The 2007-2012 Outlook for Broadwoven Plain Weave Fabrics Made from at Least 85-Percent Manmade Spun Yarns in Greater China
ICON Group International, September 2006, Pages: 146
WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?
The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) or total revenues (not profit) if Greater China is served in an efficient manner. It is typically expressed as the total revenues potentially extracted by firms. The “market” is defined at a given level in the value chain. There can be latent demand at the retail level, at the wholesale level, the manufacturing level, and the raw materials level (the P.I.E. of higher levels of the value chain being always smaller than the P.I.E. of levels at lower levels of the same value chain, assuming all levels maintain minimum profitability).
The latent demand for broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns in Greater China is not actual or historic sales. Nor is latent demand future sales. In fact, latent demand can be either lower or higher than actual sales if a market is inefficient (i.e., not representative of relatively competitive levels). Inefficiencies arise from a number of factors, including the lack of international openness, cultural barriers to consumption, regulations, and cartel-like behavior on the part of firms. In general, however, latent demand is typically larger than actual sales in a market.
For reasons discussed later, this report does not consider the notion of “unit quantities”, only total latent revenues (i.e., a calculation of price times quantity is never made, though one is implied). The units used in this report are U.S. dollars not adjusted for inflation (i.e., the figures incorporate inflationary trends). If inflation rates vary in a substantial way compared to recent experience, actually sales can also exceed latent demand (not adjusted for inflation). On the other hand, latent demand can be typically higher than actual sales as there are often distribution inefficiencies that reduce actual sales below the level of latent demand.
As mentioned in the introduction, this study is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. In fact, all the current products or services on the market can cease to exist in their present form (i.e., at a brand-, R&D specification, or corporate-image level) and all the players can be replaced by other firms (i.e., via exits, entries, mergers, bankruptcies, etc.), and there will still be latent demand for broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns at the aggregate level. Product and service offerings, and the actual identity of the players involved, while important for certain issues, are relatively unimportant for estimates of latent demand.
THE METHODOLOGY
In order to estimate the latent demand for broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns across the regions and cites of Greater China, we used a multi-stage approach. Before applying the approach, one needs a basic theory from which such estimates are created. In this case, we heavily rely on the use of certain basic economic assumptions. In particular, there is an assumption governing the shape and type of aggregate latent demand functions. Latent demand functions relate the income of a region, city, household, or individual to realized consumption. Latent demand (often realized as consumption when an industry is efficient), at any level of the value chain, takes place if an equilibrium is realized. For firms to serve a market, they must perceive a latent demand and be able to serve that demand at a minimal return. The single most important variable determining consumption, assuming latent demand exists, is income (or other financial resources at higher levels of the value chain). Other factors that can pivot or shape demand curves include external or exogenous shocks (i.e., business cycles), and or changes in utility for the product in question.
Ignoring, for the moment, exogenous shocks and variations in utility across geographies, the aggregate relation between income and consumption has been a central theme in economics. The figure below concisely summarizes one aspect of problem. In the 1930s, John Meynard Keynes conjectured that as incomes rise, the average propensity to consume would fall. The average propensity to consume is the level of consumption divided by the level of income, or the slope of the line from the origin to the consumption function. He estimated this relationship empirically and found it to be true in the short-run (mostly based on cross-sectional data). The higher the income, the lower the average propensity to consume. This type of consumption function is labeled "A" in the figure below (note the rather flat slope of the curve). In the 1940s, another macroeconomist, Simon Kuznets, estimated long-run consumption functions which indicated that the marginal propensity to consume was rather constant (using time series data). This type of consumption function is shown as "B" in the figure below (note the higher slope and zero-zero intercept). The average propensity to consume is constant.
Is it declining or is it constant? A number of other economists, notably Franco Modigliani and Milton Friedman, in the 1950s (and Irving Fisher earlier), explained why the two functions were different using various assumptions on intertemporal budget constraints, savings, and wealth. The shorter the time horizon, the more consumption can depend on wealth (earned in previous years) and business cycles. In the long-run, however, the propensity to consume is more constant. Similarly, in the long run, households with no income eventually have no consumption (wealth is depleted). While the debate surrounding beliefs about how income and consumption are related is interesting, in this study a very particular school of thought is adopted. In particular, we are considering the latent demand for broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns across the regions and cities of Greater China. The smallest cities have few inhabitants. we assume that all of these cities fall along a "long-run" aggregate consumption function. This long-run function applies despite some of these states having wealth; current income dominates the latent demand for broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns. So, latent demand in the long-run has a zero intercept. However, we allow different propensities to consume (including being on consumption functions with differing slopes, which can account for differences in industrial organization, and end-user preferences).
Given this overriding philosophy, we will now describe the methodology used to create the latent demand estimates for broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns in Greater China. Since this methodology has been applied to a large number of categories, the rather academic discussion below is general and can be applied to a wide variety of categories and geographic locations, not just broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns in Greater China.
Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection
Any study of latent demand requires that some standard be established to define “efficiently served”. Having implemented various alternatives and matched these with market outcomes, we have found that the optimal approach is to assume that certain key indicators are more likely to reflect efficiency than others. These indicators are given greater weight than others in the estimation of latent demand compared to others for which no known data are available. Of the many alternatives, we have found the assumption that the highest aggregate income and highest income-per-capita markets reflect the best standards for “efficiency”. High aggregate income alone is not sufficient (i.e. some cities have high aggregate income, but low income per capita and can not assumed to be efficient). Aggregate income can be operationalized in a number of ways, including gross domestic product (for industrial categories), or total disposable income (for household categories; population times average income per capita, or number of households times average household income).
Latent demand is therefore estimated using data collected for relatively efficient markets from independent data sources (e.g. Official Chinese Agencies, the World Resources Institute, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, various agencies from the United Nations, industry trade associations, the International Monetary Fund, Euromonitor, Mintel, Thomson Financial Services, the U.S. Industrial Outlook, and the World Bank). Depending on original data sources used, the definition of “broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns” is established. In the case of this report, the data were reported at the aggregate level, with no further breakdown or definition. In other words, any potential product or service that might be incorporated within broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns falls under this category. Public sources rarely report data at the disaggregated level in order to protect private information from individual firms that might dominate a specific product-market. These sources will therefore aggregate across components of a category and report only the aggregate to the public. While private data are certainly available, this report only relies on public data at the aggregate level without reliance on the summation of various category components. In other words, this report does not aggregate a number of components to arrive at the “whole”. Rather, it starts with the “whole”, and estimates the whole for all regions and cities in Greater China (without needing to know the specific parts that went into the whole in the first place).
Given this caveat, this study covers “broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns” as defined by the NAICS coding system (pronounced “nakes”). For a complete definition of broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns, please see below. The NAICS code for broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns is 313210H. It is for this definition of broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns that the aggregate latent demand estimates are derived for the regions and cities of Greater China. “Broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns” is specifically defined as follows:
313210H
Manmade fiber broadwoven plain weave fabrics, 85% or more spun yarns, gray
313210H1
Manmade fiber broadwoven plain weave fabrics, of 85 percent or more spun yarns (excluding pile), excluding wool blends (gray goods)
313210H100
Manmade fiber broadwoven plain weave fabrics, of 85 percent or more spun yarns (excluding pile), excluding wool blends (gray goods)
313210H101
Broadwoven tobacco, cheese, and bandage cloth (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with cotton
313210H104
Broadwoven tobacco, cheese, and bandage cloth (gray goods), chiefly spun rayon and~or acetate
313210H107
Broadwoven plain weave tobacco, cheese, and bandage cloth fabric (gray goods), all other fabrics, 85 percent or more spun yarn
313210H111
Broadwoven plain weave print cloth fabric (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with cotton
313210H114
Broadwoven print cloth (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with rayon
313210H116
Broadwoven print cloth (gray goods), chiefly spun rayon and~or acetate
313210H119
Broadwoven plain weave print cloth fabric (gray goods), all other fabrics, 85 percent or more spun yarn
313210H121
Broadwoven plain weave poplin and broadcloth fabric (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with carded cotton
313210H123
Broadwoven plain weave poplin and broadcloth fabric (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with combed cotton
313210H125
Broadwoven poplin and broadcloth (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with carded cotton, weighing more than 5 oz per square yard
313210H127
Broadwoven poplin and broadcloth (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with combed cotton, weighing more than 5 oz per square yard
313210H131
Broadwoven poplin and broadcloth (gray goods), chiefly spun rayon and~or acetate
313210H136
Broadwoven plain weave poplin and broadcloth fabric (gray goods), all other fabrics, 85 percent or more spun yarn
313210H141
Broadwoven lawns, voiles, and batistes (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with cotton
313210H144
Broadwoven lawns, voiles, and batistes (gray goods), chiefly spun rayon and~or acetate
313210H146
Broadwoven plain weave lawn, voile, and batiste fabric (gray goods), all other fabrics, 85 percent or more spun yarn
313210H151
Broadwoven plain weave bedsheeting fabric (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with carded cotton
313210H154
Broadwoven plain weave bedsheeting fabric (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with combed cotton
313210H157
Broadwoven bedsheeting (gray goods), of chiefly spun rayon and~or acetate
313210H159
Broadwoven plain weave bedsheeting fabric (gray goods), all other fabrics, 85 percent or more spun yarn
313210H161
Broadwoven plain weave sheeting (except bedsheeting) fabric (including osnaburgs) (gray goods), 85 percent or more spun polyester
313210H164
Broadwoven other sheeting fabric including osnaburgs, except pile (gray goods), 85 percent or more spun polyester
313210H167
Broadwoven plain weave sheeting (except bedsheeting) fabric (including osnaburgs) (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with cotton, weighing 5.0 oz or less per square yard
313210H169
Broadwoven plain weave sheeting (except bedsheeting) fabric (including osnaburgs) (gray goods), chiefly spun polyester mixed with cotton, weighing more than 5.0 oz per square yard
313210H171
Broadwoven plain weave sheeting (except bedsheeting) fabric (including osnaburgs) (gray goods), chiefly spun acrylic
313210H174
Broadwoven other sheeting fabric including osnaburgs, except pile (gray goods), chiefly spun acrylic
313210H177
Broadwoven plain weave sheeting (except bedsheeting) fabric (including osnaburgs) (gray goods), chiefly spun rayon and/or acetate
313210H179
Broadwoven plain weave sheeting (except bedsheeting) fabric (including osnaburgs) (gray goods), all other fabrics, 85 percent or more spun yarn
313210H181
Broadwoven duck, including taped warp duck (gray goods), of chiefly spun polyester mixed with cotton
313210H184
Broadwoven plain weave duck (including taped warp) fabric (gray goods), all other fabrics, 85 percent or more spun yarn
Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing
Based on the aggregate view of broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns as defined above, data were then collected for as many geographic locations as possible for that same definition, at the same level of the value chain. This generates a convenience sample of indicators from which comparable figures are available. If the series in question do not reflect the same accounting period, then adjustments are made. In order to eliminate short-term effects of business cycles, the series are smoothed using an 2 year moving average weighting scheme (longer weighting schemes do not substantially change the results). If data are available for a geographic region, but these reflect short-run aberrations due to exogenous shocks (such as would be the case of beef sales in a region or city stricken with foot and mouth disease), these observations were dropped or "filtered" from the analysis.
Step 3. Filling in Missing Values
In some cases, data are available on a sporadic basis. In other cases, data may be available for only one year. From a Bayesian perspective, these observations should be given greatest weight in estimating missing years. Assuming that other factors are held constant, the missing years are extrapolated using changes and growth in aggregate national, regional and city-level income. Based on the overriding philosophy of a long-run consumption function (defined earlier), regions and cities which have missing data for any given year, are estimated based on historical dynamics of aggregate income for that geographic entity.
Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation
Given the data available from the first three steps, the latent demand is estimated using a “varying-parameter cross-sectionally pooled time series model”. Simply stated, the effect of income on latent demand is assumed to be constant unless there is empirical evidence to suggest that this effect varies (i.e., . the slope of the income effect is not necessarily same for all regions or cities). This assumption applies along the aggregate consumption function, but also over time (i.e., not all regions or cities in Greater China are perceived to have the same income growth prospects over time). Another way of looking at this is to say that latent demand for broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns is more likely to be similar across regions or cities that have similar characteristics in terms of economic development.
This approach is useful across geographic regions for which some notion of non-linearity exists in the aggregate cross-region consumption function. For some categories, however, the reader must realize that the numbers will reflect a region’s or city’s contribution to latent demand in Greater China and may never be realized in the form of local sales.
Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation
Nonlinearities are assumed in cases where filtered data exist along the aggregate consumption function. Because Greater China consists of more than 1000 cities, there will always be those cities, especially toward the bottom of the consumption function, where non-linear estimation is simply not possible. For these cities, equilibrium latent demand is assumed to be perfectly parametric and not a function of wealth (i.e., a city’s stock of income), but a function of current income (a city’s flow of income). In the long run, if a state has no current income, the latent demand for broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns is assumed to approach zero. The assumption is that wealth stocks fall rapidly to zero if flow income falls to zero (i.e., cities which earn low levels of income will not use their savings, in the long run, to demand broadwoven plain weave fabrics made from at least 85-percent manmade spun yarns). In a graphical sense, for low income cities, latent demand approaches zero in a parametric linear fashion with a zero-zero intercept. In this stage of the estimation procedure, a low-income city is assumed to have a latent demand proportional to its income, based on the cities closest to it on the aggregate consumption function.
Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking
Based on the models described above, latent demand figures are estimated for all cities in Greater China. These are then aggregated to get regional totals. This report considers a city as a part of the regional and national market. The purpose is to understand the density of demand within a region and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another. we allocate latent demand across areas of dominant influence based on the relative economic importance of cities within its region. Not all cities (e.g. the smaller villages) are estimated within each region as demand may be allocated to adjacent areas of influence. Since some cities have higher economic wealth than others within the same state, a city’s population is not generally used to allocate latent demand. Rather, the level of economic activity of the city vis-à-vis others is used.
1 INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Overview 9
1.2 What is Latent Demand and the P.I.E.? 9
1.3 The Methodology 10
1.3.1 Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection 11
1.3.2 Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing 14
1.3.3 Step 3. Filling in Missing Values 14
1.3.4 Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation 15
1.3.5 Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation 15
1.3.6 Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking 15
2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 17
2.1 The Latent Demand in Greater China 17
2.2 Top 100 Cities Sorted By Rank 18
3 ANHUI 22
3.1 Latent Demand by Year - Anhui 22
3.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Anhui 23
3.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Anhui 24
4 BEIJING 26
4.1 Latent Demand by Year - Beijing 26
4.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Beijing 27
4.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Beijing 27
5 CHONGQING 28
5.1 Latent Demand by Year - Chongqing 28
5.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Chongqing 29
5.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Chongqing 30
6 FUJIAN 31
6.1 Latent Demand by Year - Fujian 31
6.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Fujian 32
6.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Fujian 33
7 GANSU 35
7.1 Latent Demand by Year - Gansu 35
7.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Gansu 36
7.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Gansu 37
8 GUANGDONG 38
8.1 Latent Demand by Year - Guangdong 38
8.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Guangdong 39
8.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Guangdong 41
9 GUANGXI 44
9.1 Latent Demand by Year - Guangxi 44
9.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Guangxi 45
9.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Guangxi 46
10 GUIZHOU 47
10.1 Latent Demand by Year - Guizhou 47
10.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Guizhou 48
10.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Guizhou 49
11 HAINAN 50
11.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hainan 50
11.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hainan 51
11.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hainan 52
12 HEBEI 53
12.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hebei 53
12.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hebei 54
12.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hebei 55
13 HEILONGJIANG 57
13.1 Latent Demand by Year - Heilongjiang 57
13.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Heilongjiang 58
13.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Heilongjiang 60
14 HENAN 62
14.1 Latent Demand by Year - Henan 62
14.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Henan 63
14.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Henan 65
15 HONG KONG 67
15.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hong Kong 67
15.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hong Kong 68
15.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hong Kong 69
16 HUBEI 70
16.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hubei 70
16.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hubei 71
16.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hubei 73
17 HUNAN 75
17.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hunan 75
17.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hunan 76
17.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hunan 78
18 JIANGSU 80
18.1 Latent Demand by Year - Jiangsu 80
18.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Jiangsu 81
18.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Jiangsu 83
19 JIANGXI 85
19.1 Latent Demand by Year - Jiangxi 85
19.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Jiangxi 86
19.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Jiangxi 87
20 JILIN 89
20.1 Latent Demand by Year - Jilin 89
20.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Jilin 90
20.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Jilin 91
21 LIAONING 93
21.1 Latent Demand by Year - Liaoning 93
21.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Liaoning 94
21.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Liaoning 96
22 MACAU 98
22.1 Latent Demand by Year - Macau 98
22.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Macau 99
22.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Macau 99
23 NEI MONGGOL 100
23.1 Latent Demand by Year - Nei Monggol 100
23.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Nei Monggol 101
23.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Nei Monggol 102
24 NINGXIA 103
24.1 Latent Demand by Year - Ningxia 103
24.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Ningxia 104
24.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Ningxia 104
25 QINGHAI 105
25.1 Latent Demand by Year - Qinghai 105
25.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Qinghai 106
25.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Qinghai 106
26 SHAANXI 107
26.1 Latent Demand by Year - Shaanxi 107
26.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Shaanxi 108
26.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Shaanxi 109
27 SHANDONG 110
27.1 Latent Demand by Year - Shandong 110
27.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Shandong 111
27.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Shandong 113
28 SHANGHAI 115
28.1 Latent Demand by Year - Shanghai 115
28.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Shanghai 116
28.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Shanghai 116
29 SHANXI 117
29.1 Latent Demand by Year - Shanxi 117
29.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Shanxi 118
29.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Shanxi 119
30 SICHUAN 120
30.1 Latent Demand by Year - Sichuan 120
30.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Sichuan 121
30.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Sichuan 123
31 TAIWAN 125
31.1 Latent Demand by Year - Taiwan 125
31.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Taiwan 126
31.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Taiwan 128
32 TIANJIN 131
32.1 Latent Demand by Year - Tianjin 131
32.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Tianjin 132
32.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Tianjin 132
33 XINJIANG UYGUR 133
33.1 Latent Demand by Year - Xinjiang Uygur 133
33.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Xinjiang Uygur 134
33.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Xinjiang Uygur 135
34 XIZANG [THIBET] 136
34.1 Latent Demand by Year - Xizang [Thibet] 136
34.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Xizang [Thibet] 137
34.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Xizang [Thibet] 137
35 YUNNAN 138
35.1 Latent Demand by Year - Yunnan 138
35.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Yunnan 139
35.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Yunnan 140
36 ZHEJIANG 141
36.1 Latent Demand by Year - Zhejiang 141
36.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Zhejiang 142
36.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Zhejiang 143
37 DISCLAIMERS, WARRANTEES, AND USER AGREEMENT PROVISIONS 145
37.1 Disclaimers & Safe Harbor 145
37.2 User Agreement Provisions 146
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