Energy Efficiency Report Ed 1 2012

NRG Expert, March 2012

NRG Expert's Energy Efficiency-The New Fuel Report, Edition 1, 2012 is a study of:

- The policies and incentives for energy efficiency for the power generation, the industrial sector, transportation and the residential or commercial sectors for countries worldwide.
- The report enables the reader to identify the major consumers of energy.
- They include in descending order, energy for power generation, the industrial sector, transportation and the residential or commercial sector.
- Therefore, efforts at reducing energy consumption have focused heavily on these sectors, and high energy consuming processes, products and so on.
- Uptake of the implementation of some energy efficiency devices has been rather slow where significant barriers exist, such as high upfront costs etc.
- In many countries, the uptake of energy efficiency is incentivised. For example, in Canada homeowners are offered grants for energy efficiency improvements under the ecoENERGY Retrofit scheme.

MARKET INTELLIGENCE

With electric generation capacity expected to be constrained in many countries worldwide in the foreseeable future, efforts have been focused on increasing electricity supply and reducing demand. One of the lowest hanging fruits in reducing electricity demand, i.e. the lowest cost, highest benefit ratio, is energy efficiency. Often energy efficient measures and devices will be more cost-effective than the construction of new generation capacity in order to meet demand for electricity. The same principle applies to fuels for energy generation. Where projected rising prices, especially for oil, make energy efficient cars with a low fuel consumption compared to conventional vehicles considerably more attractive for consumers.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Energy efficiency is also expected to be the main mechanism for reducing carbon dioxide emissions worldwide, especially emissions per capita. On a larger scale, energy efficiency will help countries achieve their emission reduction targets under agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol. Companies can also use energy efficiency to meet their targets under schemes such as the UK's Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC).

Definition for Energy Efficiency
Unfortunately, no one definitive definition for energy efficiency exists. A reduction in consumption by
behavioural change is considered as categorised as energy efficient by some and not by others. Although, energy efficiency experts refer to improving energy efficiency as the result of an action that ‘aims at reducing the amount of energy used for a given service e.g. lighting, heating, by the purchase of efficient equipment, retrofitting investment to reduce the consumption of existing buildings and facilities, or avoiding unnecessary consumption of energy'.

Waste Heat Recovery
One area that has attracted a lot of attention is the use of waste heat recovery in the power generation sector, and also the industrial sector. Companies involved in waste heat recovery have attracted significant investor capital. Other areas covered in this report include micro-hybrids in the transportation sector; and automated controls and energy efficient devices such as lighting in the residential and commercial sectors.

This report covers the following areas of energy efficiency and companies involved in these areas, along with other areas of energy efficiency relevant to the sectors:
- Waste heat recovery
- Micro-hybrids
- Automated Monitoring and Targeting (AM&T)
- boiler controls
- Building Management Systems (BMS)
- Data Centres
- Demand Response Management (Demand Management)
- Heating & Cooling
- HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) Controls
- Insulation
- Lighting
- Lighting Daylight Phasing Control & Occupancy Control
- Variable Speed Devices (VSD)
- Voltage Power Optimisation
- Windows & Glass

The Players in the Global Market
Along with small start-ups, the energy efficiency sector is also covered by major players such as Siemens, Panasonic and Honeywell. Many of the big players develop technology in-house; others acquire the technology from start-up companies. This report covers both key start-ups and key players in the sector.

1. Executive Summary

2. Background
Market basket approach
Comprehensive approach
Factorial decomposition approach
Divisia Index approach
Best practice approach

3. Sectors
Power generation
Industrial
Transportation

4. Barriers

5. Products
Power generation
Transportation sector
Commercial, residential and industrial sectors
Automated monitoring and targeting (AM&T)
Boiler controls
Building management systems (BMS)
Demand response management (demand management)
HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) controls
Insulation
Lighting
Lighting daylight phasing control
Lighting occupancy control
Remote energy controls
Variable speed devices (VSD)
Voltage power optimisation
Dryers
Heating and cooling
Windows and glass
Other
Data centres
Multinational companies with multiple energy efficiency products
Energy efficient models of conventional products

6. Financials

7. Government incentives

8. Markets

9. North America policies and status
Canada
Mexico
United States

10. Europe policies and status
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom

11. Asia and Middle East policies and status
Australia
China
India
Israel
Indonesia
Japan
Lebanon
New Zealand
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Thailand
Vietnam

12. South America policies and status
Argentina
Brazil
Colombia
Uruguay

13. Africa policies and status
Algeria
Egypt .
Ethiopia
Ghana
Nigeria
Mozambique
South Africa
Yemen

14. Energy audits

15. Projections

16. Sources

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Top ten and bottom ten countries in terms of energy intensity, 2008
Table 2.2: Primary energy demand by region in the IEA's World Energy Outlook reference scenario, Mtoe
Table 3.1: Economics of electricity
Table 3.2: CHP technologies and markets
Table 3.3: Type of manufacturing industry group
Table 3.4: Regulations on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in the US and EU
Table 3.5: Key differences between PHEVs and BEVs
Table 3.6: Breakdown of energy savings projects installed at the Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Table 4.1: Examples of options for financing energy efficiency equipment
Table 5.1: Ormat's recovered energy generation projects
Table 5.2: Electricity consumption and potential electrical energy savings in the UK service sector
Table 5.3: Comparison of Lemnis Pharox bulbs to existing light bulbs
Table 5.4: Comparison of Lumiette's XCELLUME™ with compact fluorescent lighting
Table 5.5: Comparison of Lumiette's XCELLUME™ with incandescent lighting
Table 5.6: Coolerado air conditioning products
Table 5.7: GE's energy efficient products
Table 7.1: Energy savings targets in European countries
Table 7.2: Energy savings targets in non-European countries
Table 7.3: Subsidies (S) or soft loan (SL) by energy efficiency equipment
Table 7.4: Subsidies (S) or soft loans (SL) by sector
Table 9.1: US tax credits for energy efficient products
Table 9.2: US rules, regulations and policies for energy efficiency
Table 9.3: US financial incentives for energy efficiency
Table 11.1: Selected 11th five year plan energy efficiency targets
Table 11.2: Key policies and initiatives implemented since 2004
Table 14.1: Countries with mandatory energy audits, managers, consumption reporting and energy savings plans
Table 14.2: Energy audits and subsidies in Europe and the rest of the world

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Energy productivity decomposes into multiple components
Figure 2.2: Worldwide energy intensity using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008
Figure 2.3: Worldwide primary energy consumption, Quadrillion Btu, 1980 to 2008
Figure 2.4: Energy intensity by region using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2008
Figure 2.5: Percentage contribution of services, industry and agriculture to the country's GDP in lowincome, middle-income and high-income countries, 1970 to 2001
Figure 2.6: Primary energy consumption by region, Quadrillion Btu, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2008
Figure 2.7: Energy intensity by region using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008
Figure 2.8: Total primary energy consumption of the top ten consuming countries, 1980 to 2008, quadrillion Btu
Figure 2.9: Energy intensity of the top five energy consuming countries using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008
Figure 2.10: Energy intensity of the top six to ten energy consuming countries as of 2008 using market exchange rates, Btu, per USD GDP (2005), 1980 to 2008
Figure 2.11: World primary energy demand by fuel in the IEA's reference scenario
Figure 2.12: Actual and projected energy productivity by region, Billion USD GDP per Quadrillion Btu, 1980 to 2020
Figure 2.13: Forecast of delivered energy demand growth, 2003 to 2020
Figure 2.14: Global CO2 emissions from the consumption of energy, million tonnes, 1980 to 2009
Figure 2.15: World energy-related CO emissions for the IEA's World Energy Outlook 2008 and 2009 scenarios
Figure 2.16: CO2 emissions from the consumption of energy in the top five emitting countries, 1980 to 2009, million tonnes
Figure 2.17: CO2 emissions from the consumption of energy by region, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2009, million tonnes
Figure 2.18: Carbon intensity from the consumption of energy by region, tonnes of CO2 per thousand USD GDP (2005 USD), 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2009
Figure 2.19: Carbon intensity from the consumption of energy for the top five CO2 emitting countries, tonnes of CO2 per thousand USD GDP (2005 USD), 1980 to 2009
Figure 2.20: Global carbon intensity from the consumption of energy, tonnes of CO2 per thousand USD GDP (2005 USD), 1980 to 2009
Figure 2.21: Global carbon emissions per capita, tonnes CO2
Figure 2.22: Global carbon emissions per capita, tonnes CO2 per capita, 1980 to 2009
Figure 2.23: Carbon emissions per capita for the top five carbon emitters, tonnes CO2 per capita, 1980 to 2009
Figure 2.24: Per-capita energy-related CO2 emissions in the IEA's World Energy Outlook reference scenario
Figure 2.25: Change in economic productivity of electricity use: California vs. other 49 states
Figure 2.26: Change in per capita electricity use: California vs. other 49 states
Figure 2.27: Cost Comparison of energy efficiency and electricity investments, average USD cents per kWh
Figure 2.28: Responses to the question ‘How significant are the following in your organisation's energy efficiency decisions?'
Figure 2.29: Responses to the question ‘Which of the following energy efficiency measures has your company/organisation adopted in the last 12 months?'
Figure 2.30: Findings for US major survey on most promising and already deployed technologies for reducing energy use and carbon emissions, % cities
Figure 3.1: Projected increase in energy demand by sector, quadrillion btu, 2005 and 2030
Figure 3.2: Projected world final energy consumption by fuel and sector in the IEA's reference scenario
Figure 3.3: Global electricity generation based on gross output, TWh, 1990 to 2010
Figure 3.4: Natural gas prices, USD per million Btu, 1984 to 2010
Figure 3.5: Coal prices, USD per tonne, 1987 to 2010
Figure 3.6: Gross output in the top five generating countries and the rest of world, TWh, 1990 to 2010
Figure 3.7: Breakdown of energy use by individual energy users in the industrial sector
Figure 3.8: Average industrial electricity prices in the European Union, EUR per kWh, 2005 to 2007
Figure 3.9: Average industrial gas prices in the European Union, EUR per Gigajoule, 2005 to 2007
Figure 3.10: Energy consumption by industrial sector, quadrillion btu, 2005 and 2030
Figure 3.11: Industry energy-related CO2 emissions by sub-sector in the IEA's World Energy Outlook reference scenario
Figure 3.12: Crude oil spot prices, USD per barrel, 1972 to 2010
Figure 3.13: Energy efficiency improvements in the transportation sector
Figure 3.14: Comparison of different electric power train configurations
Figure 3.15: Projected personal versus commercial energy consumption by the transportation, million oil equivalent barrels per day, 2005 and 2030
Figure 3.16: Projected vehicle penetration in China, OECD Europe and the United States, million, 2005 and 2030
Figure 3.17: Passenger light-duty vehicle fleet and ownership rates in key regions in the IEA reference scenario
Figure 3.18: Average CO2 intensity of new light-duty vehicles by region in the IEA reference scenario
Figure 3.19: Breakdown of energy use by individual energy users in the commercial sector
Figure 3.20: Breakdown of energy use by individual energy users in the residential sector
Figure 3.21: Average residential electricity prices in the European Union, EUR per kWh, 2005 to 2007
Figure 3.22: Average domestic electricity prices in the European Union, EUR per Gigajoule, 2005 to 2007
Figure 3.23: End use electricity prices for households, USD per kWh, 2001 to 2009
Figure 3.24: US building energy end use splits, % of total end use, 2010 and 2020
Figure 3.25: Break down of cost sources for the average US electricity bill
Figure 3.26: US energy-efficiency supply curve to 2020
Figure 3.27: Portfolio representing cost, experience and potential of clusters possible with specified solution strategies
Figure 3.28: Residential energy use for OECD and non-OECD countries, million btus per household, 2005 and 2030
Figure 4.1: Energy services agreement
Figure 5.1: Typical conventional central generation power plant
Figure 5.2: Typical co-generation ‘combined heat and power' plant
Figure 5.3: Echogen Power Systems' ScCO2 Power Generating Cycle 200kWe - 300kWe (net) Heat Engine System
Figure 5.4: Organic Rankine Cycle
Figure 5.5: Waste heat recovery
Figure 5.6: Ecomotors' opposition-piston opposed-cylinder engine
Figure 5.7: Illustrative cost/benefit to implement hybridisation technologies
Figure 5.8: XL Hybrid technology
Figure 5.9: Energy harvesting wireless sensor solution from EnOcean
Figure 5.10: Energy harvesting wireless sensor network
Figure 5.11: PassivSystems products
Figure 5.12: eMonitorTM c-Series system .
Figure 5.13: BuildingIQ in action
Figure 5.14: Cost savings and CO2 savings for different energy efficient and renewable technologies
Figure 5.15: Average project payback time for different energy efficient building products in years
Figure 5.16: SD250 model
Figure 5.17: SD10 model
Figure 5.18: S1 model
Figure 5.19: EcoFit module
Figure 5.20: Encelium Energy Control System™ (ECS™)
Figure 5.21: Redwood Systems lighting platform
Figure 5.22: Tenrehte Technologies' PICOwatt® device
Figure 5.23: Modlet
Figure 5.24: Calmac's ICEBANK®
Figure 5.25: How the Coolerado works
Figure 5.26: Ice Bear system
Figure 5.27: Snapshot of the GridConnect dashboard
Figure 6.1: Global total new investment in clean energy, USD billion, 2005 to 2010
Figure 6.2: Investment by country in the G-20, USD billion, 2010
Figure 6.3: Investment by country and sector, USD billion, 2010
Figure 7.1: Total stimulus funding to date by technology, USD billion, 2010
Figure 7.2: Global stimulus funding and spending on clean energy, USD billion, 2009 to 2013
Figure 7.3: Clean stimulus funds spent and remaining at the end of 2010, USD billion
Figure 8.1: Percentage of companies in the Siemens' survey that confirm that over half of their business equipment is energy efficient
Figure 8.2: Percentage of companies in Siemens survey delaying further investment in energy efficient equipment on funding grounds
Figure 9.1: State energy budgets for alternative energy as of March 2011, % and USD million
Figure 9.2: Breakdown of funding for clean energy through the State Energy Program (SEP) by US census region, USD million
Figure 9.3: State Energy Program (SEP) funding for energy efficiency in building by sector, USD million
Figure 9.4: Energy savings and vehicle greenhouse gas emissions avoided through the US ENERGY STAR programme
Figure 9.5: Energy efficiency resources standards in the US, March 2011
Figure 9.6: Utility customer funded budgets for energy efficiency projects in 2010 and estimated for 2020
Figure 9.7: Historical and projected energy use and CO2 per unit GDP and energy use per capita in the US, 1980 to 2035
Figure 11.1: Zone and building codes in China
Figure 11.2: Growth of green buildings in India, 2002 to 2009
Figure 15.1: Global energy use per GDP, actual and Exxon projection, million Btu per thousand USD of GDP (2005 USD)
Figure 15.2: Projected energy demand until 2030 for a 1.2% efficiency gains scenario and no efficiency gains scenario, quadrillion btu
Figure 15.3: Abatement measures anticipated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the 450 scenario level by 2030, Gt, 2007 to 2030

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