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Particulate Fillers for Polymers
Smithers Information Ltd, Feb 2003, Pages: 154
This is an overview of particulate filler production and use.
Fillers are used in polymers for a variety of reasons: cost reduction, improved processing, density control, optical effects, thermal conductivity, control of thermal expansion, electrical properties, magnetic properties, flame retardancy and improved mechanical properties, such as hardness and tear resistance. For example, in cable applications, fillers such as metakaolinite are used to provide better electrical stability while others, such as alumina trihydrate, are used as fire retardants.
Each filler type has different properties and these in turn are influenced by the particle size, shape and surface chemistry. Filler characteristics are discussed from costs to particle morphology. Particle specific surface area and packing are important aspects. Filler loading is also critical and this is discussed. The terminology used in this field is explained and, where appropriate, illustrated.
Practical aspects of filler grading are described. For example, the use of an average particle size on data sheets can be misleading as it may not accurately reflect particle size distribution. Different measuring conditions can also give rise to variations in apparent particle size.
The principal filler types are outlined. These include carbon black, natural mineral fillers and synthetic mineral fillers. The use of clay in nanocomposites is outlined.
Carbon blacks are very important fillers, especially in the rubber industry. A brief description of their preparation and properties is included.
Filler surface modification is an important topic. Most particulate fillers are inorganic and polar, which can give rise to poor compatibility with hydrocarbon polymers and processing problems, among other effects. The main types of modifying agent and their uses are described, from fatty acids to functionalised polymers.
Fillers are also discussed in relation to different polymer types. For example, in flexible PVC, because of the plasticiser, the filler has little effect on processing. This allows relatively high filler levels to be incorporated.
This review is very clearly written by an outstanding expert in this field. Illustrations are included to explain concepts from microscopic filler structure to the effects of fillers on polymer properties.
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