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Vietnam Freight Transport Report Q4 2010
Business Monitor International, Aug 2010, Pages: 32
Vietnam Freight Transport Report provides industry professionals and strategists, corporate analysts, freight transportation associations, government departments and regulatory bodies with independent forecasts and competitive intelligence on Vietnam's freight transportation industry.
In January 2007, Vietnam officially joined the World Trade Organisation (WTO), an event seen as an important milestone in the country's closer integration into the global economy. WTO membership has helped boost Vietnam's international trade and develop its freight transport capabilities.
Road transport is the most advanced in terms of freight sector privatisation and is the dominant mode for freight, with a market share of around 60% of domestic cargo. There are over 1,050 enterprises registered in the road transport business, which include 16 state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 233 limited liability companies, 350 private companies and 450 joint stock companies. Very few foreign-invested companies are present.
Most road transport companies are of small or medium size, and each company, on average, owns about 50 vehicles. In addition, tens of thousands of individual household businesses exist that operate informally in the road freight sector, and are thus difficult to account for and monitor.
Vietnam has a national road network of some 222,179km. Of this, only 42,167km, or 19%, is paved. In addition, recent surveys indicate that approximately 40% of the network is in poor to very poor condition and will require substantial investment even to reach a maintainable condition. The quality of Vietnam's road infrastructure was judged by the World Economic Forum (WEF) to be poor and was ranked 102 out 133 nations surveyed in the WEF 2010 Global Competitiveness Report.
Vietnam's railway transport sector has only one operator, the Vietnam Railway Corporation (VRC), established by law in April 2003 as a state corporation operating railway transport and related services. The government has announced plans to separate the management of rail infrastructure from passenger and cargo services. Vietnam's rail network totals 2,600km (excluding sidings). The network is mixedgauge, comprising 2,169km of 1.000m gauge and 178km of 1.435m gauge. The network has 1,790 bridges totalling 45km and 11.5km of tunnels. The principal axis is Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City (1,726km).
Other lines emanating from Hanoi are to Hai Phong (102km), Lao Cai (296km) and Dong Dang (162km). Railway infrastructure in Vietnam was ranked 58 out of 114 by the WEF.
There are two principal airlines operating in Vietnam: Vietnam Airlines and Pacific Airlines. Both are majority state owned, although Australia's Qantas is now a minority shareholder in Pacific Airlines. The government has announced plans to build the country's largest airport at Long Thanh in the southern province of Dong Nai, at an estimated cost of US$8bn. The authorities also plan to expand Noi Bai International airport in Hanoi. The three major airports handling freight are located at Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi and Da Nang, each of which have international connecting flights. Minor airports such as Cat Bi at Haiphong are generally used for domestic flights to the three larger hubs. In 2010, Vietnam's air transport infrastructure was ranked 84/ 133 nations by the WEF.
UNCTAD shipping fleet statistics indicate that by the end of 2007, Vietnam had 387 commerical vessels with a total capacity of 3.14mn DWT and ranked 28th out of 162 countries around the world (but fourth in ASEAN after Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand). The average vessel size is 2,650DWT.
Vietnam's fleet structure lacks specialised container vessels, bulk cargo ships, large oil and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tankers. Multi-function ships and bulk cargo ships account for 87% in number and 63% in tonnage, and container ships account for only 2.2% in number and 9% in tonnage. The largest local operator is the Vietnam National Shipping Lines (Vinalines).
Vietnam's dense river and canal network provides the country with a highly developed inland waterway system. This is the second-largest sub-sector involved in domestic cargo transport, accounting for 25-30% of total transport volumes. Currently, the inland waterway transport sub-sector is managed by two state corporations affiliated to the Ministry of Transport, one SOE affiliated to the Vietnam Inland Waterway Authority, and some enterprises managed by other ministries, operating in support of the power generation, cement and paper industries. In addition, there are about 230 co-operatives and hundreds of inland waterway transport enterprises in the country.
Vietnam's seaport network comprises many small- and medium-sized entities, with inefficient distribution. Most big ports are located far inside rivers, like Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City, with limited depth at the entrance. Some ports are located in big cities, thus making it difficult to connect with other modes of transport for cargo transfer from and to ports, due to traffic congestion. Except for several new ports or upgraded ports, most ports have been operating for many years, lack investment and are seriously degraded.
The loading and unloading equipment in some ports is obsolete, leading to low productivity. The average productivity of a Vietnamese port is only 2,500 tonnes/m per wharf, or 40-50% of productivity of other ports in the region.
Though a series of new port investments are expected to see conditions gradually improve during the next few years, for the time-being the quality of Vietnam's port infrastructure is judged to be poor and was ranked 99 out of 133 nations by the WEF.
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