OECD Territorial Reviews: NORA Region 2011: The Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland and Coastal Norway
OECD Publishing, March 2011, Pages: 268
The North Atlantic (NORA) region is a transnational area comprising the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, and the coastal counties of Norway. These territories are linked by shared characteristics and challenges, as well as by historical, institutional and cultural links. Improving accessibility to the region, ensuring sustainable development of its fisheries, enlarging and diversifying its economic base, and meeting the challenges of climate change are key issues. Strengthened regional co-operation can help these territories address them by exchanging know-how and best practices, pooling resources and reaching economies of scale, improving the efficiency of public sector provision, and increasing the “voice” of the region.
However, transnational co-operation in the NORA region faces some barriers, as it involves territories that compete in their main economic activities, are separated by large distances, and have strong institutional and economic links with other countries and regions. In order to get the most from transnational co-operation, this report recommends that the NORA territories: focus co-operation efforts on targeted themes and issues; draw up a regional development strategy; promote greater awareness of the benefits of co-operation; develop a “variable geometry” approach to regional co-operation; and enlarge and refine the role of the NORA institution as a facilitator of co-operation.
Assessment and Recommendations
Chapter 1. Major trends, challenges and strengths of the NORA region
Introduction: defining the unit of analysis
1.1. Major socio-economic trends
1.2. Main challenges for the region
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Annex 1.A1
Chapter 2. Policies supporting a sustainable, competitive economy in the NORA region
Introduction
2.1. Addressing the peripherality challenge
2.2. The future of the fishing industry
2.3. Economic diversification and innovation in the NORA region
2.4. Meeting the climate change challenge
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter 3. Governance and co-operation in the NORA region
Introduction
3.1. Territorial co-operation: an ongoing reality in the NORA region
3.2. Benefits and challenges of territorial co-operation
3.3. Opportunities for co-operation
3.4. Maximising the contribution of territorial co-operation within the NORA region
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Tables
Table 1.1. Basic demographic figures for the NORA region
Table 1.2. Determinants of national population dynamics
Table 1.3. Concentration of population in the NORA region
Table 1.4. Total number and main destination of emigration
Table 1.5. Changes in population in the typical student age range
Table 1.6. GVA by economic sector, NORA territories
Table 1.7. Key fishery figures, 2008
Table 1.8. Trade balance, NORA territories
Table 1.9. Share of exports and imports by country of origin/destination
Table 1.10. Socio-economic indicators, NORA region
Table 1.11. International air connections in the Faroe Islands and Greenland
Table 2.1. Share of fisheries and fish processing in total employment
Table 2.2. Key species 2008 or latest available figures
Table 2.3. Strengths, weaknesses, threats, opportunities, and success factors for regional innovation agencies (RIAs)
Table 2.4. IPCC emissions scenarios
Table 2.5. Summary of the projected temperature increases in NORA territories 2071-2100 relative to 1961-90
Figures
Figure 1.1. Map of the NORA region
Figure 1.2. Birth rate, death rate and natural population increase, 2007
Figure 1.3. Youth and old-age dependency ratios, NORA territories, OECD and Nordic countries
Figure 1.4. Old-age dependency rate by size of settlement in NORA territories
Figure 1.5. Employment in fisheries, NORA region, 2005
Figure 1.6. Historical sea-fish landings in NORA territories
Figure 1.7. GDP per capita at current prices in PPP
Figure 1.8. Real GDP per capita growth in the NORA territories
Figure 1.9. Trade turnover to GDP ratios, OECD and the NORA region
Figure 1.10. Terms of trade
Figure 1.11. Population aged 25-64 with at least upper secondary education attainment
Figure 1.12. Internet subscribers in the NORA region and selected OECD countries
Figure 1.13. Diversification of rural economies and GDP per capita
Figure 1.A1. Employment by major industries in the NORA territories
Figure 2.1. Fertility rates in the NORA region and Nordic countries
Figure 2.2. Current and future sea routes around the Arctic basin
Boxes
Box 1.1. Migration and the fishing industry in the Faroe Islands and Iceland
Box 1.2. Public sector companies in the Faroe Islands and Greenland
Box 1.3. The aluminium industry in Greenland and Iceland
Box 1.4. Cruise tourism in the NORA region
Box 1.5. Command GDP
Box 1.6. The University of Tromsø
Box 1.7. Transport infrastructure in NORA territories
Box 2.1. Development challenges in predominantly rural OECD regions
Box 2.2. Atlantic Population Table
Box 2.3. Export base models
Box 2.4. Resettlement in Newfoundland and Labrador (Canada)
Box 2.5. Rural communities, youth migration and economic decline
Box 2.6. E-health in Norrbotten county, Sweden
Box 2.7. Spreading the use of ICTs in rural areas
Box 2.8. Scotland's Route Development Fund
Box 2.9. Examples of structural adjustments of fishing fleets in OECD countries
Box 2.10. Supporting the rationalisation of the fishing sector
Box 2.11. Output- and effort-based fisheries management systems
Box 2.12. Transferability of fishing rights in NORA territories
Box 2.13. Key regional fisheries management organisations in the NORA region
Box 2.14. Co-operation on shared stocks
Box 2.15. Energy management solutions: Marorka
Box 2.16. Development of new technologies with applications in the fishing industry
Box 2.17. Opportunities for farming new fish species
Box 2.18. Competences in energy research in coastal Norway
Box 2.19. Hydrogen plant for storage of renewable energy in Greenland
Box 2.20. Stabilisation funds in Chile and Norway
Box 2.21. Innovative use of marine products: Acadian Seaplants Limited
Box 2.22. Spring water from Greenland
Box 2.23. Gros Morne Institute for Sustainable Tourism
Box 2.24. ICT applications can take advantage of the climate of the Far North
Box 2.25. The Bitland initiative in the Faroe Islands
Box 2.26. The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)
Box 2.27. Return of students to remote areas in Australia
Box 2.28. The Globalscot Network
Box 2.29. The Greenland Education Programme
Box 2.30. Supporting entrepreneurship: IMPRA
Box 2.31. Women into Business Scotland
Box 2.32. The dominant role of the public sector and private sector challenges in the Faroe Islands and Greenland
Box 2.33. The South of Scotland Innovation System Initiative
Box 2.34. Changes in fish migration
Box 2.35. Climate change and reindeer herding
Box 3.1. Specialised Nordic institutions under the auspices of the Nordic Council of Ministers
Box 3.2. NORA projects 1
Box 3.3. Relations of the Faroe Islands and Greenland with the EU
Box 3.4. The Northern Periphery Programme, NPP
Box 3.5. Norwegian involvement in Euroregions
Box 3.6. EU Baltic Sea Strategy
Box 3.7. The cruise islands of the North Atlantic partners
Box 3.8. The UNU Fisheries Training programme
Box 3.9. North Atlantic Tourism Association
Box 3.10. The South Pacific Tourism Organisation
Box 3.11. University of the Arctic
Box 3.12. NORA conferences on climate change and demographic challenges
Box 3.13. The Arctic Transform Group
Box 3.14. Pan Yellow Sea region
Box 3.15. North Atlantic Knowledge Network
Box 3.16. Co-operation by NORA territories and Russia: the Northern Dimension and the Barents Secretariat 8
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