Green Society and Information and Communications Technologies: Comparative Analysis
PracTel Inc, October 2011
The environmental impact of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) under the banner of “Green ICT” has started being discussed by academia, media, industry and government. Currently, 3 %-4% of the world-wide energy is consumed by the ICT infrastructure (approximately, 1.5%-2% by wireless), which causes about 2 % of the world-wide CO2 emissions (which is comparable to the world-wide CO2 emissions by airplanes or one quarter of the world-wide CO2 emissions by cars). If this energy consumption is doubled every five years, serious problems may arise. Therefore, lowering energy consumption of ICT systems is demanding greater attention - for many companies, the electricity expense from powering ICT systems is greater than that of the actual hardware over the equipment’s useful life.
The industry already takes this issue seriously. For example, the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions has published three standards used to determine telecommunication equipment’s energy efficiency. The standards introduce the Telecommunications Energy Efficiency Ratio, or “TEER,” as a measure of network-element efficiency. The standards provide a comprehensive methodology for measuring and reporting energy consumption, and uniformly quantify a network component’s ratio of “work performed” to energy consumed.
This report concentrates on recent advances in the development of power consumption- conscious ICT, including:
-The IEEE 2030 standard
-The IEEE 802.3az standard
-ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 technology
-UWB technology
-Bluetooth technology
-The IEEE 802.11 standards.
The analysis of selected technologies, their specifics, markets and applications as well as the status of the industry is included. The report also analyzes the status of self-powered techniques for WICT together with their applications, market and vendors’ activity.
This report is important to a wide population of researches, technical and sales staff involved in the developing of “green” ICT services and products. It is recommended for both service providers and vendors that are working with related technologies. The report also helps to understand issues associated with relationship between “green” ICT and other technologies.
- Introduction
- General
- Scope
- Research Methodology
- Target Audience
- ICT Features: Benefits and Limitations
- General
- Wireless
- Leveraging ICT Features
- Considerations
- Data
- Design
- ICT: Contributors
- 2 ICT Growth
- Strategy
- ICT Applications
- ICT Impact
- 0 Recent Developments
- IEEE 2030
- Status
- Highlights
- Details
- Extensions
- IEEE 8023az
- General
- Current Status
- Details
- Benefits
- Major Driver
- Mechanism
- Objectives
- Components
- Highlights
- Modes
- Industry
- ATIS
- Examples: Verizon and Fujitsu
- Environment and WICT
- Ultra Wideband (UWB) Technology and Market
- Downturn
- General: History
- Benefits
- Definition
- Rates
- Spectrum Allocation
- Power Consumption
- Regulations
- Major Features: Summary
- Standards: UWB
- Multiband OFDM
- DS-UWB
- Groups
- IEEE 802154a - 2007
- ECMA
- WiNET
- EC-ETSI
- Characteristics and Requirements: WSN-UWB
- Market Estimate
- General
- Geographical Segmentation
- Forecast
- Industry
- Alereon (chipsets)
- Camero (radar, equipment for first responders)
- Gefen (Device)
- General Atomics (chipsets)
- Multispectral (Zebra)-Sensors
- Pulse~ Link (chipsets)
- RealTek (IC)
- Sensiotec (Health Care)
- Sigma Designs (Chipsets)
- Time Domain (chipsets-fusion of communications & radar)
- Ubisense (RFID-tracking)
- Veebeam
- Wisair (WUSB-chipsets)
- ZigBee
- General
- Technology
- Major Features
- Device Types
- Protocol Stack
- Physical and MAC Layers – IEEE802154
- Frame
- Upper Layers
- Interoperability
- Security
- Platform Considerations
- Battery Life
- “Green” ZigBee
- ZigBee Smart Energy
- ZigBee Technology Benefits and Limitations
- Organizations
- ZigBee Alliance
- Objectives
- IEEE 802154 and ZigBee
- IEEE 802154 Radio
- Application Specifics - Profiles
- Applications Overview
- General
- Profiles
- Personal, Home and Hospital Care (PHHC) Profile
- Objectives
- Details
- Major Features
- Market
- Segments
- Forecast
- Industry
- Airbee (Software)
- Amber (RF Systems)
- Atmel (Chipsets)
- CEL (modules)
- Cirronet-RFM (Modules)
- Digi (Radio, Medical Application)
- Duolog (Transceivers)
- Dust Networks (ULP)
- Ember (Chipsets)
- Falcom (Modules)
- GreenPeak (Modules)
- Helicomm (Modules)
- Jennic-NXP (Chipsets-Modules)
- Freescale (Chipsets)
- MeshNetics (Atmel Acquired MeshNetics ZigBee Intellectual Properties-February, 2009) (Modules)
- Oki (Chipsets)
- Philips Applied Technologies (Health Care application)
- Renesas (Platforms)
- Silicon Laboratories (Chipsets, Modules)
- Synapse (Module, Protocols)
- TI (Chipsets)
- Bluetooth
- BT Protocol Stack
- Transport layer
- Radio Layer
- Baseband and Link Manager Layers
- Middleware Layer
- Profiles
- Ultra Low Power Profile
- Medical Profile
- IEEE 11073 and BT
- Bluetooth Security
- Highlights
- The Standard:
- The Technology:
- Evolution
- Market Estimate
- BT Industry
- Atheros – (Qualcomm acquired in 2011)
- Bluegiga
- Cambridge Consultants
- Continua
- CSR
- iFoundry-Nestronics
- Laird Technologies
- Libelium
- Nonin
- Polar Electro Oy
- Panasonic
- Stollmann
- TI
- IEEE 80211
- General
- Atmel
- GainSpan
- G2 Microsystems (Acquired by Roving Networks)
- Redpine Signals
- RF Monolithics
- ZeroG (Microchip)
- Comparison
- Green Environment – WICT Power Sources
- Methods
- Batteries
- Power Harvesting Technologies
- Nodes
- Energy Sources
- General
- Solar Energy
- Thermoelectric
- Mechanical
- RF Power
- Summary
- Green Technologies Requirements
- Self-powered Nodes
- Industry
- Vendors
- Conclusions
- Appendix I: ZigBee Pro Major Features
- Appendix II: Requirements-Ultra Low Power Consumption Radio
Considerable research was done using the Internet. Information from various Web sites was studied and analyzed. Evaluation of publicly available marketing and technical publications was conducted. Telephone conversations and interviews were held with industry analysts, technical experts and executives. In addition to these interviews and primary research, secondary sources were used to develop a more complete mosaic of the market landscape, including industry and trade publications, conferences and seminars.
The overriding objective throughout the work has been to provide valid and relevant information. This has led to a continual review and update of the information content
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- EnOcean
- The Company
- EnOcean Alliance
- Standard
- Features
- Drivers
- Details
- Framework
- Generations
- Profiles
- Benefits
- Unions
- Market Estimate
- Industry
- BSC Magnum
- Beckhoff
- Echoflex
- Illumra
- Leviton
- Thermokon
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- GreenPeak
- GreyStone
- JDL
- Jennic (NXP)
- KCF
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- Mide
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- Schneider Electric
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- TI
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