Handbook of Polymer Blends and Composites, Volume 4 2003
Smithers Information Ltd, January 2003, Pages: 758
The extraordinary growth in the use of plastics in the last century is in response to a growing world population, with its increasing demands for more food, better health care, improved housing and numerous cheaper and abundant consumer products. What is expected of the chemical industry in the 21st century is to produce plastics while being aware of the environment, by reducing waste production, reducing the consumption of materials, reducing the demand for energy, reducing the use of non-renewable resources, and reducing risks, hazards and costs. Use of polymer blends and composites provides a very versatile strategy for designing new materials that fulfil these 'green' requirements:
- Lower costs without sacrificing properties
- Ability to tailor properties without creation of completely new polymer
- High performance blend from synergistically interacting polymers
- Recycling industrial and/or municipal scrap
The four volume handbook, Handbook of Polymer Blends and Composites is intended to provide an overview of the theory and application of polymer blends and composites. Volumes 1 and 2 are concerned with the state of the art of composites’ development, the characteristics of particulate fillers and fibre reinforcements, the main procedures of composites manufacture and their applications. Volume 3 deals with general aspects of polymer blend morphology, properties and behaviour in various conditions, while Volume 4 is mainly concerned with the various chemical classes of polymer blends.
The Handbook is available as a four-volume set or as individual volumes
1 Polyolefin Blends
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Blends of Polyolefins
1.3 Blends of Polyolefins with Other Polymers
2 The Property Trends and Applications of Blends of Metallocene Plastics with other Plastics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Broadening the MWD of Metallocene Resins
2.2.1 Mixed Metallocene Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
2.2.2 Bimodal Single-Site Resins
2.3 Reactor Blends of Polyolefins
2.3.1 Reactor Blends and Alloys (HDPE for Pipe Applications)
2.4 Catalloy and Hivalloy
2.5 Impact Modification of PP by m-Plastomers
2.5.1 Reduction in Stress-Whitening
2.6 Downgauging Potential of Metallocene Polyolefin Blend (mLLDPE-HDPE) Films
2.6.1 Results on Metallocene Blend Overwrap Films
2.7 Impact Modification of PP by Polyolefin Elastomers (POE)
2.8 Metallocene Materials for Medical Devices
2.9 Metallocene PE Grades
2.9.1 Blend Properties of Metallocene PE Grades
2.10 m-Plastomer Modified Polyolefin Alloys
2.10.1 Impact Modification of Unfilled Blends
2.10.2 Stress-Whitening
2.11 Polyolefin Blends
2.11.1 Effect of Branching and Sequence Distribution
2.12 Metallocene Copolymers as Blend Compatibilisers
2.13 Thermoplastic Polyolefins (TPO) for Automotive Applications
2.14 Flame Retardant m-Blends
2.15 Miscellaneous Blends
3 Polyvinyl Chloride-Based Blends
3.1 Introduction
3.2 PVC/Polyalkene Blends
3.3 PVC/Polystyrene or Styrene Copolymer Blends
3.4 PVC/Acrylic Blends
3.5 PVC/PVC and other Vinylic Polymer Blends
3.6 PVC/Engineering Polymer Blends
3.6.1 PVC/Polyester Blends
3.7 PVC/Polycarbonate Blends
3.8 PVC/Elastomer Blends
3.9 PVC/Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer Blends
3.10 PVC/SBR Blends
4 Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymer ¡V Based Blends
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Elastomer Modified PS (High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS))
4.3 PS/Polyolefins (Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP)) Blends
4.4 Blends Containing Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN)
4.4.1 SAN/Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate
4.4.2 SAN/Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)
4.4.3 SAN/Styrene-Maleic Anhydride Random Copolymer (SMA)
4.4.4 SAN/Poly(e-Caprolactone) (PCL)
4.5 PS/Poly(Vinyl) Methyl Ether (PVME)
4.6 PS/Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO)
4.7 PS/Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)
4.8 PS/Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET)
4.9 PS/Polyamide (PA)
4.10 PS/Polycarbonate (PC)
4.11 PS/Tetramethylbisphenol A Polycarbonate (TMPC)
4.12 Miscellaneous Blends
4.13 Recycling of Polystyrene Containing Mixed Polymer Waste
4.14 Applications
4.15 Conclusions
5 Ionomer Polyblends
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Intermolecular Attractions
5.2.1 Ion-Coordination Interactions
5.2.2 Ion-Ion Interactions
5.2.3 Similar Ion Pairs
5.2.4 Ion-Dipole Interactions
5.2.5 Other Intermolecular Attractions
5.3 Polymer Backbones and Properties
6 Polyamide-Based Blends
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 PA/Polyalkene Blends
6.1.2 PA/Polystyrene or Styrenic Copolymer Blends
6.1.3 PA/Vinylic Blends
6.1.4 PA/Acrylics Blends
6.1.5 PA/Elastomer Blends
6.1.6 PA/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends
6.1.7 PA/Santoprene
6.1.8 PA/PA Blends
6.1.9 PA/Polyester Blends
6.1.10 PA/Polycarbonate Blends
6.1.11 PA/Polyoxymethylene Blends
6.1.12 PA/Polysulfone Blends
6.1.13 PA/Polyphenylene Sulfide Blends
7 Polyester-Based Blends
7.1 Introduction
7.2 PEST/Polyalkene Blends
7.3 PEST/Polystyrene or Styrene Copolymer Blends
7.4 PEST/Acrylic Blends
7.5 PEST/Vinyl Blends
7.6 PEST/Elastomer Blends
7.7 PEST/PEST Blends
7.8 PEST/Polyarylate Blends
7.9 PEST/Polycarbonate Blends
7.10 PEST/Polyamide Blends
7.11 PEST/Polyphenylene Ether Blends
8 Blends Based on Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) and the Products Based on This Polymer
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 PVA Characteristics
8.1.2 PVA Blending
8.2 PVA Blends with Hydrocarbon Polymers Containing Conjugated Double Bonds
8.2.1 PVA/Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) PPV) Blends
8.3 PVA Blends with Polyelectrolytes
8.3.1 PVA/Poly(Acrylic Acid) (PAA) Blends
8.3.2 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Poly(Sodium Acrylate) (PSAc) Blends
8.3.3 PVA Blends with Polymers with Sulfonic Groups
8.3.4 PVA/Poly(1,1-Dimethyl-3,5-Dimethylenepiperidinium Chloride) (PDMeDMPCl) Blends
8.3.5 PVA/Sodium Alginate (Salg) Blends
8.3.6 PVA/Poly (Sodium a,?-D,L-Aspartate) (PSA) Blends
8.3.7 PVA/Poly(Sodium L-Glutamate) (PSLG) Blends
8.3.8 PVA/Poly(dimethyl acrylamide-co-3-methacrylamido-phenylboronic acid-co-(N,N-dimethylamino) propyl-acrylamidecobutyl methacrylate (DMAA-co-MAPB-co-DMAPAA-co-BMA)[poly phenylboronic compounds; PPB] Blends
8.3.9 PVA/Polyesters with Quaternary Ammonium Groups in the Side Chains Blends (PQ)
8.3.10 PVA/Poly(3 Hydroxy Butyric Acid) (PHB) and PVA/Poly(3 Hydroxybutyrate) (P3HBE) Blends
8.4 Blends of PVA with Polymers with Polar Nonionisable Groups
8.4.1 PVA/Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Blends
8.4.2 PVA/Poly(Acrylamide) (PAAM) Blends
8.4.3 PVA/Poly(Ethylene-co-Ethyl Acrylate) (PEEA) Blends
8.4.4 PVA/Poly(Acrylonitrile-Acrylamide-Acrylic Acid)(P(AN-AM-AcAc)) Blends
8.4.5 PVA/Modified PVA
8.4.6 PVA/Poly(Vinyl Acetate) (PVAc) Blends
8.4.7 PVA/Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) Blends
8.4.8 PVA/Poly Ethylene Oxide (PEO) Blends
8.4.9 PVA/Polyaniline (PANI) Blends
8.4.10 PVA/Poly(2-Methyl-2-Oxazoline) (PMO) Blends
8.4.11 PVA/Polyamide 6 (PA6) Blends
8.4.12 PVA/Polypyrrole (PPy) Blends
8.4.13 PVA/Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (PVP) Blends
8.4.14 PVA/Aqueous Polyurethane (APU) Blends
8.4.15 PVA/Poly(Carbonate-Urethane) (PCU) Blends
8.4.16 PVA/Poly(Salicylidene Allyl Amine) (PSAAm) Blends
8.4.17 PVA/Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Blends
8.5 PVA/Natural Polymers Blends
8.5.1 PVA Crosslinked with p-Formaldehyde (PVA-F)/Polysaccharide-Chitosan (PSC)/Salicylic Acid ¡VResorcinol-Formaldehyde Polymeric Resin (SRF) Blends
8.5.2 PVA/?]-Cyclodextrin (?]-CD) Blends
8.5.3 PVA/Cellulose (CELL) Blends
8.5.4 PVA/Starch Blends
8.5.5 PVA/Soluble Collagen (SC) Blends
8.5.6 PVA/Gelatin Blends
8.5.7 PVA/(Regenerated) Silk Fibroin ((R)SF) Blends
8.5.8 PVA/?] -Chitin Blends
8.5.9 PVA/Chitin Derivatives Blends
8.5.10 PVA/Poly(Allylbiguanido-co-Allylamine) (PAB) Blends
8.6 Blends of Polyvinyl Alcohol Copolymers with Natural and Synthetic Polymers
8.6.1 Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH)/Starch Blends
8.6.2 EVOH/Starch/Hydroxylapatite (HA) Blends
8.6.3 EVOH/Poly(styrenecomaleic anhydride) (SMA) Blends
8.6.4 EVOH/Polyolefin (PO) Blends
8.6.5 EVOH/PA Blends
8.6.6 EVOH/Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Blends
8.6.7 EVOH/Poly(Ethyloxazoline) (PEOX) Blends
8.7 Concluding Remarks
9 Polyacrylic-Based Polymer Blends
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods of Obtaining Acrylic Polymer Blends
9.2.1 Casting Method and Specific Interactions in Binary and Ternary Blends Containing Acrylic Polymers
9.2.2 Self-Propagating Frontal Polymerisation
9.2.3 IPN Method
9.2.4 Functionalising Chains Method
9.2.5 Aggregation Method
9.2.6 Ternary Blends
9.2.7 Reactive Blending Using Acrylic Monomers
9.2.8 Non-Conventional Methods for Obtaining Blends
9.3 Characterisation of Blends with Polyacrylics in Composition
9.3.1 Acrylic/PVC - Blends
9.3.2 PC/SAN - Copolymers
9.3.3 PS and Styrene Copolymer/Acrylics Systems
9.3.4 PSF/Acrylic Blends
9.3.5 Acrylates/Other
9.3.6 Specific Interactions in Blends Containing Acrylics
9.3.7 PMMA/PEO Blends
9.3.8 PBT/ABS Blends
9.3.9 Blends with PBzMA
9.3.10 Acrylic/PO Blends
9.3.11 PMMA/Others
9.3.12 Ion-Containing Polymer Blends
10 Rubber Toughened Epoxies/Thermosets
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Various Approaches to Toughening Epoxy Resins
10.1.2 Measurement of Toughness
10.2 Modification of Epoxy Resins by Rubbers
10.2.1 CTBN
10.2.2 Toughening by other Acrylonitrile - Butadiene Copolymers
10.2.3 Use of a Few Unconventional Rubbers to Toughen Epoxies
10.3 Toughening of High Performance Epoxy Resin
10.4 Toughening by Preformed Core-Shell Particles
10.4.1 Procedure for Blending
10.5 Toughening of Epoxy Resin with Engineering Thermoplastics
10.6 Toughening of Polyester Resin and its Composites
10.7 Toughening of Composites
10.8 Summary
11 Blends Containing Thermostable Heterocyclic Polymers
11.1 General Background
11.2 Polyimide Blends
11.2.1 Blends of Different Polyimides
11.2.2 Blends of Polyimides with Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketones
11.2.3 Blends of Polyimides with Polyamides
11.2.4 Blends of Polyimides with Polyesters
11.2.5 Blends of Polyimides with Polytetrafluoroethylene
11.2.6 Blends of Polyimides with Polysulfones
11.2.7 Blends of Polyimides with Polycarbonates
11.2.8 Blends of Polyimides with Polyurethanes
11.2.9 Blends of Polyimides with Silicones
11.2.10 Blends of Polyimides with Polyaniline
11.2.11 Other Blends Containing Polyimides
11.3 Polybenzimidazole Blends
11.4 Polyquinoxaline Blends
11.5 Polyoxadiazole Blends
12 Blends and Interpenetrating Networks Based on Polyurethanes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polyurethane Blends
12.2.1 Segmented Polyurethane Elastomers
12.2.2 Blends Based on Polyurethane Elastomers
12.2.3 Polyurethane Blending
12.2.4 Morphology of Elastomeric Polyurethane Blends
12.3 Properties of Polyurethane Blends
12.3.1 Glass Transition
12.3.2 Degradation
12.3.3 Mechanical Behaviour
12.3.4 Electrical Properties
12.4 Applications of Polyurethane Blends
12.5 Polyurethane Interpenetrating Networks
12.5.1 Preparation of Polyurethane IPN
12.5.2 Properties of Polyurethane IPN
12.5.3 Applications of Polyurethane IPN
13 Blends and Networks Containing Silicon-Based Polymers
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Blend Systems of Silicon-based Polymers
13.2.1 Thermodynamic Aspects
13.2.2 Influence of Additives on s
13.2.3 Miscibility - Compatible Blends
13.2.4 Rheology
13.2.5 Properties and Applications of Blends Containing Silicon-based Polymers
13.3 Copolymer Networks and Interpenetrating Networks
13.3.1 Copolymer Networks (CPN)
13.3.2 Interpenetrating Networks (IPN)
13.4 Conclusion
14 Lignin-Based Blends
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Lignin/Epoxy Resin Blends
14.3 Lignin/Phenolic Resin Blends
14.4 Lignin/Polyolefin Blends
14.5 Lignin/Polyurethane Blends
14.6 Lignin/Polyester Blends
14.7 Lignin/Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Blends
14.8 Lignin/Other Synthetic Polymer Blends
14.9 Lignin/Natural Polymer Blends
14.9.1 Lignin/Starch Blends
14.9.2 Lignin/Cellulose Blends
14.9.3 Lignin/Polyhydroxyalkanoates
14.10 Concluding Remarks
15 Environmentally-Friendly Polymers and Blends
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Corn: A Renewable Source of Eco-Friendly Plastic
15.3 The Role of Legislation
15.3.1 Japan
15.3.2 Germany
15.3.3 Asia
15.4 Biodegradability: Definitions and Standards
15.4.1 Assessment of Biodegradable Polymers
15.4.2 Biodegradability of Starch/Polymer Blends
15.5 Biopolymer Materials for Making Blends
15.5.1 Starch Ester Technology
15.5.2 Microbial Polyesters
15.5.3 Property Improvements of PLLA and other Biodegradable Plastics
15.6 Plan to Produce L-Lactic Acid from Kitchen and Food Waste
15.7 Whey-Protein Films
15.8 Processing of Biopolymer Blends
15.8.1 Starch-Polycaprolactone Blends
15.8.2 Melt Rheology of Polylactide Blends
15.9 Blends of Starch with Biodegradable Polymers
15.9.1 Blends of Starch with PLA
15.9.2 Commercial Compostable Plastic for Blending with Starch
15.10 Applications
15.10.1 Edible Packaging Films
15.10.2 Compostable Plastic Bags
15.10.3 McDonald¡¦s Approves Degradable Container Product Design
15.10.4 Degradable Polymer Blends for Innovative Medical Devices
15.10.5 Degradable Polymers for Synthetic Organs
15.10.6 Green Games
15.10.7 Improved Polymer Blend for Agricultural Mulching Film Commercialisation
15.10.8 Biodegradable Fishing Line from Toray
15.11 Developing World Markets for Biodegradable Plastics
15.12 Cost of EDP
15.12.1 Resin Cost
15.12.2 Injection Moulding
15.12.3 Improvements in PCL Resin Reduces the Extrusion Costs of Film to the Level of PE Film
15.12.4 Competitively Priced Ball Point Pen Made of Corn
15.12.5 Topy Green's Marketing Situation of Biodegradable Mulching Films
15.13 Conclusions
16 Liquid Crystalline Polymers in Polymer Blends
16.1 Introduction to Liquid Crystals
16.2 Liquid Crystalline Polymers and Their Properties
16.3 The Effect of Liquid Crystalline Polymers on the Processing and on the Physical Properties of Polymer Blends
16.4 Specific Interactions in Polymer Blends Containing Liquid Crystalline Polymers
16.4.1 Electron Donor-Acceptor Interactions
16.4.2 Hydrogen Bond Interactions
16.5 Rheology of the Blends Containing Liquid Crystalline Polymers
16.5.1 Experimental Data on the Blend Viscosity
16.5.2 Theoretical Expressions for the Blend Viscosity
16.5.3 Model Describing Rheological Behaviour of Immiscible Blends
16.5.4 Factors Influencing Rheological Behaviour
16.6 Liquid Crystalline Polymers as Reinforcements
16.6.1 Reinforcing Action of Hydroxybenzoic Acid Based Liquid Crystalline Polymer Blends
16.6.2 Reinforcement by Rigid Rod Polyester Blends
16.6.3 Aromatic Liquid Crystalline Polymers as Reinforcements
16.6.4 Poly (amide imide) Blends
16.7 Concluding Remarks
Abbreviations
Index
Cornelia Vasile is senior researcher at the Romanian Academy, ‘P.Poni’ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania and Associate Professor at Laval University-Quebec Canada, ‘Gh. Asachi’ Technical University of Iasi and ‘Al.I.Cuza’ University of Iasi. She is the author or co-author of seven books, 250 scientific articles and 75 technical reports, as well as the holder of 38 patents.
Anand Kumar Kulshreshtha is Senior Manager (R&D) and Leader for Polymer and Information Groups at the Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd., Vadodara. He is on the editorial board of the journal, ‘Popular Plastics & Packaging’ and author of about 200 research papers, articles and book chapters.
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