used to consume the category in question (i.e., perhaps via resellers).
Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation
Nonlinearities are assumed in cases where filtered data exist along the aggregate consumption function. Because the world consists of more than 2000 cities, there will always be those cities, especially toward the bottom of the consumption function, where non-linear estimation is simply not possible. For these cities, equilibrium latent demand is assumed to be perfectly parametric and not a function of wealth (i.e., a city’s stock of income), but a function of current income (a city’s flow of income). In the long run, if a city has no current income, the latent demand for top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather is assumed to approach zero. The assumption is that wealth stocks fall rapidly to zero if flow income falls to zero (i.e., cities which earn low levels of income will not use their savings, in the long run, to demand top grain and machine buff upholstery leather made from full-grain and grain-split cattle hide and kip side excluding offal and welting leather). In a graphical sense, for low income cities, latent demand approaches zero in a parametric linear fashion with a zero-zero intercept. In this stage of the estimation procedure, low-income cities are assumed to have a latent demand proportional to their income, based on the city closest to it on the aggregate consumption function.
Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking
Based on the models described above, latent demand figures are estimated for all cities of the world, including for the smallest economies. These are then aggregated to get world totals and regional totals. To make the numbers more meaningful, regional and global demand averages are presented. Figures are rounded, so minor inconsistencies may exist across tables.
1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLOGY 11
1.1 Overview and Definitions 11
1.2 Market Potential Estimation Methodology 11
1.2.1 Overview 11
1.2.2 What is Latent Demand and the P.I.E.? 12
1.2.3 The Methodology 12
1.2.3.1 Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection 14
1.2.3.2 Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing 15
1.2.3.3 Step 3. Filling in Missing Values 15
1.2.3.4 Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation 16
1.2.3.5 Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation 16
1.2.3.6 Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking 17
2 USING THE DATA 18
3 CITY SEGMENTS RANKED BY MARKET SIZE 19
3.1 Top 15 Markets 19
3.2 Markets 16 to 30 20
3.3 Remaining Cities by Market Rank 21
4 CITY SEGMENTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER 124
4.1 A: from Aalborg to Az Zawiyah 124
4.2 B: from Bacolod to Bydgoszcz 131
4.3 C: from Caaguazu to Cyangugu 139
4.4 D: from Da Nang to Dzhizak 147
4.5 E: from East London to Esteli 151
4.6 F: from Fagatogo to Funchal 153
4.7 G: from Gabes to Gyumri 156
4.8 H: from Hachinohe to Hyderabad 160
4.9 I: from Iasi to Izmir 164
4.10 J: from Jaboatao to Jyvaskyla 167
4.11 K: from Kabul to Kzyl-Orda 170
4.12 L: from La Ceiba to Lyon 178
4.13 M: from Macae to Mzuzu 184
4.14 N: from Nacala to Nzerekore 194
4.15 O: from Oaklahoma City to Oyem 199
4.16 Ö: from Örebro to Örebro 201
4.17 P: from Pago Pago to Pyuthan 202
4.18 Q: from Qandahar to Quito 209
4.19 R: from Rabat to Rustavi 210
4.20 S: from S. Luis Potosi to Szombathely 213
4.21 T: from Tabligbo to Tyre 225
4.22 U: from Uberaba to Utulei 232
4.23 V: from Vacoas-Phoenix to Vukovar 234
4.24 W: from Wadi Medani to Wuhan 237
4.25 X: from Xalapa to Xian 238
4.26 Y: from Yamagata to Yungkang 239
4.27 Z: from Zadar to Zvishavane 240
5 CITY SEGMENTS RANKED BY COUNTRY 241
5.1 Afghanistan 241
5.2 Albania 241
5.3 Algeria 242
5.4 American Samoa 242
5.5 Andorra 243
5.6 Angola 243
5.7 Antigua and Barbuda 243
5.8 Argentina 244
5.9 Armenia 245
5.10 Aruba 245
5.11 Australia 246
5.12 Austria 246
5.13 Azerbaijan 247
5.14 Bahrain 247
5.15 Bangladesh 248
5.16 Barbados 248
5.17 Belarus 249
5.18 Belgium 249
5.19 Belize 250
5.20 Benin 250
5.21 Bermuda 250
5.22 Bhutan 251
5.23 Bolivia 251
5.24 Bosnia and Herzegovina 252
5.25 Botswana 252
5.26 Brazil 253
5.27 Brunei 258
5.28 Bulgaria 258
5.29 Burkina Faso 259
5.30 Burma 259
5.31 Burundi 259
5.32 Cambodia 260
5.33 Cameroon 260
5.34 Canada 261
5.35 Cape Verde 261
5.36 Central African Republic 262
5.37 Chad 262
5.38 Chile 263
5.39 China 263
5.40 Christmas Island 264
5.41 Colombia 264
5.42 Comoros 265
5.43 Congo (formerly Zaire) 265
5.44 Cook Islands 265
5.45 Costa Rica 266
5.46 Cote dIvoire 266
5.47 Croatia 267
5.48 Cuba 267
5.49 Cyprus 268
5.50 Czech Republic 268
5.51 Denmark 269
5.52 Djibouti 269
5.53 Dominica 270
5.54 Dominican Republic 270
5.55 Ecuador 271
5.56 Egypt 271
5.57 El Salvador 272
5.58 Equatorial Guinea 272
5.59 Estonia 272
5.60 Ethiopia 273
5.61 Fiji 273
5.62 Finland 274
5.63 France 274
5.64 French Guiana 275
5.65 French Polynesia 275
5.66 Gabon 275
5.67 Georgia 276
5.68 Germany 276
5.69 Ghana 277
5.70 Greece 277
5.71 Greenland 278
5.72 Grenada 278
5.73 Guadeloupe 279
5.74 Guam 279
5.75 Guatemala 280
5.76 Guinea 280
5.77 Guinea-Bissau 280
5.78 Guyana 281
5.79 Haiti 281
5.80 Honduras 282
5.81 Hong Kong 282
5.82 Hungary 283
5.83 Iceland 283
5.84 India 284
5.85 Indonesia 285
5.86 Iran 286
5.87 Iraq 286
5.88 Ireland 287
5.89 Israel 287
5.90 Italy 288
5.91 Jamaica 288
5.92 Japan 289
5.93 Jordan 292
5.94 Kazakhstan 292
5.95 Kenya 293
5.96 Kiribati 293
5.97 Kuwait 293
5.98 Kyrgyzstan 294
5.99 Laos 294
5.100 Latvia 294
5.101 Lebanon 295
5.102 Lesotho 295
5.103 Liberia 295
5.104 Libya 296
5.105 Liechtenstein 296
5.106 Lithuania 297
5.107 Luxembourg 297
5.108 Macau 297
5.109 Madagascar 298
5.110 Malawi 298
5.111 Malaysia 299
5.112 Maldives 299
5.113 Mali 300
5.114 Malta 300
5.115 Marshall Islands 300
5.116 Martinique 301
5.117 Mauritania 301
5.118 Mauritius 302
5.119 Mexico 303
5.120 Micronesia Federation 304
5.121 Moldova 304
5.122 Monaco 304
5.123 Mongolia 305
5.124 Morocco 305
5.125 Mozambique 306
5.126 Namibia 306
5.127 Nauru 306
5.128 Nepal 307
5.129 New Caledonia 307
5.130 New Zealand 308
5.131 Nicaragua 308
5.132 Niger 309
5.133 Nigeria 309
5.134 Niue 310
5.135 Norfolk Island 310
5.136 North Korea 310
5.137 Norway 311
5.138 Oman 311
5.139 Pakistan 312
5.140 Palau 312
5.141 Palestine 312
5.142 Panama 313
5.143 Papua New Guinea 313
5.144 Paraguay 314
5.145 Peru 314
5.146 Philippines 315
5.147 Poland 316
5.148 Portugal 316
5.149 Puerto Rico 317
5.150 Qatar 317
5.151 Republic of Congo 318
5.152 Reunion 318
5.153 Romania 319
5.154 Russia 319
5.155 Rwanda 320
5.156 San Marino 320
5.157 Sao Tome E Principe 320
5.158 Saudi Arabia 321
5.159 Senegal 321
5.160 Seychelles 322
5.161 Sierra Leone 322
5.162 Singapore 322
5.163 Slovakia 323
5.164 Slovenia 323
5.165 Solomon Islands 323
5.166 Somalia 324
5.167 South Africa 324
5.168 South Korea 325
5.169 Spain 325
5.170 Sri Lanka 326
5.171 St. Kitts and Nevis 326
5.172 St. Lucia 326
5.173 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 327
5.174 Sudan 327
5.175 Suriname 327
5.176 Swaziland 328
5.177 Sweden 328
5.178 Switzerland 329
5.179 Syrian Arab Republic 329
5.180 Taiwan 330
5.181 Tajikistan 331
5.182 Tanzania 331
5.183 Thailand 332
5.184 The Bahamas 332
5.185 The British Virgin Islands 332
5.186 The Cayman Islands 333
5.187 The Falkland Islands 333
5.188 The Gambia 333
5.189 The Netherlands 334
5.190 The Netherlands Antilles 334
5.191 The Northern Mariana Island 334
5.192 The U.S. Virgin Islands 335
5.193 The United Arab Emirates 335
5.194 The United Kingdom 336
5.195 The United States 337
5.196 Togo 338
5.197 Tokelau 338
5.198 Tonga 339
5.199 Trinidad and Tobago 339
5.200 Tunisia 339
5.201 Turkey 340
5.202 Turkmenistan 340
5.203 Tuvalu 341
5.204 Uganda 341
5.205 Ukraine 342
5.206 Uruguay 342
5.207 Uzbekistan 343
5.208 Vanuatu 343
5.209 Venezuela 344
5.210 Vietnam 345
5.211 Wallis and Futuna 345
5.212 Western Sahara 345
5.213 Western Samoa 346
5.214 Yemen 346
5.215 Zambia 346
5.216 Zimbabwe 347
6 DISCLAIMERS, WARRANTEES, AND USER AGREEMENT PROVISIONS 348
6.1 Disclaimers & Safe Harbor 348
6.2 ICON Group International, Inc. User Agreement Provisions 349
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