Contents:

Chapter 1 Background 9 Summary 9 Introduction 10 Definitions 11 Problems for pharma companies 12 Drug development costs 13 R & D productivity 14 Drug development times 18 Patent expiry 18 Adverse effects 18 Changes in biotech companies 19 The Human Genome Project 21 Update: announcement of Human Genome Project Working Draft publication 22 Genomics 23 Genetic variation - SNPs 24 The SNP Consortium 27 Update: announcement of Human Genome Project Working Draft publication 29 The market drivers 30 Chapter 2 Pharmacogenomics – a Solution 33 Summary 33 Definition 33 The advantages of pharmacogenomics 35 Advances in technology 36 Personalised medicines 37 Diagnostics 40 Drug discovery 44 Clinical trials 45 Drug rescue 47 Drug metabolism 48 Clinical applications 51 Cancer 52 Cardiovascular disease 53 Metabolic disorders 54 Neurological disorders 55 Respiratory disease 56 Infectious disease 57 Clinical practice 57 Ethical implications 58 Regulatory issues 59 Chapter 3 Technologies and Advances 63 Summary 63 Classical technologies 63 Limitations of classical technologies 63 Genetic linkage maps 64 DNA markers 65 Physical maps 66 High-resolution physical maps 67 Full sequencing 68 Automation 69 PCR 70 Electrophoresis 71 Rolling circle amplification 72 Microarrays and DNA chips 73 Mass spectrometry 75 Finding disease genes 77 Bioinformatics 78 Databases 82 LIMS 84 The importance of technologies 85 Chapter 4 Market Issues 89 Summary 89 Venture capital 90 Regulatory impacts on pharma 92 Impact on disease management 93 Impact on drug discovery 96 Cost 101 Competition 102 Patents 104 Impact on revenues 105 Business strategies 108 Corporate alliances 110 Product portfolio 111 Impact on clinical trials 111 Projected markets 115 Diagnostic testing 115 New markets from genetic testing 116 Personalised medicines 117 Unmet clinical needs 117 Future trends 118 Markets by therapeutic area 122 Pharmacogenomics companies 124 CuraGen, Inc. 124 General 124 Technologies 125 Strategy 125 Collaborations 126 deCODE Genetics 127 General 127 Technology and products 127 Genaissance Pharmaceuticals 129 General 129 Strategy 129 Technology 129 Collaborations 130 Genset 131 General 131 Technology 131 Applications 132 Collaborations 132 Human Genome Sciences 134 General 134 Technology 135 Strategy 136 Collaborations 136 Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 137 General 137 Technologies and products 138 Collaborations 139 Myriad Genetics, Inc. 141 General 141 Technology 141 Strategy 142 News 142 Collaborations 143 PPGx, Inc. (Axys Pharmaceuticals/PPD Inc) 143 General 143 Technologies and products 144 News and collaborations 146 Variagenics, Inc. 146 General 146 Technology 147 Collaborations 147 Pharmaceutical companies active in the pharmacogenomics arena 148 Abbott Laboratories 148 Snapshot 148 AstraZeneca 148 Snapshot 148 Bristol-Myers Squibb 149 Snapshot 149 Glaxo Wellcome 149 Snapshot 150 Johnson & Johnson 151 Snapshot 151 Merck 151 Snapshot 151 Novartis 152 Snapshot 152 Pharmacia Corp 152 Snapshot 152 F Hoffman-La Roche 153 Snapshot 153 Schering-Plough 153 Snapshot 153 SmithKline Beecham 154 Snapshot 154 Diagnostic tools companies 155 Affymetrix Inc 155 General 155 Strategy 155 Products 155 Technology 156 Collaborators 156 Amersham Pharmacia Biotech 158 General 158 Technologies 159 Access and collaboration 160 Aurora Biosciences 161 General 161 Technology and products 161 Collaborations 162 Hyseq, Inc. 163 General 163 Technology 163 Strategy 164 GeneSolutions Inc. 164 Collaborations 164 PE Biosystems Group 165 General 165 Technology 165 Collaborations 167 Sequenom 167 General 167 Technology 168 Collaborations 168 Visible Genetics, Inc . 169 General 169 Technology 169 News 170 Index 171