Contents:

Introduction and Overview Stem Cell Therapies as Disruptive Technologies Stem Cells as In Vivo Drug Stores Stem Cell Plasticity Stem Cell Safety The History of Stem Cells as a Therapy Trauma and Fracture Trauma and Fracture Care Types of Fractures The Gustillo-Anderson Classification of Open Injuries Causes of Fractures High-Energy Injuries Low-Energy Injuries Stress Fractures The Biology of Fracture Healing Stem Cell and Other Biologic Treatment of Fractures Incidence of Fractures in the United States Conventional Treatment of Fractures Bone Graft Materials in Fresh Fracture Repair Fresh Fracture Market Size Average Selling Prices Risks Associated With Fracture Repair Cranial Maxillofacial Maxillofacial Trauma Causes of Maxillofacial Trauma Common Fractures of Facial Bones Nasoethmoid Orbital Fractures Zygomatic Fractures Mandibular Fractures Symptoms Internal Orbital Fractures Maxillary Fractures Symptoms Soft Tissue Deformities Stem Cell Approach for Treatment of Cranial Maxillofacial Fractures Conventional Treatment for Common Types of Facial Fractures Nasoethmoid Orbital Fractures Zygomatic Fractures Mandibular Fractures Internal Orbital Fractures Maxillary Fractures Soft Tissue Deformities Craniofacial Surgery Cranial Vault (Skull) Surgery Facial Bone Surgery Orbital Surgery Average Selling Prices for CMF Biomaterials Stem Cell CMF Market Size Cartilage Repair The Biology of Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Fibrous Cartilage Causes of Cartilage Injury Cellular Approaches to Cartilage Repair Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) for Cartilage and Soft Tissue Repair Scaffolds Conventional Treatment for Cartilage Repair Arthroscopic Chondroplasty (debridement) Microfracture Implant and Transplant Therapies Autologous Chondrocyte Implant (ACI) Eligibility Complications of ACI Procedure Results Next-Generation ACI Procedures Soft Tissue Grafts Mosaicplasty and Osteochondral Autograft Transfer Systems (OATS) Ostechondral Allograft Transfer Systems Large Joint Reconstruction Reasons for Knee or Hip Replacement The Impact of Cellular Therapies on Large Joint Reconstruction Knee Replacement Surgery Types of Knee Implant Fixation Risks of the Surgery Hip Replacement Surgery Cemented procedure Non-cemented procedure Risks of the Surgery Large Joint Revision Large Joint Revision Surgery Knee Revision Surgery Reasons for Knee Revision Surgery Procedure Risks Alternative Surgical Procedures Hip Revision Surgery Reasons for Hip Revision Surgery Procedure Risks Cardiovascular Disease Basics of Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease—the Most Common Cause of Death Globally Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Types of Cardiovascular Disease Coronary Heart Disease Stroke Types of Stroke Cardiomyopathy Valvular Heart Disease Pericardial Disease Congenital Heart Disease Congestive Heart Failure Rheumatic Heart Disease Stem Cell Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Animal Studies Successful Clinical Results Traditional Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease Coronary Angioplasty or Balloon Angioplasty Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Atherectomy Laser Angioplasty Treatment of Stroke Carotid Endarterectomy Cerebral Angioplasty Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Nerve Regeneration The Human Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Types of Nerve Injuries Neuropraxia Axonotmesis Neurotmesis Traumatic Injury Non-Traumatic Injury Nerve Regeneration and Recovery Stem Cell Approach for Nerve Regeneration Surgical Procedures for Nerve Injuries Neurorrhaphy/Nerve Repair Nerve Graft Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Open Release Surgery Endoscopic Surgery Anti-Inflammation Mechanism of Action of Stem Cells in Mediating Inflammation in Humans Graft vs Host Disease Crohn’s Disease Stem Cells for Inflammatory Disease Beyond GVHD and Crohn’s Disease Diabetes The Basics of Diabetes Diabetes—A Leading Cause of Death Worldwide Stem Cell Approach Challenges Faced by the Stem Cell Approach Diabetes Management—The Conventional Approach Company Profiles DM Inc Aastrom Biosciences, Inc Advanced Cell Technology, Inc Aegera Therapeutics Inc Aldagen, Inc AllCells LLC Amersham Biosciences Amgen Angel Biotechnology Applied Tissue Technologies LLC Arteriocyte, Inc Athersys, Inc BeFutur Biotechnologies SA Berlex, Inc BioE, Inc BioHeart, Inc Cambrex Corporation Cell Dynamics, LLC Cell Genesys, Inc Cellartis AB Cellerant Therapeutics, Inc Cellerix SL CellGenix Technologie Transfer GmbH CellResearch Corp Pte Ltd CellTran Limited Cellular Dynamics International Inc Ceregene Inc Chemokine Therapeutics Corp Cognate BioServices, Inc CorCell Covance Inc Cytomatrix LLC Cytori Therapeutics, Inc EmCell ES Cell International PTE Ltd Gamida Cell Ltd Geron Corporation Histostem Co Ltd Incxyte Corporation Intercytex Group plc Ixion Biotechnology, Inc Kaleidos Pharma, Inc Living Cell Technologies Ltd MD Biosciences Inc Mesoblast Limited MG Biotherapeutics, LLC Moraga Biotechnology NeoStem, Inc NeuralStem Biopharmaceuticals, Ltd NeuroNova AB Neuronyx, Inc Novartis AG Novocell, Inc NsGene A/S Odontis Ltd Oligene GmbH Ortec International, Inc PharmaStem Therapeutics, Inc Pluristem Life Systems, Inc Progenitor Cell Therapy, LLC Proneuron Biotechnologies Inc Quintiles Transnational Corp RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc Regenetech, Inc Regenics A/S ReneMed Biologics, Inc ReNeuron Group PLC Reproductive Genetics Institute Saneron CCEL Therapeutics, Inc (Bayer) Schering Pharma AG Serologicals Corporation (acquired by Millipore) SinoCells BioTechnologies Co, Ltd Stem Cell Sciences PLC Stem Cell Therapeutics Corp Stem Cells, Inc StemCyte, Inc StemCell Technologies Inc StemPath Inc Stemride International, Ltd Tengion, Inc TheraVitae Co, Ltd Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc Transition Therapeutics Inc TriStem Corporation US Biodefense, Inc Vesta Therapeutics, Inc ViaCell, Inc VistaGen Therapeutics Inc APPENDIX

Companies Mentioned

- DM Inc - Aastrom Biosciences, Inc - Advanced Cell Technology, Inc - Aegera Therapeutics Inc - Aldagen, Inc - AllCells LLC - Amersham Biosciences - Amgen - Angel Biotechnology - Applied Tissue Technologies LLC - Arteriocyte, Inc - Athersys, Inc - BeFutur Biotechnologies SA - Berlex, Inc - BioE, Inc - BioHeart, Inc - Cambrex Corporation - Cell Dynamics, LLC - Cell Genesys, Inc - Cellartis AB - Cellerant Therapeutics, Inc - Cellerix SL - CellGenix Technologie Transfer GmbH - CellResearch Corp Pte Ltd - CellTran Limited - Cellular Dynamics International Inc - Ceregene Inc - Chemokine Therapeutics Corp - Cognate BioServices, Inc - CorCell - Covance Inc - Cytomatrix LLC - Cytori Therapeutics, Inc - EmCell - ES Cell International PTE Ltd - Gamida Cell Ltd - Geron Corporation - Histostem Co Ltd - Incxyte Corporation - Intercytex Group plc - Ixion Biotechnology, Inc - Kaleidos Pharma, Inc - Living Cell Technologies Ltd - MD Biosciences Inc - Mesoblast Limited - MG Biotherapeutics, LLC - Moraga Biotechnology - NeoStem, Inc - NeuralStem Biopharmaceuticals, Ltd - NeuroNova AB - Neuronyx, Inc - Novartis AG - Novocell, Inc - NsGene A/S - Odontis Ltd - Oligene GmbH - Ortec International, Inc - PharmaStem Therapeutics, Inc - Pluristem Life Systems, Inc - Progenitor Cell Therapy, LLC - Proneuron Biotechnologies Inc - Quintiles Transnational Corp - RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc - Regenetech, Inc - Regenics A/S - ReneMed Biologics, Inc - ReNeuron Group PLC - Reproductive Genetics Institute - Saneron CCEL Therapeutics, Inc - (Bayer) Schering Pharma AG - Serologicals Corporation (acquired by Millipore) - SinoCells BioTechnologies Co, Ltd - Stem Cell Sciences PLC - Stem Cell Therapeutics Corp - Stem Cells, Inc - StemCyte, Inc - StemCell Technologies Inc - StemPath Inc - Stemride International, Ltd - Tengion, Inc - TheraVitae Co, Ltd - Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc - Transition Therapeutics Inc - TriStem Corporation - US Biodefense, Inc - Vesta Therapeutics, Inc - ViaCell, Inc - VistaGen Therapeutics Inc