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Data Center Handbook. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 720 Pages
  • January 2015
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 2708497
Provides the fundamentals, technologies, and best practices in designing, constructing and managing mission critical, energy efficient data centers

Organizations in need of high-speed connectivity and nonstop systems operations depend upon data centers for a range of deployment solutions. A data center is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems. It generally includes multiple power sources, redundant data communications connections, environmental controls (e.g., air conditioning, fire suppression) and security devices.

With contributions from an international list of experts, The Data Center Handbook instructs readers to:

  • Prepare strategic plan that includes location plan, site selection, roadmap and capacity planning
  • Design and build "green" data centers, with mission critical and energy-efficient infrastructure
  • Apply best practices to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions
  • Apply IT technologies such as cloud and virtualization
  • Manage data centers in order to sustain operations with minimum costs
  • Prepare and practice disaster reovery and business continuity plan

The book imparts essential knowledge needed to implement data center design and construction, apply IT technologies, and continually improve data center operations.

Table of Contents

Contributors xxi

Preface xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

Technical Advisory Board xxvii

Chapter Organization xxix

Part I Data Center Overview and Strategic Planning 1

1 Data Centers - Strategic Planning, Design, Construction, and Operations 3
Hwaiyu Geng

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Data Center Vision and Roadmap 6

1.3 Strategic Location Plan 7

1.4 Sustainable Design 8

1.5 Best Practices and Emerging Technologies 10

1.6 Operations Management and Disaster Management 10

1.7 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery 12

1.8 Conclusion 12

References 13

Further Reading 14

2 Energy and Sustainability in Data Centers 15
William J. Kosik

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Flexible Facilities - Modularity in Data Centers 18

2.3 Water Use 21

2.4 Proper Operating Temperature and Humidity 21

2.5 Avoiding Common Planning Errors 23

2.6 Cooling System Concepts 26

2.7 Building Envelope and Energy Use 28

2.8 Air Management and Containment Strategies 30

2.9 Electrical System Efficiency 32

2.10 Energy Use of IT Equipment 33

2.11 Leveraging IT and Facilities 37

2.12 Determining Data Center Energy Use Effectiveness 39

2.13 Private Industry and Government Energy Efficiency Programs 42

2.14 USGBC - LEED Adaptations for Data Centers 42

2.15 Harmonizing Global Metrics for Data Center Energy Efficiency 42

2.16 Industry Consortium - Recommendations for Measuring and Reporting Overall Data Center Efficiency 42

2.17 Strategies for Operations Optimization 44

References 44

Further Reading 44

3 Hosting or Colocation Data Centers 47
Chris Crosby and Chris Curtis

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 Hosting 47

3.3 Colocation (Wholesale) 48

3.4 Types of Data Centers 48

3.5 Scaling Data Centers 54

3.6 Selecting and Evaluating DC Hosting and Wholesale Providers 54

3.7 Build versus Buy 54

3.8 Future Trends 56

3.9 Conclusion 57

Further Reading 57

Sources for Data Center Industry News and Trends 57

4 Modular Data Centers: Design, Deployment, and Other Considerations 59
Wade Vinson, Matt Slaby, and Ian Levine

4.1 Modular Data Center Definition 59

4.2 MDC Benefits and Applications 59

4.3 Modularity Scalability Planning 61

4.4 MDC Anatomy 62

4.5 Site Preparation, Installation, Commissioning 80

4.6 How to Select an MDC Vendor 85

4.7 External Factors 86

4.8 Future Trend and Conclusion 86

Further Reading 87

5 Data Center Site Search and Selection 89
Ken Baudry

5.1 Introduction 89

5.2 Site Searches Versus Facility Searches 89

5.3 Globalization and the Speed of Light 90

5.4 The Site Selection Process 93

5.5 Industry Trends Affecting Site Selection 101

Further Reading 102

6 Data Center Financial Analysis, ROI and TCO 103
Liam Newcombe

6.1 Introduction to Financial Analysis, Return on Investment, and Total Cost of Ownership 103

6.2 Financial Measures of Cost and Return 109

6.3 Complications and Common Problems 116

6.4 A Realistic Example 126

6.5 Choosing to Build, Reinvest, Lease, or Rent 135

Further Reading 137

7 Overview of Data Centers in China 139
Zhe Liu, Jingyi Hu, Hongru Song, Yutao Yang, and Haibo Li

7.1 Introduction 139

7.2 Policies, Laws, Regulations, and Standards 141

7.3 Standards 145

7.4 Development Status of China’s Data Centers 147

7.5 Energy Efficiency Status 149

7.6 Development Tendency 150

References 151

8 Overview of Data Centers in Korea 153
Minseok Kwon, Mingoo Kim, and Hanwook Bae

8.1ntroduction 153

8.2 Korean Government Organizations for Data Center 154

8.3 Codes and Standards 154

8.4 Data Center Design and Construction 155

8.5 Data Center Market 159

8.6 Conclusion 160

References 160

Part II Data Center Design and Construction 161

9 Architecture Design: Data Center Rack Floor Plan and Facility Layout Design 163
Phil Isaak

9.1 Introduction 163

9.2 Overview of Rack and Cabinet Design 163

9.3 S pace and Power Design Criteria 166

9.4 Pathways 169

9.5 Coordination with Other Systems 170

9.6 Computer Room Design 174

9.7 Modular Design 177

9.8 CFD Modeling 178

9.9 Data Center Space Planning 179

9.10 Conclusion 181

Further Reading 181

10 Mechanical Design in Data Centers 183
John Weale

10.1 Introduction 183

10.2 Key Design Criteria 183

10.3 Mechanical Design Process 186

10.4 Data Center Considerations in Selecting Key Components 203

10.5 Primary Design Options 206

10.6 Current Best Practices 211

10.7 Future Trends 214

Reference 215

Further Reading 215

11 Electrical Design in Data Centers 217
Jay S. Park and Sarah Hanna

11.1 Uptime 217

11.2 Electrical Equipment to Deploy 217

11.3 Electrical Design 217

11.4 Availability 222

11.5 Determining Success 227

Appendix 11.A 228

Further Reading 228

12 F ire Protection and Life Safety Design in Data Centers 229
Sean S. Donohue

12.1 F ire Protection Fundamentals 229

12.2 AHJs Codes and Standards 230

12.3 Local Authorities, National Codes, and Standards 230

12.4 Life Safety 231

12.5 Passive Fire Protection 233

12.6 Active Fire Protection/Suppression 234

12.7 Detection, Alarm, and Signaling 239

12.8 Fire Protection Design 242

References 243

13 Structural Design in Data Centers: Natural Disaster Resilience 245
David Bonneville and Robert Pekelnicky

13.1 Introduction 245

13.2 Building Design Considerations 246

13.3 Earthquakes 248

13.4 Hurricanes Tornadoes and Other Windstorms 251

13.5 Snow and Rain 252

13.6 Flood and Tsunami 253

13.7 Comprehensive Resiliency Strategies 254

References 255

14 Data Center Telecommunications Cabling 257
Alexander Jew

14.1 Why Use Data Center Telecommunications Cabling Standards? 257

14.2 Telecommunications Cabling Standards Organizations 259

14.3 Data Center Telecommunications Cabling Infrastructure Standards 259

14.4 Telecommunications Spaces and Requirements 262

14.5 Structured Cabling Topology 264

14.6 Cable Types and Maximum Cable Lengths 267

14.7 Cabinet and Rack Placement (Hot Aisles and Cold Aisles) 269

14.8 Cabling and Energy Efficiency 270

14.9 Cable Pathways 271

14.10 Cabinets and Racks 272

14.11 Patch Panels and Cable Management 272

14.12 Reliability Levels and Cabling 272

14.13 Conclusion and Trends 273

Further Reading 273

15 Dependability Engineering for Data Center Infrastructures 275
Malik Megdiche

15.1 Introduction 275

15.2 Dependability Theory 276

15.3 System Dysfunctional Analysis 283

15.4 Application to Data Center Dependability 297

Reference 305

Further Reading 305

16 Particulate and Gaseous Contamination in Data Centers 307
Taewon Han

16.1 Introduction 307

16.2 Standards and Guidelines 307

16.3 Airborne Contamination 309

16.4 A Conventional Solution 309

16.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 311

Acknowledgment 311

References 312

Further Reading 312

17 Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications in Data Centers 313
Mark Seymour

17.1 Introduction 313

17.2 Fundamentals of CFD 313

17.3 Applications of CFD for Data Centers 321

17.4 Modeling the Data Center 325

17.5 Potential Additional Benefits of a CFD/Virtual Facility Model 340

17.6 The Future of Virtual Facility Models 341

References 341

18 Environmental Control of Data Centers 343
Veerendra Mulay

18.1 Data Center Power Trends 343

18.2 Thermal Management of Data Centers 343

18.3 Cooling System Design and Control 346

18.4 Performance Metrics 352

References 353

19 Data Center Project Management and Commissioning 359
Lynn Brown

19.1 Introduction 359

19.2 Project Management 359

19.3 Commissioning 367

19.4 Bidding Phase Tasks 376

19.5 Acceptance Phase Tasks 378

19.6 LEED-Required Commissioning Tasks 381

19.7 Minimum Commissioning Tasks 382

19.8 Commissioning Team Members 383

19.9 Data Center Trends 386

19.10 Conclusion 387

Further Reading 387

Part III Data Center Technology 389

20 Virtualization, Cloud SDN, and SDDC in Data Centers 391
Omar Cherkaoui and Ramesh Menon

20.1 Introduction 391

20.2 Virtualization in Data Centers 392

20.3 Cloud as an Extension of the Data Center 393

20.4 Networking in Data Center 394

20.5 SDN 396

20.6 SDDC 398

20.7 Roadmap to Cloud-Enabled Data Center 398

References 400

Further Reading 400

21 Green Microprocessor and Server Design 401
Guy AlLee

21.1 Introduction 401

21.2 Microprocessor 403

21.3 Server 407

21.4 Motherboard 409

21.5 Software 413

21.6 Benchmarks 415

21.7 Conclusions 416

Further Reading 417

22 Energy Efficiency Requirements in Information Technology Equipment Design 419
Joe Prisco and Jay Dietrich

22.1 Introduction 419

22.2 Computer Servers 421

22.3 Storage Systems 425

22.4 Uninterruptable Power Systems 426

22.5 Networking Equipment 427

22.6 Future Trends in Product Energy Efficiency Requirements 427

References 428

Further Reading 428

23 Raised Floor versus Overhead Cooling in Data Centers 429
Vali Sorell

23.1 Introduction 429

23.2 History of Raised Floor versus Overhead Air Distribution 429

23.3 Air Delivery Methodology as it Relates to Containment 430

23.4 Airflow Dynamics 430

23.5 Under-floor Air Distribution 433

23.6 Overhead Air Distribution 437

23.7 Conclusion 439

References 439

Further Reading 439

24 Hot Aisle versus Cold Aisle Containment 441
Dave Moody

24.1 Executive Summary 441

24.2 Containment: The Airflow Architecture Models 441

24.3 Return Air Temperature Trends in HAC and CAC 444

24.4 Run- or Ride-Through Impact of Higher RAT 446

24.5 Single-Geometry Passive Chimney Ducts as Part of HAC 448

24.6 Psychological Impacts of Higher RAT 450

24.7 Cooling System Airflow and Fan Power 453

24.8 Redundancy and Cooling Unit Location Impact 459

24.9 Impact on Conditions for Peripheral Equipment in the Data Center Outside any of the HAC or CAC Zone(s) 461

24.10 Impact on Economizer Operation Time Periods During Cooler Outside Ambient Temperatures 462

24.11 Conclusion and Future Trends 463

References 464

Further Reading 464

25 Free Cooling Technologies in Data Centers 465
Nicholas H. Des Champs and Keith Dunnavant

25.1 Introduction 465

25.2 Using Properties of Ambient Air to Cool a Data Center 466

25.3 Economizer Thermodynamic Process and Schematic of Equipment Layout 466

25.4 Comparative Potential Energy Savings and Required Trim Mechanical Refrigeration 475

25.5 Conventional Means for Cooling Datacom Facilities 478

References 478

Further Reading 478

26 Rack-Level Cooling and Cold Plate Cooling 479
Henry Coles, Steve Greenberg, and Phil Hughes

26.1 Introduction 479

26.2 Rack-Level Cooling Types 482

26.3 Rack-Level Cooler Selection and Installation 485

26.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 486

26.5 Rack-Level Cooling Using Cold Plates 486

26.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 492

References 493

Further Reading 493

27 Uninterruptible Power Supply System 495
Chris Loeffler and Ed Spears

27.1 Introduction 495

27.2 Principle of UPS and Application 496

27.3 Considerations in Selecting UPS 504

27.4 Reliability and Redundancy 507

27.5 Alternate Energy Sources: AC and DC 512

27.6 UPS Preventive Maintenance Requirements 516

27.7 UPS Management and Control 519

27.8 Conclusion and Trends 520

Reference 520

Further Reading 520

28 Using Direct Current Network in Data Centers 523
Sofia Bergqvist

28.1 Introduction 523

28.2 Edison’s Revenge 523

28.3 Data Center Power Design 525

28.4 Why Use the DC System in Data Centers 526

28.5 Examples of DC Data Centers in Operation 531

28.6 Future Trends and Conclusions 532

Acknowledgments 532

References 532

Further Reading 532

29 Rack PDU for Green Data Centers 533
Ching-I Hsu

29.1 Introduction 533

29.2 Fundamentals and Principles 534

29.3 Elements of the System 540

29.4 Considerations for Planning and Selecting Rack PDUs 548

29.5 Future Trends for Rack PDUs 555

Further Reading 557

30 Renewable and Clean Energy for Data Centers 559
William Kao

30.1 Introduction 559

30.2 Renewable Energy Basics 560

30.3 Renewable Energy Types 560

30.4 Alternative Energy: Fuel Cell 569

30.5 Case studies 573

30.6 Summary and Future Trends 575

References 576

Further Reading 576

31 Smart Grid-Responsive Data Centers 577
Girish Ghatikar, Mary Ann Piette, and Venkata Vish Ganti

31.1 Introduction and Context for Grid-Responsive Data Centers 577

31.2 S mart Grid and DR Applications in the United States 579

31.3 Site Infrastructure Control System Technologies 581

31.4 IT Infrastructure Virtualization Technologies 582

31.5 DR Opportunities, Challenges, and Automation Considerations 582

31.6 Data Centers with DR Provisions 583

31.7 AutoDR Using Open Standards 585

31.8 Grid-Distributed Data Centers and Networks 586

31.9 Summary of DR Strategies 586

31.10 Challenges to Grid-Responsive Data Centers 587

31.11 U.S. Policies Governing Smart Grid Emerging Technologies 588

31.12 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 588

31.13 State Policies for Smart Grid Advancement 589

31.14 Conclusions and Next Steps 589

Acknowledgments 590

References 591

Further Reading 592

Part IV Data Center Operations and Management 593

32 Data Center Benchmark Metrics 595
William J. Kosik

32.1 Introduction 595

32.2 Origin and Application of PUE as a Metric 595

32.3 Metrics Used in Data Center Assessments 597

32.4 Green Grid’s xUE Metrics 597

32.5 Rack Cooling Index and Return Temperature Index 598

32.6 Additional Industry Metrics 598

32.7 European Commission Code of Conduct 598

32.8 International Telecommunication Union 599

32.9 Conclusion 599

Further Reading 599

33 Data Center Infrastructure Management 601
Mark Harris

33.1 What is Data Center Infrastructure Management? 601

33.2 Triggers for DCIM Acquisition and Deployment 604

33.3 What are the Modules of a DCIM Solution? 606

33.4 The DCIM System Itself. What to Expect and Plan for 611

33.5 Critical Success Factors when Implementing a DCIM System 614

33.6 Future Trends in DCIM 616

33.7 Conclusion 617

Reference 617

Further Reading 617

34 Computerized Maintenance Management System in Data Centers 619
Peter Sacco

34.1 Introduction 619

34.2 CMMS Basics 620

34.3 CMMS Modules 620

34.4 Considerations in Selecting CMMS 632

34.5 Conclusion 637

34.6 Trends 637

Further Reading 638

Part V Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity 639

35 Data Center Disaster Recovery and High Availability 641
Chris Gabriel

35.1 Introduction 641

35.2 The Evolution of the Data Center and Data Center Risk 642

35.3 Physical Data Center Design and Redundancy: Tiers and N+ What? 649

35.4 Virtualization Brings Out-of-the-Box DR Survivability 652

35.5 DR and Cloud 656

References 657

Further Reading 657

36 Lessons Learned from Natural Disasters and Preparedness of Data Centers 659
Hwaiyu Geng and Masatoshi Kajimoto

36.1 Introduction 659

36.2 Design for Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery 659

36.3 Natural Disasters 660

36.4 The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake 660

36.5 The 2012 Eastern U.S. Coast Superstorm Sandy 663

36.6 Conclusions 666

References 666

Further Reading 666

Index 669

Authors

Hwaiyu Geng