Aircraft Systems Integration of Air-Launched Weapons. Aerospace Series
John Wiley and Sons Ltd, April 2013, Pages: 260
From the earliest days of aviation where the pilot would drop simple bombs by hand, to the highly agile, stealthy aircraft of today that can deliver smart ordnance with extreme accuracy, engineers have striven to develop the capability to deliver weapons against targets reliably, safely and with precision.
Aircraft Systems Integration of Air-Launched Weapons introduces the various aspects of weapons integration, primarily from the aircraft systems integration viewpoint, but also considers key parts of the weapon and the desired interactions with the aircraft required for successful target engagement.
Key features:
- Addresses the broad range of subjects that relate directly to the systems integration of air-launched weapons with aircraft, such as the integration process, system and subsystem architectures, the essential contribution that open, international standards have on improving interoperability and reducing integration costs and timescales
- Describes the recent history of how industry and bodies such as NATO have driven the need for greater interoperability between weapons and aircraft and worked to reduce the cost and timescales associated with the systems integration of complex air-launched weapons with aircraft
- Explores future initiatives and technologies relating to the reduction of systems integration costs and timescales
The systems integration of air-launched weapons with aircraft requires a multi-disciplinary set of engineering capabilities. As a typical weapons integration life-cycle spans several years, new engineers have to learn the skills required by on-the-job training and working with experienced weapons integrators. Aircraft Systems Integration of Air-Launched Weapons augments hands-on experience, thereby enabling the development of subject matter expertise more quickly and in a broader context than would be achieved by working through the life-cycle on one specific project. This book also serves as a useful revision source for experienced engineers in the field.
Preface
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Weapons Integration
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chapter Summaries
1.2.1 The Systems Integration Process
1.2.2 Stores Management System Design
1.2.3 The Global Positioning System
1.2.4 Weapon Initialisation and Targeting
1.2.5 The Role of Standardisation in Weapons Integration
1.2.6 Interface Management
1.2.7 A Weapons Integration Scenario
1.2.8 ‘Plug and Play’ Weapons Integration
1.2.9 Weaponised Unmanned Air Systems
1.2.10 Reducing the Cost of Weapons Integration
1.3 Weapons
1.3.1 Types of Weapon
1.3.2 Targets
1.3.3 Weapon Requirements
1.3.4 Lethality
1.3.4.1 Warheads
1.3.4.2 Fuzes
1.3.5 Precision
1.3.5.1 Sensors
1.3.5.2 Control Systems
1.3.6 Stand-off Range
1.3.7 Typical Weapon Configurations
1.3.8 Implications for the Launch Aircraft
1.4 Carriage Systems
1.4.1 Mechanical Attachments
1.4.2 Downward Ejection
1.4.3 Forward Firing
1.4.4 Multi-weapon Carriage Systems
1.5 Further Reading
Chapter 2 - An Introduction to the Integration Process
2.1 Chapter Summary
2.2 Introduction
2.3 The V-Diagram
2.4 Responsibilities
2.5 Safety
2.6 The Use of Requirements Management Tools in the Systems Engineering Process
2.7 Weapons Integration Requirements Capture
2.8 The Need for Unambiguous, Clear, and Appropriate Requirements
2.9 Minimising Requirements
2.10 Further Reading
Chapter 3 - Requirements Analysis and Partitioning Implementation in Aircraft Subsystems
3.1 Chapter Summary
3.2 Introduction
3.3 System Architecture
3.4 Requirements Decomposition
3.5 Requirements Partitioning
3.6 Subsystem Implementation
3.7 Maturity Reviews
3.8 Right-hand Side of the V-Diagram
3.9 Proving Methods
3.10 Integration
3.11 Verification
3.12 Validation
3.13 The Safety Case and Certification
3.14 Further Reading
Chapter 4 – Armament Control System and Global Positioning System Design Issues
4.1 Chapter Summary
4.2 Stores Management System Design
4.2.1 SMS System Design Requirements
4.2.2 Other System Components
4.2.2.1 Armament Power Supplies
4.2.2.2 Master Armament Safety Switch
4.2.2.3 Cockpit Controls
4.2.2.4 Suspension & Release Equipment
4.2.3 Typical System Architectures
4.2.4 Training System
4.3 GPS: Aircraft System Design Issues
4.3.1 GPS Overview
4.3.1.1 An Introduction to the GPS System
4.3.1.2 Carrier Modulation
4.3.1.3 Standards of Service
4.3.1.4 Satellite Acquisition
4.3.1.5 C/A Code Acquisition
4.3.1.6 C/A – P(Y) Hand-over
4.3.1.7 Direct P(Y) Code Acquisition
4.3.1.8 Direct M- Code Acquisition
4.3.2 Satellite Acquisition Concepts
4.3.3 Acquisition Strategies
4.3.4 GPS Signal Distribution
4.3.4.1 Receiver Requirements
4.3.4.2 Typical Cable Losses
4.3.4.3 Problems
4.3.5 Aircraft Requirements
4.3.5.1 Appendix A to MIL-STD-1760
4.3.5.2 Aircraft RF Routing Requirements
4.3.5.3 Aiding Data
4.3.6 Aircraft Implementation Concepts
4.3.6.1 Satellite Acquisition Post-launch (No Pre-launch Aiding)
4.3.6.2 Satellite Acquisition Post-launch (With Pre-launch Aiding)
4.3.6.3 Satellite Acquisition Using RF Only Pre-launch
4.3.6.4 Satellite Acquisition Using RF Plus Aiding Data Pre-launch
4.3.6.5 The Use of Critical Timing Pulses
4.3.7 Cost of Complexity
4.4 Further Reading
Chapter 5 – Weapon Initialisation and Targeting
5.1 Chapter Summary
5.2 Targeting
5.3 Aiming of Ballistic Bombs
5.4 Aircraft / Weapon Alignment
5.5 Aiming of Smart Air-to-Ground Weapons
5.6 Air-to-Air Missiles
5.6.1 Sensors
5.6.2 Engagement Modes
5.6.3 Air-to-Air Weapons training
5.7 Further Reading
Chapter 6 – Weapon Interface Standards
6.1 Chapter Summary
6.2 Benefits of Standardisation
6.3 MIL-STD-1760 AEIS
6.3.1 MIL-STD-1760 Interface Points
6.3.2 Connectors
6.3.3 Signal Sets
6.3.4 GPS RF Signal Distribution
6.3.5 Data Protocols
6.3.6 Data Entities
6.3.7 Time Tagging
6.3.8 Mass Data Transfer
6.3.9 High-speed 1760
6.4 Standardisation Conclusions
6.5 Further Reading
Chapter 7 – Other Weapons Integration Standards
7.1 Chapter Summary
7.2 AS5725 Miniature Mission Store interface
7.2.1 Interface Points
7.2.2 Connector
7.2.3 Signal Set
7.3 AS5726 Interface for Micro Munitions
7.3.1 Interface Points
7.3.2 Connectors
7.3.3 Signal Set
7.4 Other Weapons Integration Standards
7.4.1 Generic Aircraft – Store Interface Framework
7.4.2 Mission Data Exchange Format
7.4.3 Common Launch Acceptability Region Approach
7.5 Further Reading
Chapter 8 – Interface Management
8.1 Chapter Summary
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Management of the Aircraft / Store Interface
8.4 Approaches to Interface Documentation
8.5 Interfaces Documented in the ICD
8.6 Controlling the Interface of Store Variants
8.7 Information Exchange between Design Organisations
8.8 Process for Managing Integration Risk
8.9 Further Reading
Chapter 9 – A Weapons Integration Scenario
9.1 Chapter Summary
9.2 Introduction
9.3 The Weapons Integration Scenario
9.4 The V-Diagram Re-visited
9.5 Systems Integration Activities
9.6 Safety
9.6.1 Aircraft / System Hazards
9.6.1.1 Extended application of power to weapon
9.6.1.2 Incorrect transmission of store type or store presence to Flight Control System
9.6.1.3 Crew release weapon below a safe height
9.6.1.4 Weapons released at less than safe minimum interval
9.6.1.5 Armed stores present on aircraft when not required
9.6.2 Weapon Hazards
9.7 Systems Requirements Decomposition, Design and Implementation
9.7.1 Weapon System Integration Requirement
9.7.2 Functional Definition and Development / Interface Definition
9.7.3 Weapon Interfacing
9.7.4 Data Flows between Aircraft Subsystems
9.8 Loading to Dispersion Sequence
9.8.1 Weapon Loading
9.8.2 System Power-up / Store Discovery
9.8.3 Build Inventory
9.8.4 Weapon BIT / System Power-down
9.8.5 Download Target Data / Power-down Weapons
9.8.6 Taxi / Take-off / On-route Phase
9.8.7 Weapon Selection & Priming
9.8.8 Update Target Data
9.8.9 Steer to Target LAR / Confirm In LAR
9.8.10 Initiate Release Sequence
9.8.11 Weapon Release Phase
9.8.11.1 Weapon Release Sequencing
9.8.11.2 Weapon Separation
9.8.11.3 Bomb Ballistics
9.8.12 Selective / Emergency Jettison
9.8.13 Carriage Store Control
9.8.14 Training Capability
9.8.15 Implications of Aeromechanical Aspects – Weapon Physical Alignment
9.9 Further Reading
Chapter 10 – A Weapons Integration Scenario: System Proving & Certification
10.1 Chapter Summary
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Simulators and Emulators
10.4 Avionic Weapons
10.5 Interface Proving
10.6 Rig Trials.
10.7 Avionic Trials
10.8 Electromagnetic Compatibility
10.9 Airworthiness and Certification
10.10 Declaration of Design & Performance / Statement of Design
10.11 Certificate of Design
10.12 Safety Case
10.13 Airworthiness Flight Limitations
10.14 Release To Service
10.15 User Documentation
10.16 Weapon System Evaluation
10.17 Conclusion
10.18 Further Reading
Chapter 11 – Introduction to ‘Plug and Play’ Weapons Integration
11.1 Chapter Summary
11.2 Systems Integration Considerations
11.3 The Journey to ‘Plug and Play’ Weapons Integration
11.4 ‘Plug and Play’ Technologies
11.5 Adoption of ‘Plug and Play’ Technology
11.6 Introduction to Aircraft, Launcher & Weapons Interoperability
11.7 ALWI Study
11.8 ALWI-2 Study
11.9 ALWI Common Interface Study
11.9.1 Technical Architecture
11.9.2 Greater Interoperability through a Common ICD Approach
11.9.3 Common Store Control Service
11.9.4 Model Driven Architecture Approach
11.9.5 Implementation Considerations
11.10 ALWI Conclusions
11.11 Further Reading
Chapter 12 – Open Systems
12.1 Chapter Summary
12.2 Introduction
12.3 The Contracting & Industry Environment
12.4 Current Systems
12.5 A Typical Mission Systems Upgrade Programme
12.6 ASAAC Architecture
12.7 ASSAC & ‘Plug and Play’
12.8 Certification Issues
12.9 Easing the Upgrade Programme
12.10 Further Reading
Chapter 13 – The Universal Armament Interface
13.1 Chapter Summary
13.2 Introduction
13.3 Objectives of UAI
13.4 Fundamental Principles of UAI
13.5 Platform / Store Interface
13.6 Mission Planning
13.7 Launch Acceptability Region
13.8 Integration Work Flow
13.9 UAI Interface Management
13.10 Certification Tools
13.11 Benefits
13.12 NATO UAI
13.13 ‘Plug and Play’ Conclusions
13.14 Further Reading
Chapter 14 – Weaponised Unmanned Air Systems
14.1 Chapter Summary
14.2 Introduction
14.3 Distributed Weapon System
14.4 System Architecture Partitioning
14.5 Conclusions
14.6 Further Reading
Chapter 15 – Reducing the Cost of Weapons Integration
15.1 Chapter Summary
15.2 Introduction
15.3 The Cost Landscape
15.4 Reducing the Cost of Weapons Integration – Other Initiatives
15.5 Conclusions
15.6 The Future
15.7 Further Reading
Acknowledgements
Index
Keith A. Rigby BAE Systems Military Air Solutions.
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