An Introduction to Plant Immunity

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Plant Pathogens and Plant Pests

• Introduction

1. Subcellular Pathogens
1.1. Viruses
1.2. Viroids
2. Cellular Pathogens
2.1. Mycoplasmas (Also Called Mollicutes)
A. Phytoplasmas
B. Spiroplasmas
2.2. Bacteria
2.3. Fungi
2.4. Oomycetes
2.5. Nematodes
2.6. Parasitic Plants
3. Arthropods
3.1. Insects
3.2. Mites
4. The Concept of Host Range

• Conclusion

Chapter 3 Plant Diseases

• Introduction

1. Definition of a Plant Disease
2. Classification of Plant Diseases
2.1. Parasitic (Biotic) Diseases
2.2. Noninfectious (Abiotic) Diseases
3. Economic Impact of Plant Diseases
3.1. Quantitative Effect on Production
3.2. Effect on Product Quality
4. Diagnosis and Identification of Diseases
4.1. Diagnosis Based on Symptoms, Landscape, and Agricultural History
A. Symptoms
B. The Agricultural Landscape and History
4.2. Detection and Identification of Pathogens
A. Methods Based on Morphological Observations
B. Methods Based on Biochemical Markers
C. Serological/Immunological-Based Detection Systems
D. Methods Based on Molecular Markers
5. Molecular Host-Pathogen Dialogue
5.1. Compatible Reaction
5.2. Incompatible Reaction
A. Non-Host Resistance
B. Horizontal Resistance
C. Vertical Resistance
6. Methods of Controlling Pathogens and Pests
6.1. Phytosanitary Regulations
6.2. Control by Cultural Practices
6.3. Chemical Control
6.4. Physical Control
6.5. Biological Control
A. The Strategy of Antagonistic Organisms
B. The Strategy of Secondary Plants
6.6. Genetic Resistance
6.7. Integrated Pest Management (Ipm)

• Conclusion

Chapter 4 Plant Immunity: An Overview

• Introduction

1. Coevolution of Plant Defense and Pathogen Attack Mechanisms:

• The Zigzag Model

2. Components of Plant Immunity
2.1. Innate Immunity
2.2. Acquired Resistance
2.3. Host Versus Nonhost Resistance
A. Nonhost Resistance
B. Host Resistance
3. Concepts of Avoidance, Resistance and Tolerance
4. Comparison Between Immune Systems in Plants and Animals
A. Non-Specific Immunity (Plants Vs. Animals)
B. Specific Immunity (Plants Vs. Animals)
C. Immune Memory (Plants Vs. Animals)
D. Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) (Plants Vs. Animals)

• Conclusion

Chapter 5 Passive Defenses

• Introduction

1. Pre-Existing Mechanical Defenses
2. Pre-Existing Biochimical Defenses
2.1. Phenolic Compounds
2.2. Terpenoids
2.3. Alkaloids
2.4. Phytoanticipins
2.5. Nutrient Deprivation

• Conclusion

Chapter 6 Basal or Nonspecific Plant Defense

• Introduction

1. Passive (Constitutive) Defenses
2. Active (Inducible) Defenses
2.1. Development of the Concept of Pamp from That of Elicitors
2.2. Generic and Conserved Nature of Pamps
2.3. Pattern Recognition Receptors (Prrs)
2.4. Popular Models of Pti in Plants
2.4.1. Flagellin-Induced Resistance
2.4.2. Elongation Factor (Ef-Tu)-Induced Basal Resistance
3. Heterologous Expression of Prr Genes

• Conclusion

Chapter 7 Pathogen Race-Specific Resistance

• Introduction

1. The Flor Model
2. Pathogen Effectors
3. Plant Resistance (R) Genes
4. Elements of Differentiation Between Pti and Eti

• Conclusion

Chapter 8 Acquired Resistance and Elicitors of Natural Plant

• Defense Mechanisms
• Introduction

1. Acquired Resistance
1.1. Systemic Acquired Resistance (Sar)
1.2. Induced Systemic Resistance (Isr)
1.3. Metabolic Changes Associated with Induced Resistance
2. Elicitors of Natural Plant Defense Mechanisms. Can Plants Be

• Immunized?

2.1. Definition of an Nds
2.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Ndss

• Conclusion

Chapter 9 Quantitative Resistance

• Introduction

1. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Quantitative Immunity 69
2. Breeding for Quantitative Resistance
3. Specificity of Qtls
4. Relationship Between Genes, Proteins, Metabolites and Qtl
5. Molecular Markers Associated with Qtls
6. Durability of Quantitative Resistances

• Conclusion

Chapter 10 Molecular Models of Specific Host-Pathogen Recognition 77

• Introduction

1. « Receptor - Ligand » Model
2. The « Guard » Model
3. The « Decoy » Model
4. Integrated Decoy Model (Nlr-Id Model)
4.1. A Remarkable Diversity of Non-Canonical Integrated Sequences in Nlrs
4.2. Elucidation of the Function of Nlr-Ids
5. Sensor Nlrs (Snlrs) and Helper Nlrs (Hnlrs)

• Conclusion

Chapter 11 Prrs and Waks: Pamps and Damps Detectors

• Introduction

1. Pattern-Recognition Receptors (Prrs)
1.1. an Overview: Nature of Pamps and Biochemical Structure of Prrs
1.2. Best Known Examples of Bacterial and Fungal Pamps and Their Cognate Pattern

• Recognition Receptors

1.3. Focus on Fls2-Flg22 Interaction
2. A Particular Prr Class: Wall-Associated Kinases (Waks),

• Damps Receptors

2.1. Nature of Damps
2.2. Example of Ogs - Wak1 Interaction
3. Plant Lectin Receptors

• Conclusion

Chapter 12 Nlrs: Detectors of Pathogen Effectors

• Introduction

1. The Main Structural Domains of Nbs-Lrr Proteins
1.1. The C-Terminal Region
1.1.1. Leucine-Rich Repeats (Lrr) Domain
1.1.2. Other Domains of the C-Terminal Region
1.2. The Central Nod Region
1.3. N-Terminal Region
1.3.1. Tir (Toll Interleukin Receptor) Domain
1.3.2. Coiled-Coil (Cc) Domain
1.3.3. Other Domains of the N-Terminal Region
2. Genomic Organization of Nbs-Lrr Loci
2.1. Simple Locus Organized in Allelic Series
2.2. Complex Clusters of Homologous Resistance Genes
2.3. Complex Clusters of Non Homologous Resistance Genes
3. Evolution of the Nbs-Lrr Gene Family
3.1. The Crucial Role of Duplication in the Evolution of R Genes
3.2. Diversification of Resistance Genes by Transposable Elements

• Conclusion

Chapter 13 Molecular Classification of Plant Resistance Genes

• Introduction

1. Why Study R Genes?
2. Classes of Plant Disease Resistance Genes Based on Structural

• Features

2.1. The Two Classes of Coiled Coil-Nucleotide Binding Site-Leucine Rich Repeat (Cnl)

• And Toll-Interleukin Receptor-Nucleotide Binding Site-Leucine Rich Repeat (Tnl)

2.2. The Two Classes of Receptor-Like Protein (Rlp) and Receptor-Like Kinase (Rlk)
2.3. Superclass of Oth-R-Genes
A. Example of Genes Encoding Toxin Reductases
B. Example of Genes Encoding Proteins with Cc Domain and a Transmembrane

• Domain

C. Example of Genes Encoding a Cytoplasmic Protein Kinase
3. Cellular Localization of Resistance Proteins
4. Positional Cloning of Plant Resistance (R) Genes

• Conclusion

Chapter 14 Strategies and Mechanisms for Plant Resistance Protein

• Function
• Introduction

1. Strategy (1): Perception
1.1. Mode (1.1): Extracellular Perception
A. Mechanism 1: Direct Extracellular Perception
B. Mechanism 2: Indirect Extracellular Perception
1.2. Mode (1.2): Intracellular Perception
C. Mechanism 3: Direct Intracellular Recognition
D. Mechanism 4: Indirect Intracellular Recognition
E. Mechanism 5: Nlr-Ids
1.3. Mode (1.3)
F. Mechanism 6: Executor Genes
2. Strategy (2): Loss of Susceptibility
G. Mechanism 7: Active Loss of Susceptibility
H. Mechanism 8: Passive Loss of Susceptibility due to Mutation in a Host Component

• Targeted by the Pathogen

I. Mechanism 9: Passive Loss of Susceptibility by Host Reprogramming

• Conclusion

Chapter 15 Signal Transduction Pathways Activated During Plant

• Resistance to Pathogens
• Introduction

1. Phytohormone Signaling
1.1. Salicylic Acid (Sa)
1.2. Jasmonic Acid (Ja) and Ethylene
2. Calcium Signaling
3. Mapk Cascades
4. The Oxydative Burst
5. Main Pathways Triggered During Resistance to Bacteria
6. Main Pathways Triggered During Resistance to Biotrophic Fungi 123
7. Main Pathways Triggered During Resistance to Necrotrophic

• Fungi

8. Signaling Crosstalk Between Plant Abiotic and Biotic Stress

• Responses
• Conclusion

Chapter 16 Transcriptional Reprogramming in Plant Defense

• Introduction

1. Major Transcription Factor Families Active in Plant Immunity 127
1.1. Wrky Transcription Factors
1.2. Nac Transcription Factors
1.3. Myb Transcription Factors
1.4. Ap2 / Erebp Transcription Factors
1.5. Bzip Transcription Factors
1.6. Npr1 Transcription Factors
2. Regulation of Transcriptional Complexes
2.1. Direct Regulation of Transcriptional Complexes by Transcription Factors
2.2. Regulation of Transcriptional Complexes by Mapk Cascades
2.3. Regulation of Transcriptional Complexes by Ca 2+ Signaling

• Conclusion

Chapter 17 Insights into the Role of Epigenetics in Controlling

• Disease Resistance in Plants
• Introduction

1. Dna Methylation
1.1. Reduced Dna Methylation and Defense-Related Genes Priming
1.2. Plant Methylation Changes During Pathogen Infection
1.3. Transgenerational Epigenetically Acquired Resistance
2. Transposable Elements

Author

• Dhia Bouktila
• Yosra Habachi