The 2007-2012 Outlook for Small Arms Ammunition Primers of 30 Mm or Less in Greater China
ICON Group International, September 2006, Pages: 141
WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?
The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) or total revenues (not profit) if Greater China is served in an efficient manner. It is typically expressed as the total revenues potentially extracted by firms. The “market” is defined at a given level in the value chain. There can be latent demand at the retail level, at the wholesale level, the manufacturing level, and the raw materials level (the P.I.E. of higher levels of the value chain being always smaller than the P.I.E. of levels at lower levels of the same value chain, assuming all levels maintain minimum profitability).
The latent demand for small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less in Greater China is not actual or historic sales. Nor is latent demand future sales. In fact, latent demand can be either lower or higher than actual sales if a market is inefficient (i.e., not representative of relatively competitive levels). Inefficiencies arise from a number of factors, including the lack of international openness, cultural barriers to consumption, regulations, and cartel-like behavior on the part of firms. In general, however, latent demand is typically larger than actual sales in a market.
For reasons discussed later, this report does not consider the notion of “unit quantities”, only total latent revenues (i.e., a calculation of price times quantity is never made, though one is implied). The units used in this report are U.S. dollars not adjusted for inflation (i.e., the figures incorporate inflationary trends). If inflation rates vary in a substantial way compared to recent experience, actually sales can also exceed latent demand (not adjusted for inflation). On the other hand, latent demand can be typically higher than actual sales as there are often distribution inefficiencies that reduce actual sales below the level of latent demand.
As mentioned in the introduction, this study is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. In fact, all the current products or services on the market can cease to exist in their present form (i.e., at a brand-, R&D specification, or corporate-image level) and all the players can be replaced by other firms (i.e., via exits, entries, mergers, bankruptcies, etc.), and there will still be latent demand for small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less at the aggregate level. Product and service offerings, and the actual identity of the players involved, while important for certain issues, are relatively unimportant for estimates of latent demand.
THE METHODOLOGY
In order to estimate the latent demand for small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less across the regions and cites of Greater China, we used a multi-stage approach. Before applying the approach, one needs a basic theory from which such estimates are created. In this case, we heavily rely on the use of certain basic economic assumptions. In particular, there is an assumption governing the shape and type of aggregate latent demand functions. Latent demand functions relate the income of a region, city, household, or individual to realized consumption. Latent demand (often realized as consumption when an industry is efficient), at any level of the value chain, takes place if an equilibrium is realized. For firms to serve a market, they must perceive a latent demand and be able to serve that demand at a minimal return. The single most important variable determining consumption, assuming latent demand exists, is income (or other financial resources at higher levels of the value chain). Other factors that can pivot or shape demand curves include external or exogenous shocks (i.e., business cycles), and or changes in utility for the product in question.
Ignoring, for the moment, exogenous shocks and variations in utility across geographies, the aggregate relation between income and consumption has been a central theme in economics. The figure below concisely summarizes one aspect of problem. In the 1930s, John Meynard Keynes conjectured that as incomes rise, the average propensity to consume would fall. The average propensity to consume is the level of consumption divided by the level of income, or the slope of the line from the origin to the consumption function. He estimated this relationship empirically and found it to be true in the short-run (mostly based on cross-sectional data). The higher the income, the lower the average propensity to consume. This type of consumption function is labeled "A" in the figure below (note the rather flat slope of the curve). In the 1940s, another macroeconomist, Simon Kuznets, estimated long-run consumption functions which indicated that the marginal propensity to consume was rather constant (using time series data). This type of consumption function is shown as "B" in the figure below (note the higher slope and zero-zero intercept). The average propensity to consume is constant.
Is it declining or is it constant? A number of other economists, notably Franco Modigliani and Milton Friedman, in the 1950s (and Irving Fisher earlier), explained why the two functions were different using various assumptions on intertemporal budget constraints, savings, and wealth. The shorter the time horizon, the more consumption can depend on wealth (earned in previous years) and business cycles. In the long-run, however, the propensity to consume is more constant. Similarly, in the long run, households with no income eventually have no consumption (wealth is depleted). While the debate surrounding beliefs about how income and consumption are related is interesting, in this study a very particular school of thought is adopted. In particular, we are considering the latent demand for small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less across the regions and cities of Greater China. The smallest cities have few inhabitants. we assume that all of these cities fall along a "long-run" aggregate consumption function. This long-run function applies despite some of these states having wealth; current income dominates the latent demand for small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less. So, latent demand in the long-run has a zero intercept. However, we allow different propensities to consume (including being on consumption functions with differing slopes, which can account for differences in industrial organization, and end-user preferences).
Given this overriding philosophy, we will now describe the methodology used to create the latent demand estimates for small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less in Greater China. Since this methodology has been applied to a large number of categories, the rather academic discussion below is general and can be applied to a wide variety of categories and geographic locations, not just small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less in Greater China.
Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection
Any study of latent demand requires that some standard be established to define “efficiently served”. Having implemented various alternatives and matched these with market outcomes, we have found that the optimal approach is to assume that certain key indicators are more likely to reflect efficiency than others. These indicators are given greater weight than others in the estimation of latent demand compared to others for which no known data are available. Of the many alternatives, we have found the assumption that the highest aggregate income and highest income-per-capita markets reflect the best standards for “efficiency”. High aggregate income alone is not sufficient (i.e. some cities have high aggregate income, but low income per capita and can not assumed to be efficient). Aggregate income can be operationalized in a number of ways, including gross domestic product (for industrial categories), or total disposable income (for household categories; population times average income per capita, or number of households times average household income).
Latent demand is therefore estimated using data collected for relatively efficient markets from independent data sources (e.g. Official Chinese Agencies, the World Resources Institute, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, various agencies from the United Nations, industry trade associations, the International Monetary Fund, Euromonitor, Mintel, Thomson Financial Services, the U.S. Industrial Outlook, and the World Bank). Depending on original data sources used, the definition of “small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less” is established. In the case of this report, the data were reported at the aggregate level, with no further breakdown or definition. In other words, any potential product or service that might be incorporated within small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less falls under this category. Public sources rarely report data at the disaggregated level in order to protect private information from individual firms that might dominate a specific product-market. These sources will therefore aggregate across components of a category and report only the aggregate to the public. While private data are certainly available, this report only relies on public data at the aggregate level without reliance on the summation of various category components. In other words, this report does not aggregate a number of components to arrive at the “whole”. Rather, it starts with the “whole”, and estimates the whole for all regions and cities in Greater China (without needing to know the specific parts that went into the whole in the first place).
Given this caveat, this study covers “small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less” as defined by the NAICS coding system (pronounced “nakes”). For a complete definition of small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less, please see below. The NAICS code for small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less is 33299205. It is for this definition of small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less that the aggregate latent demand estimates are derived for the regions and cities of Greater China. “Small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less” is specifically defined as follows:
33299205
Small arms ammunition primers (30 mm or less, 1.18 in. or less)
3329920521
Small arms ammunition primers (30 mm or less, 1.18 in. or less)
Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing
Based on the aggregate view of small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less as defined above, data were then collected for as many geographic locations as possible for that same definition, at the same level of the value chain. This generates a convenience sample of indicators from which comparable figures are available. If the series in question do not reflect the same accounting period, then adjustments are made. In order to eliminate short-term effects of business cycles, the series are smoothed using an 2 year moving average weighting scheme (longer weighting schemes do not substantially change the results). If data are available for a geographic region, but these reflect short-run aberrations due to exogenous shocks (such as would be the case of beef sales in a region or city stricken with foot and mouth disease), these observations were dropped or "filtered" from the analysis.
Step 3. Filling in Missing Values
In some cases, data are available on a sporadic basis. In other cases, data may be available for only one year. From a Bayesian perspective, these observations should be given greatest weight in estimating missing years. Assuming that other factors are held constant, the missing years are extrapolated using changes and growth in aggregate national, regional and city-level income. Based on the overriding philosophy of a long-run consumption function (defined earlier), regions and cities which have missing data for any given year, are estimated based on historical dynamics of aggregate income for that geographic entity.
Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation
Given the data available from the first three steps, the latent demand is estimated using a “varying-parameter cross-sectionally pooled time series model”. Simply stated, the effect of income on latent demand is assumed to be constant unless there is empirical evidence to suggest that this effect varies (i.e., . the slope of the income effect is not necessarily same for all regions or cities). This assumption applies along the aggregate consumption function, but also over time (i.e., not all regions or cities in Greater China are perceived to have the same income growth prospects over time). Another way of looking at this is to say that latent demand for small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less is more likely to be similar across regions or cities that have similar characteristics in terms of economic development.
This approach is useful across geographic regions for which some notion of non-linearity exists in the aggregate cross-region consumption function. For some categories, however, the reader must realize that the numbers will reflect a region’s or city’s contribution to latent demand in Greater China and may never be realized in the form of local sales.
Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation
Nonlinearities are assumed in cases where filtered data exist along the aggregate consumption function. Because Greater China consists of more than 1000 cities, there will always be those cities, especially toward the bottom of the consumption function, where non-linear estimation is simply not possible. For these cities, equilibrium latent demand is assumed to be perfectly parametric and not a function of wealth (i.e., a city’s stock of income), but a function of current income (a city’s flow of income). In the long run, if a state has no current income, the latent demand for small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less is assumed to approach zero. The assumption is that wealth stocks fall rapidly to zero if flow income falls to zero (i.e., cities which earn low levels of income will not use their savings, in the long run, to demand small arms ammunition primers of 30 mm or less). In a graphical sense, for low income cities, latent demand approaches zero in a parametric linear fashion with a zero-zero intercept. In this stage of the estimation procedure, a low-income city is assumed to have a latent demand proportional to its income, based on the cities closest to it on the aggregate consumption function.
Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking
Based on the models described above, latent demand figures are estimated for all cities in Greater China. These are then aggregated to get regional totals. This report considers a city as a part of the regional and national market. The purpose is to understand the density of demand within a region and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another. we allocate latent demand across areas of dominant influence based on the relative economic importance of cities within its region. Not all cities (e.g. the smaller villages) are estimated within each region as demand may be allocated to adjacent areas of influence. Since some cities have higher economic wealth than others within the same state, a city’s population is not generally used to allocate latent demand. Rather, the level of economic activity of the city vis-à-vis others is used.
1 INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Overview 9
1.2 What is Latent Demand and the P.I.E.? 9
1.3 The Methodology 10
1.3.1 Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection 11
1.3.2 Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing 12
1.3.3 Step 3. Filling in Missing Values 12
1.3.4 Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation 13
1.3.5 Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation 13
1.3.6 Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking 13
2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 15
2.1 The Latent Demand in Greater China 15
2.2 Top 100 Cities Sorted By Rank 16
3 ANHUI 19
3.1 Latent Demand by Year - Anhui 19
3.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Anhui 20
3.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Anhui 21
4 BEIJING 23
4.1 Latent Demand by Year - Beijing 23
4.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Beijing 24
4.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Beijing 24
5 CHONGQING 25
5.1 Latent Demand by Year - Chongqing 25
5.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Chongqing 26
5.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Chongqing 26
6 FUJIAN 28
6.1 Latent Demand by Year - Fujian 28
6.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Fujian 29
6.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Fujian 30
7 GANSU 32
7.1 Latent Demand by Year - Gansu 32
7.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Gansu 33
7.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Gansu 34
8 GUANGDONG 35
8.1 Latent Demand by Year - Guangdong 35
8.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Guangdong 36
8.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Guangdong 38
9 GUANGXI 40
9.1 Latent Demand by Year - Guangxi 40
9.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Guangxi 41
9.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Guangxi 42
10 GUIZHOU 43
10.1 Latent Demand by Year - Guizhou 43
10.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Guizhou 44
10.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Guizhou 45
11 HAINAN 46
11.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hainan 46
11.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hainan 47
11.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hainan 48
12 HEBEI 49
12.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hebei 49
12.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hebei 50
12.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hebei 51
13 HEILONGJIANG 53
13.1 Latent Demand by Year - Heilongjiang 53
13.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Heilongjiang 54
13.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Heilongjiang 56
14 HENAN 58
14.1 Latent Demand by Year - Henan 58
14.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Henan 59
14.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Henan 61
15 HONG KONG 63
15.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hong Kong 63
15.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hong Kong 64
15.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hong Kong 65
16 HUBEI 66
16.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hubei 66
16.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hubei 67
16.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hubei 69
17 HUNAN 71
17.1 Latent Demand by Year - Hunan 71
17.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hunan 72
17.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Hunan 74
18 JIANGSU 76
18.1 Latent Demand by Year - Jiangsu 76
18.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Jiangsu 77
18.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Jiangsu 78
19 JIANGXI 81
19.1 Latent Demand by Year - Jiangxi 81
19.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Jiangxi 82
19.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Jiangxi 83
20 JILIN 85
20.1 Latent Demand by Year - Jilin 85
20.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Jilin 86
20.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Jilin 87
21 LIAONING 89
21.1 Latent Demand by Year - Liaoning 89
21.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Liaoning 90
21.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Liaoning 91
22 MACAU 93
22.1 Latent Demand by Year - Macau 93
22.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Macau 94
22.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Macau 94
23 NEI MONGGOL 95
23.1 Latent Demand by Year - Nei Monggol 95
23.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Nei Monggol 96
23.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Nei Monggol 97
24 NINGXIA 98
24.1 Latent Demand by Year - Ningxia 98
24.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Ningxia 99
24.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Ningxia 99
25 QINGHAI 100
25.1 Latent Demand by Year - Qinghai 100
25.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Qinghai 101
25.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Qinghai 101
26 SHAANXI 102
26.1 Latent Demand by Year - Shaanxi 102
26.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Shaanxi 103
26.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Shaanxi 104
27 SHANDONG 105
27.1 Latent Demand by Year - Shandong 105
27.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Shandong 106
27.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Shandong 108
28 SHANGHAI 110
28.1 Latent Demand by Year - Shanghai 110
28.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Shanghai 111
28.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Shanghai 111
29 SHANXI 112
29.1 Latent Demand by Year - Shanxi 112
29.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Shanxi 113
29.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Shanxi 114
30 SICHUAN 115
30.1 Latent Demand by Year - Sichuan 115
30.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Sichuan 116
30.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Sichuan 118
31 TAIWAN 120
31.1 Latent Demand by Year - Taiwan 120
31.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Taiwan 121
31.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Taiwan 123
32 TIANJIN 126
32.1 Latent Demand by Year - Tianjin 126
32.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Tianjin 127
32.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Tianjin 127
33 XINJIANG UYGUR 128
33.1 Latent Demand by Year - Xinjiang Uygur 128
33.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Xinjiang Uygur 129
33.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Xinjiang Uygur 130
34 XIZANG [THIBET] 131
34.1 Latent Demand by Year - Xizang [Thibet] 131
34.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Xizang [Thibet] 132
34.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Xizang [Thibet] 132
35 YUNNAN 133
35.1 Latent Demand by Year - Yunnan 133
35.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Yunnan 134
35.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Yunnan 135
36 ZHEJIANG 136
36.1 Latent Demand by Year - Zhejiang 136
36.2 Cities Sorted by Rank - Zhejiang 137
36.3 Cities Sorted Alphabetically - Zhejiang 138
37 DISCLAIMERS, WARRANTEES, AND USER AGREEMENT PROVISIONS 140
37.1 Disclaimers & Safe Harbor 140
37.2 User Agreement Provisions 141
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