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Analysis of Plastics
Smithers Information Ltd, Oct 2002, Pages: 146
Plastics can present a very difficult challenge to the analyst. The plastic may contain a variety of additives, including other polymers, which are used to enhance the properties of the plastic compound. For example, plasticisers, inorganic fillers, antidegradants, fire retardants, and specialist additives such as antistatic agents and cross-linkers. It is unlikely that more than 90-95% of a complex formulation can be determined by analysis alone. Compounds may contain over 10 different ingredients, some present at very low levels. It is evident that a good plastics analyst must have a working knowledge of plastics technology to succeed.
Plastics analysis is used for a variety of purposes such as quality control, reverse engineering (deformulation) and to determine causes of failure.
A wide variety of techniques can be used to discover different facts about a plastic compound. For example, elemental analysis may be required, or an instrumental method to determine the material’s resistance to oxidation.
Many spectroscopic techniques are employed in plastics analysis including infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet light spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive analysis. Chromatographic methods include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Thermal techniques include differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
This review outlines each technique used in plastics analysis and then illustrates which methods are applied to obtain a particular result or piece of compositional information. For example, polymer and filler identification, molecular weight determination, antidegradant quantification and surface analysis study methods are all included.
The review also includes useful sections on specific areas, such as tests for plastics in contact with food, analysis of plastic laminates and fibres, and stabilisers in PVC
This text is a good introduction to a very complex subject area and will enable the reader to understand the basic concepts of plastics analysis.
Around 400 abstracts from the Polymer Library database accompany this review, to facilitate further reading. These include core original references together with abstracts from some of the latest papers on plastics analysis. These give examples of applications of the different techniques and some new developments.
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