Small Fuel Cells for Portable Applications CD-ROM Library - Editions 1-9
Knowledge Press, August 2008, Pages: 3104
A 15 billion dollar market awaits organizations prepared to capitalize on the urgent need for long-running portable power
Small Fuel Cells(sm) for Portable Applications Library includes all 9 editions of the Small Fuel Cells publications. With over 175 chapters, these reports have the latest information available with complete narratives, charts, graphs and data that you will find in no publication of its kind.
Please see below for complete chapter descriptions and author listings.
- Over 175 chapters of the latest data available
- Includes Volumes 1-9 on CD-ROM and a FREE print copy of the 9th Edition
Editions are topical reference books that include complete narratives, charts, graphs, and illustrations
CHAPTER 1 - 9TH EDITION
Methods and Tools for Designing Successful Hybrid Systems
Roger A. Dougal, PhD, Professor of Electrical Engineering, VTB Project Director, University of South Carolina
Design of fuel cell and battery hybrid systems entails integration of strongly interdisciplinary sub-systems involving everything from electrochemistry and power electronics to fluid and heat transfer. The design process can be simplified by the application of appropriate multidisciplinary design tools. This presentation will describe methods for hybrid system design and illustrate those methods with example systems that have been validated in hardware.
CHAPTER 2 - 9TH EDITION
Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells: A Novel Class of Fuel Cell - Battery Hybrid Technology
Gennadi Finkelshtain, Chief Technical Officer, Medis Technologies
Medis Technologies’ Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells (DBFC) offers a compelling alternative to the traditional fuel cell chemistries. Medis has launched its first consumer product, the Medis 24/7 Power Pack, based on a novel approach, including proprietary chemistry and assembly technologies. We will provide an overview Power Pack product, including performance, production technology and chemistry. Medis has developed a second generation hybridized version of our Power Pack and we will provide an overview of our hybridization method, including an overview of the performance benefits created by hybridization.
CHAPTER 3 - 9TH EDITION
Identification and Characterization of Near-Term Commercial Markets for PEM Fuel Cells in Portable Applications
Kathleen Judd, Senior Research Scientist, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory/ Battelle Memorial Institute
In a study for the U.S. Department of Energy, TV broadcasting video cameras were identified as a near-term opportunity for portable direct hydrogen PEM fuel cells. A technical comparison of PEM fuel cells and competing battery alternatives was performed for TV broadcasting video cameras. The comparison includes a lifecycle cost analysis of fuel cell and battery technologies (lithium ion and nickel cadmium) under different use scenarios for TV broadcasting video cameras. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to show the variability in average annual system cost as individual factors (e.g. cost, durability of the fuel cell) are varied while other factors are held constant. A value proposition was defined for this market based on the overall market, economic, and technology assessments.
CHAPTER 4 - 9TH EDITION
Durability and Design of Battery/Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems
Tom Fuller, PhD, Professor, Director of the Center for Innovative Fuel Cell and Battery Technologies, Georgia Institute of Technology
Hybrid architectures are becoming common regardless of the system scale. The principal goal of system design has been minimizing fuel consumption. Whereas it is understood that the components of the system must be evaluated and the control strategy scrutinized simultaneously, what’s missing is any consideration of the durability of the electrochemical devices. The necessity of understanding and predicting not just initial performance but life behavior is paramount to commercialization of these power systems. A system model elucidates the interactions between components and enables the response of the system as a whole to changing load demands to be determined. Their life and the associated failure mechanisms are strongly dependent on the architecture, load profile, and control strategies. This is illustrated with an example of platinum stability in a fuel-cell hybrid system.
CHAPTER 5 - 9TH EDITION
Development of a Fully-Integrated, Hybrid, High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell/Lithium Ion Battery Power Plant
Daniel A. Betts, PhD, Engineering Manager, EnerFuel, a subsidiary of Ener1, Inc.
From a business standpoint, Ener1, Inc. is well-positioned to take advantage of the upcoming demand for fuel cell/battery automotive power plants. Ener1 is the parent company of EnerDel, an automotive lithium-ion battery developer, and EnerFuel, a fuel cell company. While EnerDel is in the process of establishing itself as an important player in the automotive lithium ion battery market, EnerFuel has been developing fuel cells with substantial technical advantages over traditional automotive fuel cell technologies. EnerFuel has pioneered high temperature PEM fuel cell stacks. High temperature operation has allowed EnerFuel to pursue designs that are durable, thermally stable, compact, and relatively inexpensive. In this presentation, quantifiable benefits of EnerFuels high temperature PEM fuel cell are discussed.
CHAPTER 6 - 9TH EDITION
Fuel Cell and Battery Hybrid System for Portable Electronics Applications
Naehyuck Chang, PhD, Associate Professor, Dept of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University
This talk introduces a PEM fuel cell and Li-ion battery hybrid system for use in portable microelectronic systems which are subject to high power fluctuation though their average power consumption is small. We introduce several issues in fuel cell and battery hybrid systems for such systems in view of computer engineering that includes architectures of hybrid systems, battery management, load shaping using power management techniques, and a prototype implementation.
CHAPTER 7 - 9TH EDITION
Department of Energy Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell R&D Activities
Terry Payne, PhD, PE, Technology Development Manager, Hydrogen, Fuel Cell & Infrastructure Technologies Program, The U.S. Department of Energy
Though the DOE Hydrogen Program emphasizes polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells in passenger vehicles, the program also supports fuel cells for portable power applications where earlier market entry would assist in the development of a fuel cell manufacturing base. This talk will provide an update on the status of DOE PEM fuel cell development particularly for portable power, ongoing efforts to eliminate barriers, and the path being pursued.
CHAPTER 8 - 9TH EDITION
Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells: An Emerging Technology with Reduced Logistic Footprint for Military and Civil Applications
Carsten Cremers, PhD and Michael Krausa, PhD, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT
An important goal of replacing primary batteries by hybrids of rechargeable batteries and fuel cells is to reduce the logistic effort in power supply. Fuel cells using ethanol would be beneficial as ethanol offers a higher availability and easier handling compared to methanol. However, the performance of today’s DEFCs does not compete with that of commercial DMFCs. To improve this performance two approaches are currently pursued, a multistep process in proton exchange membrane based DEFC and alkaline DEFC using anion exchange membranes. The current state of the art of both approaches will be presented and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed.
CHAPTER 9 - 9TH EDITION
Micro Fuel Cell System for Mobile Consumer Electronic Devices
Shuji Goto, and Tadashi Senoo, Manager, Materials Laboratory, Sony Corporation
We are developing micro fuel cell systems for mobile consumer electronic devices. The system consists of series-connected direct methanol fuel cells, a fuel pump, a fuel cartridge, a Li-ion polymer battery and a power management circuit. We have achieved high power output, high energy efficiency and overall system size reduction by the combination of material development, power management algorithm development and component downsizing.
CHAPTER 10 - 9TH EDITION
Mobile DMFC: Enhancement of Stack and System Stability
Inseob Song, PhD, Principal Manager-Fuel Cell Project, Samsung SDI Co, Ltd, Samsung
Recent advancements on mobile DMFC system will be presented. Stack and system stability regarding the commercial aspects of Note PC application will be mainly concerned. Unique structure of fuel flow field and sealing component of 15 W stack showed thermal stability in the range of user application. System design of 120 Wh DMFC system having robust fuel management and system loop for continuous 10 hour operation will be discussed. And the author would like to share the characteristics of power performance of system showing that this technology moves one step forward to commercialization.
CHAPTER 11 - 9TH EDITION
Creating a Global Fuel Cartridge Manufacturing and Distribution Infrastructure
Carl Kukkonen, PhD, CEO, Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corporation, a VIASPACE Company
No one will buy a fuel cell powered notebook computer or cell phone unless fuel cartridges are readily available. Similarly no company will bring out fuel cartridges unless fuel cell powered products are in the marketplace. Obviously the products must be coordinated. The presentation will address progress in developing and meeting safety standards, and obtaining regulatory approval to carry fuel cells and cartridges on airplanes. Cartridge standardization is another issue - will the industry develop similarly to printers where each printer has a separate cartridge design, or will it be more like disposable batteries with a few standard sizes. Global manufacturing and distribution issues will also be discussed, including economics, national preferences and language issues, and branding. It is important to remember that the portable electronics OEM is selling the fuel cell powered device, however the consumer that buys the notebook computer is the person that buys cartridges in the aftermarket.
CHAPTER 12 - 9TH EDITION
Fabrication of 3D Micro Fuel Cells for Cell Phones
Allison M. Fisher, PhD, Principal Staff Scientist, Motorola Labs - Energy Technologies Lab, Motorola
Cell phones are a particularly challenging application for fuel-cell based power systems because of volume limitations. A fuel cell/battery hybrid power source of the same volume as a current cell phone battery (10 cm= - 2.5 Wh) requires a smaller battery and a fuel cell with high power density and efficiency in order to achieve an overall energy density higher than that of the battery alone. Traditional planar fuel cell system approaches are not expected to be able to meet these requirements. Motorola is developing an alternative fuel cell design based on a three dimensional membrane electrode assembly. The high aspect ratio of this design provides a high surface area for hydrogen oxidation/oxygen reduction, and is fabricated using semiconductor processing methods combined with self-assembly and other wet chemical methods. In this design, thousands of 3D micron-sized fuel cells can be fabricated in a 1 cm= footprint. This presentation will describe our progress toward the fabrication and testing of these unique fuel cells.
CHAPTER 13 - 9TH EDITION
From Concept to Product - Development and Scale-Up Production Implementation for myFC’s FuelCellSticker™ Technology
Björn Westerholm, CEO, and Anders Lundblad, PhD, CTO, myFC AB
Fundamentals for industrialization in micro fuel cells: What needs to be accomplished to be able to start the commercialization wave? The FuelCellSticker™ has proven to be an outstanding technology in terms of performance, conformability and cost. Today, its performance has reached 600 mW/cm= with a lifetime of over 2000 h. Design conformability is demonstrated through a radius smaller than 6 mm. Cost target can be reached via cheap and effective production technology. Interest from market is created via myFC’s FuelCellPlatform development, as exemplified in designed chargers that are suitable for mass production. Proof of concept demonstration projects are currently realized through industrial collaboration projects. The talk will discuss technological advances versus market demands and how they are met in the development and industrialization process that myFC is currently pursuing.
CHAPTER 14 - 9TH EDITION
The Crucial Step: From Prototypes to Commercial Product
Jens Müller, PhD, CTO, SFC Smart Fuel Cell AG
The step from prototypes and field trials to real products is still a major challenge. Only very few fuel cell players have managed to show real market traction so far. This presentation will discuss the success factors which enabled SFC to sell more than 7,000 fuel cell systems to date - on a truly commercial basis. The presentation will feature SFC’s product portfolio including the company’s latest portable fuel cell systems, as well as several of the industrial applications in which SFC fuel cells are used worldwide.
CHAPTER 15 - 9TH EDITION
Advances in Hydrocarbon Membrane Development
Rick Cooper, Vice President of Business Development, PolyFuel Inc.
PolyFuel’s current generation of hydrocarbon fuel cell membranes exhibit methanol crossover levels that are 1/2 to 2/3 of those of competing fluorocarbon membranes. PolyFuel’s membranes are being incorporated into a rapidly increasing share of DMFC systems that have been demonstrated by the leading portable fuel cell system developers. While pleased with this accomplishment, PolyFuel recognizes that there is still room for continued improvement, and with the support of funding from the Advanced Technology (ATP) Program within the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), PolyFuel has embarked on a 24 month program to reduce the level of fuel crossover by a further 75% from PolyFuel’s current low levels, without negatively impacting the electrochemical performance of the fuel cell itself. PolyFuel will provide an update on the progress toward the development of this next generation hydrocarbon membrane for portable DMFC applications.
CHAPTER 16 - 9TH EDITION
Low Cost Membrane and Catalyst Development for Portable Fuel Cells
Arumugam Manthiram, PhD, Professor, Electrochemical Energy Laboratory & Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin
Direct methanol fuel cells are appealing to replace lithium ion batteries in portable devices, but their commercialization is hampered by high cost, durability, and operability problems, which are in turn linked to severe materials challenges. This presentation will focus on the development of novel low cost polymeric membranes that exhibit suppressed methanol crossover as well as low cost nanoalloy catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction that exhibit high tolerance to methanol.
CHAPTER 17 - 9TH EDITION
Military Fuel Cells for Tactical Power Generation and Battery Charging
Eric Simpkins, Vice President, IdaTech, LLC
IdaTech has developed two small fuel cell systems for commercial, defense and civil applications. A fully integrated 250 Watt portable fuel cell power plant has applications as a battery charger or stand-alone power plant. This system is commercially available, and will be hardened for defense applications. A fully integrated 3 kW fuel cell system has been developed for the Army, that is fueled with flightline jet and diesel fuels.
CHAPTER 18 - 9TH EDITION
Remote Surveillance System Powered by PEM Fuel Cell
Daniel A. Betts, PhD, Engineering Manager, EnerFuel, Inc., a Subsidiary of Ener1
EnerFuel has developed a Remote Surveillance System (RSS) that is able to send images wirelessly through the existing cellular network. The RSS can operate independently from months to a year depending on the frequency of image generation and sending. A hybrid power system that includes a battery, solar cell and PEM fuel cell system, provides the power for the RSS’s independent operation. However, the key elements for the reliable and long run time are PEM fuel cell and hydrogen system. At the presentation, the performance data of the RSS, and more specifically PEM fuel cell and hydrogen system, will be presented and discussed in details.
CHAPTER 19 - 9TH EDITION
Molecular Relaxations and Morphology of Perfluorosulfonate Ionomers for Fuel Cell Applications
Kirt A. Page, PhD, Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Perfluorosulfonate ionomers (PFSI’s) are of great importance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. In order to optimize membrane performance, it is essential to understand the development of morphology and the structure-property relationships in these materials. Since the influence of the electrostatic interactions in these ion-containing polymers governs the developing structure, the overall goal of these studies has aimed to expand our fundamental understanding of the influence of electrostatic interactions on chain dynamics and developing morphology in PFSI materials.
CHAPTER 20 - 9TH EDITION
Rechargeable, Low-Pressure, High-Density Hydrogen Storage for Portable Fuel Cells
Michael Zelinsky, Director, Hydrogen Systems, Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC
No single hydrogen storage solution is likely to solve the needs of all fuel cell applications as each technology has its own unique combination of advantages and disadvantages. This presentation will contrast various hydrogen storage methods, focusing on reversible metal hydrides. We will investigate how the technology works and examples of commercial fuel cell applications where it has been successfully deployed.
CHAPTER 21 - 9TH EDITION
A Microfluidic Fuel Cell with Flow-Through Porous Electrodes
Erik Kjeang, PhD, Institute for Integrated Energy Systems (IESVic), University of Victoria
A membraneless microfluidic fuel cell architecture incorporating flow-through porous electrodes is demonstrated. The proposed architecture solves the transport limitation of previous laminar flow-based microfluidic fuel cells. Improved performance is exhibited, including power densities up to 131 mW/cm= at room temperature. The flow-through cell architecture concurrently enables high levels of fuel utilization and cell voltage, reaching an overall energy conversion efficiency of 60% per single pass, and facilitates in situ regeneration of fuel and oxidant.
CHAPTER 22 - 9TH EDITION
Panel Discussion: Fuel Cells, Batteries, Hybrid Power Systems: Different Problems - Common Solutions
Moderator: Tom Fuller
Panelists: Sanjeev Mukerjee, Gennadi Finkelshtain, Terry Payne, Detlef Stolten
CHAPTER 1 - 8TH EDITION
The Department of Energy Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Research and Development Activities
Tim Armstrong, PhD, Program Manager, Fuel Cells and Functional Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy
The DoE emphasizes polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells as replacements for internal combustion engines in light-duty vehicles to support the goal of reducing oil use in the transportation sector. In addition, the program also supports fuel cells for stationary power, portable power and auxiliary power applications to a limited degree where earlier market entry would assist in the development of a fuel cell manufacturing base. The technical focus is on developing materials and components that reduce fuel cell system cost and extend durability.
CHAPTER 2 - 8TH EDITION
Challenges and Opportunities in Deploying Commercial Fuel Cell Systems
Andrew P. Wallace, Director of Technology Development, Jadoo Power
Jadoo Power will present gathered consumer field data detailing the practical impacts of fuel cell system deployment. Jadoo systems have logged over 100,000 hours with over 75,000 start stops while operated by consumers. The critical design choices for PEM fuel cells used to satisfy start/stop reliability requirements and operational duty cycles will be presented.
CHAPTER 3 - 8TH EDITION
Enabling New Product Designs for Emerging Markets with Fuel Cells
Ronald J. Kelley, PhD, Co-Founder and CEO, Gecko Energy Technologies, Inc.
Fuel cells should free designers from the physical restrictions and energy constraints of batteries. The characteristics of fuel cell systems enable applications that simply cannot be done in an economical way with conventional battery packs. Designs that take advantage of the unique capabilities and form factors inherent in fuel cell systems; enabling new devices in emerging markets of sensing, wireless networking, remote monitoring, and more will be presented.
CHAPTER 4 - 8TH EDITION
Fuel Cells for Portable Communications
Jerry Hallmark, Manager Energy Technologies - Motorola Labs, Motorola
Today's portable communications devices are becoming more complex with new features being added to extend capabilities. There is also an increasing need for extended operation "in the field" without the ability to recharge batteries from the grid. This is causing an "energy crisis" and Motorola is evaluating several fuel cell technologies to address these issues. Various system configurations are being considered, including external power sources for charger, hybrid fuel cell/batteries and direct fuel cell power.
CHAPTER 5 - 8TH EDITION
Development of DMFC for Mobile Applications at Toshiba
Yasuhiro Goto, Chief Research Scientist, Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Corporate R&D Center, Toshiba Corporation, Japan
In this presentation, we will cover the current state and future scope of the development of mobile DMFC at Toshiba. Several prototypes for some mobile electronics will be introduced. Active type or passive type is selected for the fabrication of the prototypes depending on the required properties (e.g. output power and size) of each application. Technical issues still remaining for commercialization will be also addressed.
CHAPTER 6 - 8TH EDITION
Advancement in DMFC Electrode/MEA Structure & Diagnostic Methods
Emory S. De Castro, PhD, Executive Vice President, E-TEK Division, PEMEAS Fuel Cell Technologies
Many factors influence DMFC performance - from catalyst, electrode structure, membrane, to operations. As an integrated components company E-TEK investigates the interaction of these elements. Electrode structure is crucial for DMFC MEA performance. On the cathode side, one needs to compromise between water ejection and catalyst utilization, and on the anode side a trade-off between methanol accessibility and cross-over. Both PtRu anode and Pt cathode catalysts need to be finely dispersed and possess large surface areas, while the anode's PtRu needs to be well alloyed for good electrochemical activity and chemical stability. Diagnostic methods are important to optimize electrode/gdl structure and operations. Methods have been developed to examine the existence and extent of cathode flooding and the capability of cathode structure in managing water accumulation, as well as the extent of methanol penetration into anode porous structure and cross-over. Critical issues in commercial production of MEAs will also be discussed.
CHAPTER 7 - 8TH EDITION
The Role of the Membrane in Determining DMFC System Performance
Philip Cox, PhD, Vice President of Product Development, PolyFuel, Inc.
The membrane is at the heart of the fuel cell and has an interdependent interaction with the other components of the fuel cell system. By engineering the properties of hydrocarbon membranes, the system designer can optimize the key system characteristics that affect power density, fuel efficiency and fuel cell operating conditions under a range of system architectures. We will discuss the specific membrane characteristics that can influence cell and stack performance, and which in turn determine overall system functionality.
CHAPTER 8 - 8TH EDITION
Development of the "Solid-State Methanol" Fuel for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)
Shigeaki Satoh, General Manager & New Energy Project Leader, Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Japan
Methanol, the fuel used in DMFC, is highly flammable and requires cautious handling. At room temperature methanol is liquid, raising the issue of leakage from a fuel cartridge. We are reporting on our development of the world first "Solid-State Methanol" fuel: applying a clathrate compound technology, in which we have succeeded in improving the safety and portability of methanol. In addition, this technology can apply to the storage of hydrogen fuel.
CHAPTER 9 - 8TH EDITION
A Micro Fuel Processor with Microreactor for a Small Fuel Cell System
Yoshihiro Kawamura, Dr Eng, Assistant Manager, Core Technologies R&D Division, CASIO Computer Co., Ltd., Japan
As the advent of a ubiquitous computing environment, a high-performance power source of mobile electronic devices has been desired. CASIO has developed a micro fuel processor with a methanol reformer for "on-demand production" of hydrogen for a small PEMFC system, in this several years. This paper focuses on the microreactor technology applied for the micro fuel processor, including the summarized note of our small PEMFC system.
CHAPTER 10 - 8TH EDITION
Chemical Hydride Technology for Portable PEM FC Applications
Richard M. Mohring, PhD, Senior Director, Technology & Engineering, Millennium Cell, Inc.
Millennium Cell is developing chemical hydride-based hydrogen storage technology to power PEM fuel cells for portable devices across diverse applications within the military, medical, industrial, and consumer markets. These power sources combine Millennium Cell's patented Hydrogen on Demand technology with either active or passive PEM fuel cells, depending on the application. Current system designs, performance testing results, and future technology direction will be presented.
CHAPTER 11 - 8TH EDITION
High Power Passive Type PEFC Using Chemical Hydride
Fumiharu Iwasaki, Manager, R&D Division, Micro & Nano Technology Center, Seiko Instruments Inc., Japan
In this paper we report the completion of technology development for a small scale fuel cell system initially presented last year at the Small Fuel Cells 2006 conference. Hydrogen fuel in this system is generated from chemical hydrides without power consumption. Taking into consideration that high power is an extremely important characteristic of a fuel cell, we have developed a system with higher power output than for the previously demonstrated passive model. At this meeting we will present the new high power passive type PEFC and will discuss its performance and characteristics.
CHAPTER 12 - 8TH EDITION
CEA Development of a DBFC (Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells)
Philippe Capron, PhD, DTNM/LCH, Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) - LITEN, France
CEA recently has carried out development of new technology for portable fuel cells, namely DBFC (Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell), which operates at room temperature. Fuel cell core of these systems is formed by an alkaline anion-exchange membrane and composite electrodes made of specific catalysts in which non-noble metals may be used (e.g. Ag, Ni). High theoretical level of electromotive force (1,64V compared to 1,23V for PEMFC), and theoretical yield (0,91 compared to 0,83 for PEMFC) are the main advantages of the DBFC. Moreover the use of borohydride-based liquid fuel makes it possible to reach high specific energy and to be competitive on the small power devices market. In this presentation DBFC technology developed at CEA along with our recent R&D results will be presented. Technological "lock-in" and perspectives will be also discussed.
CHAPTER 13 - 8TH EDITION
Compact Mixed-Reactant DMFCs: Enabling Stack Power Densities of Greater than 500 W/L
Olaf Conrad, PhD, Head of Future Technologies, CMR Fuel Cells (UK) Ltd., United Kingdom
The CMR team has successfully developed and demonstrated its unique and broadly patented mixed-reactant flow-through fuel cell stack architecture as early as 2001 and since then improved the technology for DMFC stacks to enable power densities of several hundred Watts per liter. This presentation reviews our achievements in materials development and MEA architecture.
CHAPTER 14 - 8TH EDITION
Breakthroughs and Challenges in Platinum Free Portable Power
Xiaoming Ren, PhD, Vice President, Fuel Cells Technology, Acta S.p.A., Italy
Increasing attention is being paid to the new technology of platinum free catalysts in alkaline anionic membrane fuel cells for portable power applications. Acta is a leading solution provider in this field with its breakthrough range of HYPERMEC platinum free catalysts. This presentation will review performance achievements to date with multiple fuels and at a range of temperatures, and will outline remaining challenges to commercialization as well as some possible solutions.
CHAPTER 15 - 8TH EDITION
Portable Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems
Jerry L. Martin, PhD, President, Mesoscopic Devices, LLC
Compact, portable solid oxide fuel cell generators have been demonstrated recently that build on advances in lightweight, efficient balance of plant equipment and high power density stacks. Mesoscopic Devices is developing 75 and 250 Watt SOFC generators. Versions of these systems have been demonstrated operating on kerosene and propane. We will present the latest results for these generator demonstrations.
CHAPTER 16 - 8TH EDITION
Commercialization of Portable Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems
Aaron Crumm, PhD, President, Adaptive Materials, Inc.
Adaptive Materials has developed micro-tubular fell cell systems for military applications in the 20 to 50W power range. Often overlooked at the lower power levels, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology offers a few key advantages for use in military applications. Among these advantages is the use of commercially available light hydrocarbons as a fuel source and the potential to migrate to heavy hydrocarbons like JP8. In addition, use of energy dense hydrocarbons like propane, enable AMI systems to operate at energy densities in excess of 1000 Watt-hours/kg (20W), with the future potential opportunity to exceed 1500 Wh/kg over a ten day mission. These metrics far exceed current battery technologies and offer a significant weight reduction for individual soldiers. Adaptive Materials has conducted some initial field testing of its systems and has overcome some major obstacles in commercializing this technology for military applications. This oral presentation will outline AMI's military related development efforts addressing the most critical and often identified challenges associated with the use of SOFC systems in the military. These challenges include: size, durability, net system efficiency, operation in extreme environments, load following, thermal and acoustic signatures, and sulfur tolerance.
CHAPTER 17 - 8TH EDITION
Elegant Hydrogen Generation Based on Reactive Metal Alloys
Erhard Ogris, PhD, Chief Technical Officer, Alvatec Production and Sales GesmbH, Austria
Hydrogen based PEM fuel cells have still a lot of advantages comparing to DMFCs like size, life time or efficiency. The biggest challenge of hydrogen based fuel cells is the safe maintenance with sufficient fuel. Alvatec has found an elegant way to generate pure hydrogen by a reaction of metal alloys and hydrogen delivering substances. Our Hydrogen sources provide high and constant hydrogen rate as well as easy handling, high safety and low cost.
CHAPTER 18 - 8TH EDITION
Easy-To-Replace Passive Type Fuel Cell Sticker
Anders Lundblad, PhD, CTO myFC AB, Sweden
myFC AB has developed a passive type fuel cell sticker which is adhesively attached to a support with hydrogen feed. Despite a very simple design, the myFC fuel cell sticker can provide power density levels of up to 300 mW/cm2. myFC's fuel cell stickers are suitable for mass production (i.e. inexpensive) and easy to replace after its service life. The talk will present performance data, life-time data, manufacturing cost forecasts and discuss some early application markets.
CHAPTER 19 - 8TH EDITION
High-Performance Microfluidic Vanadium Fuel Cell
Erik Kjeang, Research Associate, Institute for Integrated Energy Systems (IESVic), University of Victoria, Canada
We demonstrate a new vanadium-based microfluidic fuel cell design with high-surface area porous carbon electrodes. Our device exhibits a peak power density of 70 mW/cm2 at room temperature, which is significantly higher than any previously reported type of microfluidic fuel cell. In addition, low-flow rate operation demonstrates unprecedented levels of fuel utilization. The proposed design facilitates cost-effective and rapid fabrication, and would be applicable to most microfluidic fuel cell architectures.
CHAPTER 20 - 8TH EDITION
Membrane-Electrode Interfacial Degradation in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Origin, Diagnosis and Solutions
Yu Seung Kim, PhD, and Bryan Pivovar, PhD, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Interfacial incompatibility between polymer electrolyte membrane and Nafion-bonded catalyst layer could cause a significant performance loss in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). In this talk, we will focus on the origin, diagnosis and solution for the membrane-electrode interfacial degradation of DMFC system. Improved long-term performance (up to 3,000 h) of interface compatible membrane-electrode assemblies using various low permeable alternative membranes will be demonstrated.
CHAPTER 21 - 8TH EDITION
Durability and Stability Issues on Mobile DMFC: Analysis & Technical Solution
Hyuk Chang, PhD, Vice President / SAIT Master, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung, Korea
While redoubling the effort to increase power performance of mobile DMFC to commercial level, serious consideration of the durability and stability issues is now required as well. Durability behavior of catalysts was investigated in the atomic scale and found redeposition of decomposed anode catalyst atoms at cathode, which was formed with the intermixture of defective nanocrystalline and amorphous structure. Full passive fuel delivery mechanism was analyzed and a typical logic for stability control was suggested. The author would like to discuss the technical solution for achievement of continuous and steady operation in active and full passive conditions, respectively, so that mobile DMFC technology can reach to consumer's hand. Prototypes of mobile systems will be also discussed.
CHAPTER 22 - 8TH EDITION
Water Management and MEA Issues Affecting Durability of Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells
George H. Miley, PhD, Professor, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Direct Sodium Borohydride PEM fuel cells utilizing either air or hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant present unique advantages relative to other small high power-density portable units [G.H. Miley, et al, "Direct NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cells," Journal of Power Sources (2006) Article in Press, see: doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.062]. The water solvent for the fuel mitigates membrane hydration issues faced in typical H2 fuel cells. However, a water management scheme becomes crucial for long operation times. Water recirculation is essential to maintain the solubility of the NaBH4 fuel and the reaction product NaBO2, thus avoiding eventual clogging of the MEA due to precipitation of either species. In addition, the design of the diffusion layer and catalyst deposition technique become crucial to prevent small pore hold up or erosion over long run times. These run time durability issues will be discussed.
CHAPTER 23 - 8TH EDITION
PANEL DISCUSSION
Degradation / Durability Studies and Validation for Micro- and Small Fuel Cells: "Should Do" or "Must Do"
Panel Moderator: Emory S. De Castro, E-TEK Division, PEMEAS Fuel Cell Technologies
Panelists:
Philip Cox, PolyFuel, Inc.
Jerry Hallmark, Motorola Labs
George Miley, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Xiaoming Ren, Acta S.p.A.
Questions addressed by this Panel Discussion include but are not limited to:
- What is the gap between what has been achieved for lifetime and what is needed?
- Can higher precious metal (PM) loadings decrease the gap between performance/lifetime and application needs?
- Would PM recovery change this equation? Consumer recycling?
- Will anode lifetime solutions come from materials (better alloys) or engineering (management of start-stop cycles)?
- Will platinum-ruthenium alloys work for commercial systems or does a new anode catalyst need to be invented?
- Do "hot" technologies (RMFC) offer earlier entry to portable compared to DMFC?
- Is the inherent decrease in PM and increase in power offset by higher system complexity/cost?
- Is durability made worse with RMFC?
CHAPTER 1 - 7th Edition
The Department of Energy PEM & Portable Power Fuel Cell R&D Activities
Valri Lightner, Fuel Cells Team Leader, Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy
The Department of Energy's polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) program develops technologies for transportation, stationary, portable and auxiliary power applications. The emphasis of the program is fuel replacement for light duty vehicles to reduce U.S. dependence on imported petroleum. PEMFC are the focus for vehicles because their fast-start and load following capabilities. The current cost and performance of PEMFC systems, stacks, and components will be compared with DOE targets.
CHAPTER 2 - 7th Edition
Compact High-Power-Density Direct NaBH4/H2O2 Fuel Cells
George H. Miley, PhD, Professor, Dept of Nuclear, Plasma & Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign*
The design of a novel direct sodium-borohydride (NaBH4)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) fuel cell is described. Different catalysts and diffusion electrodes have been tested to optimize the cell performance. Initial results indicate:
1) conversion efficiency over 60% at a practical current density of 250mA/cm2;
2) power density over 0.6 W/cm2, at room temperature and ambient pressure, better than that of traditional fuel cells.
Unique combination of NaBH4/H2O2, both of which are in an aqueous form, paves the way for a convenient unitized regeneration design, which is inherently compact compared to other cells that use gas phase reactants. When operated in this mode, the fuel cell serves the same function as a battery, but with improved charging characteristics. These excellent properties make the NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cell a very promising candidate for a variety of small mobile power applications as well as for high power applications. Testing results from a series of small single cell units as well as a multi- stack 500 W unit will be presented. *In collaboration with: N.Luo, J.Mather, R.Burton, G.Hawkins, and R.Gimlin, UIUC; J.Rusek, Swift Enterprises, Ltd., T.Valdez, and S.R.Narayanan, NASA-JPL
CHAPTER 3 - 7th Edition
Small Scale Passive Type PEFC Using Chemical Hydrides
Takafumi Sarata, PhD, Project Leader, R&D Division, Micro& Nano Technology Center, Seiko Instruments Inc., Japan
We realized a small scale fuel cell system where hydrogen is generated from chemical hydrides without power consumption. The system can generate high power when the hydrogen pressure is near the atmospheric pressure. Moreover, it has high hydrogen storage density and high energy density, because it came to be able to store a lot of reactive materials by improving the composition. We will discuss the potential of chemical hydrides.
CHAPTER 4 - 7th Edition
SiGNa Chemistry: Hydrogen Fuel Technology for Portable Applications
Michael Lefenfeld, PhD, President & Chief Scientific Officer, SiGNa Chemistry, LLC
SiGNa Chemistry has developed a new technology composed of sodium and silicon (NaSi) to power portable fuel cells conveniently and inexpensively. Our NaSi powder, while easily handled and stable in air, reacts immediately with any water to produce greater than 0.09 kg H2 / kg NaSi at a pressure greater than 7,500 psi. After reaction with water, the gaseous product is pure H2, uncontaminated with anything but water vapor, and the by-products are benign.
CHAPTER 5 - 7th Edition
Hydrogen Battery Technology for Portable Applications
Richard M. Mohring, PhD, Director, Technology Development and Engineering, Millennium Cell, Inc.
Millennium Cell is developing hydrogen battery technology to power portable devices across diverse applications within the military, medical, industrial, and consumer markets. These power sources combine Millennium CellÕs patented Hydrogen on Demand¨ chemical hydride technology with either active or passive fuel cells, depending on the application. Current system designs, performance testing results, and future technology direction will be presented.
CHAPTER 6 - 7th Edition
Design Considerations for a Fuel Cell Powered DC-DC Converter for Portable Applications
Prasad Enjeti, PhD, Power Electronics & Fuel Cell Power Systems Laboratory, Dept of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University
Fuel cell is an emerging power source for many portable applications. This presentation will address design consideration for fuel cell powered dc-dc converter to achieve high conversion efficiencies (>95%), evaluate the effects of continues and discontinues conduction operation of the dc-dc converter on the fuel cell performance, effect of CO contamination and explore the usage of supercapacitors to improve the overall systems stability and performance. Several experimental results from tests conducted on portable electronic loads powered from 20W/30W PEM and DMFC fuel cell systems at Texas A&M fuel cell power systems laboratory will be presented and discussed.
CHAPTER 7 - 7th Edition
MicroFuel Cells Micro Environment
Robert Hockaday, President, Energy Related Devices, Inc.(Licensee: Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies Pte Ltd.)
Micro Fuel Cell's have the particular feature that they are small, this means they are affected by temperature and humidity of the surrounding environment. Energy Related Devices, Inc. has developed several active and passive membrane systems to control the fuel, oxidizer, humidity, contaminants, and temperature microenvironment around the fuel cells. This control of the microenvironment is essential for small fuel cells to perform well in products.
CHAPTER 8 - 7th Edition
Development of a Metal-Supported SOFC
J. David Carter, PhD, Materials Scientist, D. Myers, and R. Kumar, Chemical Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory
TuffCell is a reversible solid oxide fuel/electrolysis cell that incorporates most of the essential, repeating stack elements into a single unit that permits easy assembly and disassembly of the cell stack. These elements include a thin stabilized zirconia electrolyte supported by a porous nickel-zirconia anode that is bonded to a ferritic stainless steel support structure, containing gas flow fields and the bipolar plate. All of these components are sealed together during the sintering process with a stainless steel edge that produces a gas-tight fuel compartment. Current results in the development of these cells will be presented.
CHAPTER 9 - 7th Edition
DMFC for Note PC and Mobile Phone: From Materials to System Hyuk Chang, PhD, STU Leader, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung, Korea*
Although there are still several technical issues remaining, commercial product oriented DMFC system for note PC and mobile phone have been achieved. In this manner, technical breakthroughs and performances will be presented from materials to system. With regard to the 30W DMFC active system for Note PC and the 1.5W passive system for mobile phone, nano materials for catalyst and membranes will be summarized. Optimized components of active modules and passive compartments with the system features will be discussed as well. The author also would like to discuss on the technical approaches for the remaining issues on robustness and cost. *In collaboration with: I.Song, Samsung SDI Co, Ltd., and D.Seung, SAIT, Korea
CHAPTER 10 - 7th Edition
A Paradigm Shift in DMFC Design for Portable Power
Chao-Yang Wang, PhD, Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Director of the Electrochemical Engine Center, Pennsylvania State University
In this talk we will discuss major technological challenges that DMFCs presently face for portable power, and demonstrate that the fundamental transport processes of methanol, water and heat, along with methanol oxidation kinetics, hold the key to successfully address these challenges. We then describe complementary experimental and modeling work to elucidate the basic phenomena and explain how their better understanding leads to a paradigm shift in the design of portable DMFCs. We will show results of surprisingly low methanol and water crossover through a very thin membrane, Nafion 112, while achieving power density >100 mW/cm2 at 0.4V and 60ûC, fuel efficiency >90%, and the water crossover coefficient through the membrane much less than unity. These salient characteristics enable highly concentrated methanol to be used directly thus leading to much higher energy density for next-generation portable DMFCs.
CHAPTER 11 - 7th Edition
DMFC for Mobile Applications at Toshiba
Yasuhiro Goto, Chief Research Scientist, Corporate Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Japan
This presentation will cover current state of the development of the mobile DMFCs at Toshiba for use in both active and passive type systems. Key technologies for improving the properties and promotion of mobile DMFC systems commercialization will be addressed, particularly focusing on the new electrode structures development. Then, the scope of future work including fuel cartridge issues will be covered.
CHAPTER 12 - 7th Edition
Latest Developments and Performance of Silicon-Based DMFCs
Art Homa, PhD, Vice President of Engineering, Neah Power Systems
Neah Power Systems is developing a DMFC technology based on a unique porous Si electrode structure and a liquid electrolyte concept. The overall chemistry of the system will be discussed and individual component requirements will be addressed. A fully integrated ÔbrassboardÕ version of the system will be illustrated and presented, along with data describing overall system performance and test results. Characteristics and attributes will be compared and contrasted with known PEM portable fuel cell systems.
CHAPTER 13 - 7th Edition
First Effective Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell with Non-Noble Metal Catalysts at both Anode and Cathode
Claudio Bianchini, PhD, Professor, ICCOM-CNR, and Chief Technical Advisor, ACTA SpA, Italy
New nanostructured electrocatalysts (HYPERMECª by ACTA SpA) for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells have been developed, which are based on non-noble metals, preferentially mixtures of Fe, Co, Ni at the anode, and Ni, Fe or Co alone at the cathode. With ethanol, power densities as high as 140 mW/cm2 at 0.5 V have been obtained at 25ûC with self-breathing cells containing commercial anion-exchange membranes.
CHAPTER 14 - 7th Edition
A Unique Perspective on Portable Fuel Cell Membrane Design
Jim Balcom, President and CEO, PolyFuel, Inc.
As a leader in engineering hydrocarbon membranes for fuel cells, PolyFuel has a unique perspective on the cascade of requirements from the system to the membrane. PolyFuel will share some key questions and insights about fuel cell membrane design that are critical to continue to speed the commercialization of portable fuel cells.
CHAPTER 15 - 7th Edition
High Energy Direct Oxidation Fuel Cell Fed by Methanol or Ethylene Glycol for Portable applications
Arnon Blum, PhD, Chief Technical Officer, Green Fuel Cells, Israel
Green Fuel Cells (GFC) technology is based on proprietary membrane which costs less than 40$/m2. The membrane has a unique combination of properties, not found in any other membrane: such as high water permeation, high conductivity and low fuel crossover. These properties enabled the achievement of the highest power densities ever published for DMFCs: 200 mW/cm2 at 70ûC and 0.05atm air pressure and water recycling from the cathode to the anode within the MEA. Based on its core technology the company is developing high density power solutions for replacement of battery applications that are smaller, more efficient and less expensive than comparable PEM based systems.
CHAPTER 16 - 7th Edition
Development of Micro Fuel Cell Codes and a Case Study of a Fully Integrated Micro Fuel Cell Certified to US and Canadian Standards
Perry Scartozzi, Director, Advanced Technologies, MTI MicroFuel Cells
A case study about the process MTI Micro followed to certify its Mobion¨ technology to comply with U.S. and Canadian safety standards as well as a discussion on other areas that require consideration by manufacturers and regulatory bodies as direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) technology continues to develop.
CHAPTER 17 - 7th Edition
Laminar Flow Fuel Cells (LFFC¨) - A New Approach to Overcoming the Technical Hurdles of DMFCs
Larry Markoski, President and Chief Technology Officer, INI Power Systems
INI Power Systems, Inc. has pioneered the Laminar Flow Fuel Cell (LFFC¨) concept and has demonstrated technical performance, under commercially-viable operating conditions, that exceeds the current state-of-the art Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC). This paper provides the technical details describing how the principles of laminar flow can be applied to circulating electrolytes to overcome the major problems delaying commercialization of conventional DMFCs: (1) fuel crossover, (2) cathode flooding, (3) water management, and (4) poor fuel efficiency.
CHAPTER 18 - 7th Edition
Methanol Concentration Sensors for DMFCs
Douglas R. Sparks, PhD, Executive Vice President, C.Laroche, N.Tran, D.Goetzinger, N.Najafi, Integrated Sensing Systems, Inc. (ISSYS); and K.Kawaguchi, M.Yasuda, Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Ltd. (KEM), Japan
A methanol concentration sensor, based on micromachine technology is presented. Employing a methanol concentration sensor improves the efficiency of DMFC systems. An on-chip platinum temperature sensor enables compensation for changes over temperature. The resonating tube is found to be insensitive to chemical impurities, which have adversely affected other types of methanol concentration sensors. An overview of how the sensor is produced is given, as is performance behavior.
CHAPTER 19 - 7th Edition
Panel Discussion:
The Portable Fuel Cell Industry: Preparing for Global Product Introduction
Facilitator:
Jim Balcom, PolyFuel, Inc.
Panelists:
Mohamed Abdou, DuPont Fuel Cells
Hyuk Chang, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
Yasuhiro Goto, Toshiba Corporation
Shimshon Gottesfeld, MTI MicroFuel Cells
Valri Lightner,U.S. Department of Energy
The portable fuel cell market is about to go commercial. This panel will review the key issues important to ensuring the industry is preparing for global product introduction.
CHAPTER 20 - 7th Edition
Development of Miniaturized Enzymatic and Microbial Fuel Cell System
S. (Krish) Krishnamoorthy, PhD, Manager, Biomedical Technology, CFD Research Corporation
Successful development of a miniaturized biofuel cell poses challenges on two fronts: (a) technology/scientific challenge in terms of enhancing the electron transfer process, and (b) engineering challenge associated with the elimination of mass transfer limitations. In this regards, the maturation of microfluidics, along with synthesis of novel polymeric materials to encapsulate electroactive enzyme and mediator provides an unprecedented opportunity to understand and exploit fundamental electrochemical process and its applications in several fields including, power sources for microelectronics and biomedical applications. Common challenges and solution strategies will be demonstrated in the context of ongoing development efforts in our laboratory.
CHAPTER 21 - 7th Edition
Hydrogen Generation via Aqueous-Phase Reforming of Glycerol
Randy D. Cortright, PhD,CTO/EVP/Founder, Virent Energy Systems, Inc.
Virent Energy Systems (Virent) is developing a patented low-temperature aqueous-phase reforming (APR) technology that utilizes nonflammable, non-toxic, high energy density renewable feedstocks (glycerol, sorbitol, and sugars) for the in-situ generation of hydrogen necessary to power a fuel cell. Utilizing funding from a NIST ATP Grant, Virent has developed an effective catalytic reactor and utilized this reactor in a proof-of-concept system to generate 300 sccm of PEM fuel cell grade hydrogen from glycerol.
CHAPTER 22 - 7th Edition
Developing High Power Density and Long Lasting Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
Shelley D. Minteer, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University
Living cells are capable of extremely efficient energy storage and conversion. Therefore, enzymatic mimics of these biological processes at fuel cell electrodes can provide higher energy densities and better efficiencies than traditional platinum-based fuel cells. This presentation will outline biotechnological approaches for improving the energy density and efficiency of fuel cells and recent strategies to increase biofuel cell lifetimes above one year. Power densities of static, room temperature biofuel cells will be discussed.
CHAPTER 23 - 7th Edition
Promise and Challenge of Enzymatic Fuel Cells for Medical Portable Power Applications
Christopher A. Apblett, PhD, Principal Member of the Technical Staff, Microdevice Technologies Group, Sandia National Laboratories
Fuel cells running on carbohydrates represent an opportunity in the medical fields for implantable devices and in portable power using the refreshment industry as a logistical base. Significant technical challenges remain for these devices, including the viability of the enzymatic catalysts, mediators, and cathode design. These issues will be addressed along with a projection of where research will need to be advanced in order to bring these devices into use.
CHAPTER 24 - 7th Edition
Biofuel Cell Potential for Portable Power
Nick Akers, PhD, President, Akermin, Inc.
Biofuel cells offer exciting potential for portable power applications from less than 100 mW to 3 W and greater. The use of enzymatic catalysts provides for the opportunity to overcome some of the recurring challenges in portable fuel cells. Biofuel cell benefits include low cost, simplified design, and operating on safer fuels than conventional fuel cells. This talk will examine some of the opportunities for biofuel cells and remaining challenges in development.
Chapter 1 - 6th Edition
Title:
Toshiba DMFC for Portable Applications
Author:
Yasuhiro Goto, Chief Research Scientist, Corporate R&D Center, Toshiba Corporation, Japan
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
We would like to introduce the development of DMFC in Toshiba for applying to mobile electronics, e.g. notebook PCs. Merits of DMFC comparing with secondary batteries will be addressed, particularly, the potential to create new using scenes and services will be emphasized by showing the video of DMFC actually working. Then, the business scope will be also addressed.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,5
Chapter 2 - 6th Edition
Title:
Whole Fuel Cell Product Solution for the Consumer Electronic Industry
Author:
James Stephens, SFC Smart Fuel Cell AG, Germany
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
"Cut the last cord": SFC has developed viable technology and a clear roadmap towards miniaturization of Fuel Cell technology for flexible personal power sources and the integration in notebook computers including significant cost reduction to level of Li-ion technology. SFC has a proven track record being the first company world-wide with significant sales of commercial Fuel Cell product solutions. SFC is closely working with DuPont on commercial stack components and with BIC for affordable cartridges and their world-wide distribution.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,5
Chapter 3 - 6th Edition
Title:
DMFC Portable Power Products at MTI MicroFuel Cells: Present and Future
Author:
Shimshon Gottesfeld, PhD, CTO, MTI MicroFuel Cells
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
This chapter will cover scheduled fielding by MTI MicroFuel Cells of a first DMFC-based power source product. Several facets of this product are both new and unique. It is integrated into the electronic device powered and is based on the unique, Mobionª technology developed at MTI Micro, that allows air breathing operation, direct supply of 100% methanol and no water collection and/or pumping. Future product development plans will be covered next.
*Categories Addressed: 2,5
Chapter 4 - 6th Edition
Title:
Hydrocarbon Membranes to Enable Smaller DMFC Applications
Author:
James D. Balcom, CEO, PolyFuel
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Passive DMFC systems are the architecture of choice for the smallest applications such as cell phones, MP3 players, blue tooth wireless headsets, and even some laptop power supplies. Unfortunately yesterdayÕs fluorocarbon membranes with their relatively low performance, high methanol cross-over and high water flux present significant challenges for the fuel cell system engineer. Today, advanced hydrocarbon membranes are available that are optimized for passive applications to enable smaller, lighter, less expensive, longer running and more robust system designs.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,5,7
Chapter 5 - 6th Edition
Title:
Critical Issues for Commercialization of Mobile DMFC and Technical Approaches
Author:
Hyuk Chang, PhD, Principal Researcher, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung, Korea
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Ever since the technical challenges for applying DMFC as an energy source for mobile electronic devices were initiated, great progress has been achieved across the material development as well as the system design. Herewith this, cell and system performance is now approaching to the same or above the level of rechargeable batteries. However, several crucial points to be overcome are ahead in order to commercialize in the shape of quite a market share possession in the major field. In this presentation, those critical issues such as cost competency, energy density, life cycle and robustness will be analyzed. Technical approaches including nano materials, composite materials, passive operating design and micro active compartments will be discussed based on the technical progress at SAIT.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,5,7
Chapter 6 - 6th Edition
Title:
Advancements in DMFC MEAs and Stacks for Portable Power Applications
Author:
Piotr Zelenay, PhD, DSc, Technical Project Leader, Electronic and Electrochemical Materials and Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The fuel cell team at Los Alamos National Laboratory has directed a substantial effort at improving specific power output, overall stack performance, and performance durability over previous DMFC designs. The focus has also been on the Òsystem-friendlyÓ nature of the stacks, that is, to make them supportable by an efficient balance of plant (BOP). We identify a number of MEA and stack design characteristics and techniques that are of critical importance to achieving high energy/power density and other performance goals. *In collaboration with: J.C.Ramsey, LANL
*Categories Addressed: 2,5,7
Chapter 7 - 6th Edition
Title:
Alternative Approaches for DMFC Design: Silicon-Based Systems
Author:
Leroy Ohlsen, PhD, Vice President of Engineering,
Neah Power Systems
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
This paper will discuss the latest progress and developments on Neah Power SystemsÕ unique silicon-based DMFC. Systems based on this electrode design are being developed to power portable electronic devices in the 5-30 watt range. The talk will detail the design of the electrode structure, which is based on a porous Si membrane, and discuss how this results in a fuel cell system with high power density capability. Results will be presented which characterize the performance of these electrode structures as DMFC electrodes as well as their performance in prototype fuel
cell systems.
*Categories Addressed: 2,5,7
Chapter 8 - 6th Edition
Title:
MEMS-Based Micro-Fuel Cell Systems for Portable Power Applications
Author:
Jeffrey D. Morse, PhD, Staff Scientist, Electronics, Engineering Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
A micro-fuel cell system incorporating novel designs enabled by MEMS structures will be described. MEMS and microfluidic structures and techniques offer inherent advantages resulting from the large surface-to-volume ratios and high level of integration possible. Exploiting these microfabrication techniques for flow field designs, and fuel processor components, very high power density fuel cell stacks and systems can be realized. Additional benefits of such systems include thermal integration whereby waste heat can be used to sustain endothermic processes in order to increase system efficiency.
*Categories Addressed: 3,4,6
Chapter 9 - 6th Edition
Title:
Fuel Cell Architectures for Portable Power Applications
Author:
Ged McLean, PhD, CTO, Angstrom Power, Canada
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Fuel cell technology for portable power applications is emerging as a major challenger to incumbent battery technology, with consistent improvements in fuel cell performance being delivered over the past few years. Much of this performance improvement has been made by perfecting and tuning electrochemical interfaces to allow efficient operation with particular fuels, e.g. methanol, hydrogen, direct sodium borohydride etc. However, the dominant fuel cell design being built for small power applications retains the basic physical structure of their large power predecessors. A complementary line of development to this predominant focus revolves around the structural design of the fuel cell device itself, focusing on the architecture of the system rather than the material composition of the system. In this talk the distinction between materials based and architecture based R&D will be made. Recent developments in novel fuel cell architectures from a variety of research groups will be reviewed and performance of these novel architectures will be discussed both in terms of simple power densities and performance in applications. Based on these results we will discuss the potential for novel architectures in different fueling contexts.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Chapter 10 - 6th Edition
Title:
Micro-Fuel Cell Technology for Next Generation of Mobile Equipment
Author:
Frederic Gaillard, PhD, Lab Manager Micropower Sources, Atomic Energy Commission Ñ DTEN, France*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
We use micro-fabrication technology to elaborate multiple layers of fuel cell core onto a silicon substrate. The prototype devices (fuel cell core and cartridge) use hydrogen as fuel, safely produced on demand by a very innovative chemical reaction. This paper reports a PEM micro fuel cell core, which is composed by the superposition of several thin layers (anode current collector, a diffusion layer in graphite, an anode layer platinum loaded, a very thin proton conducting layer, a cathode layer platinum loaded, a cathode current collector) performed by thin-film deposition technique. Performance of such micro fuel cell core based on design and role of each layer will be discussed. A comparison of energy density between our cell’s components (fuel and cartridge) and DMFC global will be also presented. *In collaboration with: J.Y.Laurent, N.Giaccometti, K.Lambert, C.Nayoze, B.Valon, and D.Marsaq, CEA-DTEN, France
*Categories Addressed: 3,4
Chapter 11 - 6th Edition
Title:
Cathode Effects for Micro Fuel Cells
Author:
Kevin G. Stanley, Project Leader, National Research Council of Canada Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, Canada*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Over the last five years, a significant amount of attention has been devoted to the design of anode electrodes for portable fuel cells. However, the cathode of the very small micro fuel cells also has significant challenges. For completely passive air-breathing electrodes the ambient environment can have a significant effect on the output power. This paper will consider the impact of the external environment on passive air-breathing fuel cells and suggest methods to alleviate those effects. *In collaboration with: Q.M.J.Wu, NRC Canada; M.Parameswaran, Simon Fraser University.
*Categories Addressed: 3,4,7
Chapter 12 - 6th Edition
Title:
Foil Type MEMS Fuel Cell
Author:
Stefan Wagner, Dept of High Density Interconnect & Wafer Level Packaging, Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, Germany*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The miniaturization of fuel cells down to a size which allow the replacement of button size battery cells or coin type zinc air batteries is only achievable, if new fabrication technologies are deployed. Micro technologies based on foil processes were developed for the fabrication of planar PEM fuel cells of size between 1mm2 and approximately 1cm2. Key technologies involved are: sandwich laminate of polymer-stainless steel foils, lithography and patterning of free standing grid micro-structures, micro patterning of flow fields, subtractive patterning of MEA-electrodes, adhesive sealing and electrical interconnection. Although prototypes were made on wafer substrates, foil materials were used which allow low-cost fabrication in future production. Commercial MEAs were Laser patterned which allowed isolating adjacent cells at a distance as low as 200µm. A prototype with a size of 1x1cm2 and 200µm thickness consisting of three serial interconnected cells was tested. Stable long term operation at 1.5V, 40mA of over 2500 hours was demonstrated with natural air convection at the cathode. V/I curves were measured at a variety of ambient conditions between 0 and 60ûC and 10% to 90% RH and were compared to large planar, self breathing PEM fuel cells with gas diffusion layers. The miniaturization of a complete system was demonstrated based on a 1 cm3 NaBH4 hydrogen generator. * collaboration with: R.Hahn, H.Reichl.
*Categories Addressed: 3,4,7
Chapter 13 - 6th Edition
Title:
Portable 20W Reformed Methanol-to-Hydrogen Fuel Cell System Prototype
Author:
Jerry Hallmark, Manager, Energy Technologies, Motorola Labs & Ron Kelley, PhD, Program Manager, Energy on the Go, Advanced Program Technology Center, Motorola
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
A miniature reformed methanol-to-hydrogen fuel cell system is being developed for portable power applications. An integrated fuel processor based on ceramic technology has been integrated with an elevated temperature fuel cell unit and balance of plant to evaluate a portable reformed hydrogen fuel cell (RHFC) system. Performance of the fuel processor and stack, along with the overall 20W RHFC prototype system will be discussed.
*Categories Addressed: 5,6
Chapter 14 - 6th Edition
Title:
PEM Component Qualification Protocol
& Experience
Author:
James C. Cross III, PhD, Vice President of Technology, Nuvera Fuel Cells, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Suppliers typically quote component specifications under what are thought to be idealized conditions: on high purity hydrogen, in single cell configurations, using small active areas, and under tightly controlled process conditions. Nuvera is using a full format, two cell stack as a standard platform for component performance evaluation and durability studies. With an active area of 500cm2, this translates to power levels on the order of 300 Watts. This talk will review progress in component qualification, especially with regard to durability, with observations on effects of scale.
*Categories Addressed: 1,3,5,6
Chapter 15 - 6th Edition
Title:
Fundamental Aspects of Durability at the Polymer Electrolyte-Electrode Interface
Author:
Sanjeev Mukerjee, PhD, Professor, Dept of Chemistry, and Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Lab, Northeastern University
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
This presentation will focus on processes and mechanistic aspects of degradation at a polymer electrolyte-electrode interface. Salient aspects of this loss in terms of lowering of (a) electrocatalytic activity, and increase in (b) ohmic and mass transport losses will be outlined. The materials challenges in terms of electrocatalysis of PEM reactions both from the perspective of H2/Air operation as well as for direct methanol oxidation will be discussed. These discussions will cover the effects of load variations, startup and shut down, relative humidity variations and changes in partial pressure of fuel and oxidant. Further the durability of polymer electrolytes will be presented, including some which are specifically designed for elevated temperature operation. In this context the crucial issue of resistance to chemical attack by radical initiated species will be discussed. Interplay with electrocatalysis will be the focal point of this part of the presentation.
*Categories Addressed: 3,5,6,7
Chapter 16 - 6th Edition
Title:
High Temperature MEA Development for PEM Fuel Cells
Author:
James M. Fenton, PhD, Director, Florida Solar Energy Center, University of Central Florida*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The University of Connecticut has developed innovative proton exchange membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) that provide excellent ionic conductivity and good performance in an under-saturated environment (120ûC, 1 atm, 35%RH and 70ûC, 1atm, dry). These MEAs are currently being evaluated for various fuel cell applications which operate on hydrogen fuel containing carbon monoxide or on pure hydrogen in the absence of reactant humidification. The favorable MEA properties are obtained by the incorporation of solid proton conductors, such as phosphotungstic acid or zirconium hydrogen phosphate, into the Nafion¨ ionomeric electrolyte to provide protonic conductivity at reduced water vapor pressure and assist in water retention. *In collaboration with: L.J.Bonville, H.R.Kunz, Florida Solar Energy Center, University of Central Florida
*Categories Addressed: 3,5,6
Chapter 17 - 6th Edition
Title:
Ultra Thin Fuel Cell with Monolithically Fabricated Silicon Electrodes
Author:
Masanori Hayase, Dr Eng, Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
A novel fabrication technique of miniature fuel cell electrodes from Si wafers was developed. The fuel channels were fabricated by wet etching on Si and through porous Si layer was formed by anodizing in a HF solution. Catalyst metals were deposited inside the porous layer by wet plating. The two electrodes were hot-pressed with PEM. Maximum power density of 2mW/cm2 at 293K were observed by hydrogen feed.
*Categories Addressed: 3,4,7
Chapter 18 - 6th Edition
Title:
Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Portable Applications
Author:
Gary Kovacik, Advanced Materials Business Unit, Alberta Research Council, Inc. (ARC), Canada
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
ARC develops Tubular Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (mSOFC) for portable applications initially using ~2mm diameter single cells. Due to its thin wall (~250mm), a mSOFC has extremely high thermal shock resistance and low thermal mass. A single cell can be repeatedly introduced in a micro-burner flame from room temperature without developing cracks. These low thermal mass and high thermal shock resistance characteristics are fundamental to reducing start up and turn off time for the SOFC system. The test using gas burner as a heat source proved that cell can be started up in seconds. Current results of the development of mSOFC stack with rapid start up and with physical properties to withstand mechanical shocks associated with portable application will be discussed.
*Categories Addressed: 4,8
Chapter 19 - 6th Edition
Title:
The Revolution 50ª: The First Commercial Portable Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Author:
Keith A. Blakely, CEO, NanoDynamics, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
NanoDynamics has recently introduce the Revolution 50ª, a portable solid oxide fuel cell developed for a wide range of military and commercial applications. The system operates on conventional hydrocarbon fuels and is being incorporated into a wide range of products - from battery chargers to vending machines, outdoor signage and advertising to auxiliary power for RV and diesel vehicles. A description of the performance and economic advantages of this revolutionary product will be presented. The integration of nanomaterials into cell construction and internal reforming systems has resulted in state-of-the-art power densities, operating temperatures, and efficiencies. Extending these advances into larger systems could enable transportation and stationary systems with incredible volume and weight reductions.
*Categories Addressed: 1,5,8
Chapter 20 - 6th Edition
Title:
Portable SOFC Power Supplies
Author:
Jerry L. Martin, PhD, President, Mesoscopic
Devices, LLC
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Recent advances in solid oxide fuel cells and supporting components have enabled SOFC power supplies much smaller than previously thought possible (from 250 down to 20W). Higher power density, more robust stacks, improved thermal management and compact fuel reformers all contribute to making these systems smaller. These SOFC generators can run on common fuels, including butane, propane and kerosene. We will discuss the systems and some possible applications.
*Categories Addressed: 1,5,8
Chapter 21 - 6th Edition
Title:
Portable Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems
Author:
Aaron Crumm, PhD, President, Adaptive Materials, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Adaptive Materials (AMI) is engaged with the US military to develop and deliver portable solid oxide fuel cell systems. In June of 2004, AMI demonstrated a compact 20 watt SOFC system fueled by propane and capable of 1,000 Whr/kg (10 day mission). Testing of AMI’s tubular SOFC cell technology has established its thermal and mechanical shock tolerance, light weight, and fuel flexibility. AMI will present its latest achievements in portable SOFC systems including 20, 50, and 150 watts.
*Categories Addressed: 1,5,8
Chapter 22 - 6th Edition
Title:
Direct Fuel Power Module
Author:
Scott L. Swartz, PhD, Chief Technology Officer,
NexTech Materials, Ltd.*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
NexTech Materials, Ltd. and Functional Coating Technology, LLC are collaborating on a NIST-funded ATP project to develop the Direct Fuel Power Module (DFPM). The DFPM design concept is based on integration of multiple series-connected thick-film SOFCs onto the major faces of porous flat-tube substrates. The design offers significant advantages, including high volumetric efficiency, ease of sealing, and use of hydrocarbon fuels. A primary focus of this work is the demonstration of the technology for small-scale power supplies in the 50 to 500 watt range for military and other applications. *In collaboration with: M.J.Day, NexTech Materials, Ltd.; S.A.Barnett, Functional Coating Technology, LLC
*Categories Addressed: 1,5,7,8
Chapter 23 - 6th Edition
Title:
What Else is There? Projections of Micro Fuel Cells
Author:
Robert G. Hockaday, President, Energy Related Devices, Inc., Independent Contractor to Manhattan Scientifics, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Micro fuel cells have just started to show that they can satisfy niche markets. These little fuel cells have the “right stuff” to the fill a myriad of future applications ranging from electronic power to new exotic applications. The rapid microcosm evolution of the micro fuel cell is expected to also permeate into big power systems. Samples of the dynamic attributes and applications of MicroFuel Cellsª will be shown.
*Categories Addressed: 1,4,5,7,8
Chapter 24 - 6th Edition
Title:
Technical Hurdles for the Commercialization of Direct Fuel Cells
Author:
Kenneth W. Lux, PhD, Research Associate, Materials Research Science and Engineering Center on Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces,
University of Wisconsin - Madison
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
In the popular media fuel cells are usually discussed in the context of the hydrogen economy. But fuel cells can operate, to varying degrees of practicality, by directly electrooxidizing a variety of fuels. The direct electrooxidation of fuel in a direct fuel cell eliminates the need for on-board storage or generation of hydrogen which vastly reduces the complexity of the system. However, slow electrooxidation kinetics, incomplete electrooxidation, and fuel cross-over represent hurdles to commercialization that arise when moving from hydrogen fuel cells to direct fuel cells. The choice between using hydrogen fuel cells and using direct fuel cells is a trade-off between system complexity in hydrogen fuel cells and poor electrode performance in direct fuel cells. The current status of efforts to overcome the technical hurdles direct fuel cells face and future research directions will be discussed.
*Categories Addressed: 2,3,5,6,7,8
Chapter 25 - 6th Edition
Title:
New Simplified DMFC Hybrid System Using Mixed-Reactants
Author:
Christine M. Martin, Vice President, Mesoscopic Devices, LLC
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Mesoscopic Devices is developing a fundamentally new direct methanol fuel cell system configuration based on the use of selective catalysts and a unique stack design. This new configuration enables a radical simplification of the system, eliminating two-thirds of the balance of plant components. The innovative stack design eliminates bi-polar plates, reducing stack height by 75%.
*Categories Addressed: 2,5,8
Chapter 26 - 6th Edition
Title:
Biofuel Cells Potential for Application in Portable Power Devices
Author:
Nick L. Akers, President, Akermin, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Biofuel cells offer several competitive advantages over conventional fuel cells for portable applications. Biofuel cells eliminate all precious metal catalysts and can operate on a wide variety of benign fuels such as ethanol or sugar. Akermin has achieved a 16 to 32 fold increase in power density and lifetime compared to the previous state-of-the-art biofuel cells reported in literature. These technical achievements open the opportunity for commercial development of biofuel cells.
*Categories Addressed: 4,8
Chapter 27 - 6th Edition
Title:
Panel Discussion
Small Fuel Cellssm: Taking the Leap for a Fully Commercial Market - How Can the Industry Overcome the Barriers to Commercialization?
PARTICIPANTS:
Facilitator: James D. Balcom, PolyFuel
Panelists: Keith A. Blakely, NanoDynamics
James C. Cross III, Nuvera Fuel Cells
Yasuhiro Goto, Toshiba
Shimshon Gottesfeld, MTI MicroFuel Cells
Jerry Hallmark, Motorola
Jerry L. Martin, Mesoscopic Devices
Richard I. Masel, RenewPower
Manfred Stefener, SFC Smart Fuel Cells AG
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
CHAPTER 1 (5th Edition)
TITLE:
Combinatorial Discovery of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts
AUTHOR:
Eugene S. Smotkin, PhD, CEO, NuVant Systems
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The application of combinatorial methods to fuel cell electrocatalysis was inspired by the pharmaceutical industry, where very large libraries of discreet molecules were prepared, for example, by split and pool methods with tagging to enable post screen identification of positive hits. The differences between discreet molecule libraries and mixed metal multiphase materials for fuel cells, diminishes the analogies between applications of combinatorial discovery to drug development versus fuel cell electrocatalysis. In-situ fuel cell spectroscopic studies, discovery level library preparation and screening, and array fuel cell systems capable of high throughput fundamental studies will be discussed.
*Categories Addressed: 1,7
CHAPTER 2 (5th Edition)
TITLE:
Selective Combinatorial Catalysis for Hydrogen Purification and Generation
AUTHOR:
Eduardo E. Wolf, PhD, Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
In this work we describe a strategy for selective combinatorial catalysis for the preferential oxidation of CO (PROX) in the presence of hydrogen, which is relevant to the purification of hydrogen for fuel cells applications and for methanol decomposition for hydrogen generation. The experimental methodology consists of developing a model of the ideal catalysts for the reaction to be studied based on which materials are selected to be studied by infrared thermography and then in high throughput parallel reactor and finally in a single recycle reactor. This knowledge based selective combinatorial strategy leads to quick and useful results for catalysts development.
*Categories Addressed: 7
CHAPTER 3 (5th Edition)
TITLE:
Laser Activated Membrane Introduction Mass Spectroscopy: A Discovery and Focus Level Screening System
AUTHOR:
Amit Nayar, PhD, Research Associate, Chemical Engineering Dept, Illinois Institute of Technology
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Laser activated membrane introduction mass spectrometry, a high throughput screening method, evaluates heterogeneous catalysts under realistic reactor conditions. It is versatile system requiring no moving parts. The catalyst array is supported on carbon paper overlaid upon a silicone rubber membrane configured in a variation of membrane introduction mass spectrometry. The carbon paper serves as a heat dissipating gas diffusion layer that permits laser heating of catalyst samples far above the decomposition temperature of the polymer membrane that separates the array from the mass spectrometer vacuum chamber. A computer-controlled CO2 bar-code writing laser is used for fine tune heating of the catalyst spots above the base temperature of the LAMIMS reactor. Applications of LAMIMS to fuel processor catalyst discovery will be discussed.
*Categories Addressed: 7
CHAPTER 4 (5th Edition)
TITLE:
Portable Reformed Methanol-to-Hydrogen Fuel Cells: System Design, Tradeoffs and Results
AUTHOR:
Jerry Hallmark, Manager, Energy Technologies, Motorola Labs - Microelectronics & Physical Sciences Lab
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
A reformed methanol-to-hydrogen fuel cell system is being developed for portable power applications. A miniature integrated fuel processor was integrated with an elevated temperature fuel cell unit and enclosed with an insulator to evaluate the reformed hydrogen fuel cell system. Performance of a 2W RHFC prototype system will be discussed, along with projections for a 20W system.
*Categories Addressed: 4,5,6
CHAPTER 5 (5th Edition)
TITLE:
Advances in Compact Pure Hydrogen Generators for Fuel Cells
AUTHOR:
Thomas R. Vencill, PhD, Senior Vice President and CTO, MesoFuel, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
MesoFuel, Inc. is developing compact fuel processors and hydrogen generators for fuel cells. By integrating the functions of hydrogen production and hydrogen separation in our MesoChannel membrane steam reformers, pure hydrogen is produced in a single compact unit for PEM fuel cell use. We have previously shown that pure hydrogen can be produced from light hydrocarbons and ammonia in an efficient manner using our steam reformers while operating at 575 to 625°C and 6 bar. We have recently powered PEM fuel cells using pure hydrogen production from a synthetic kerosene fuel. Such fuels are of great interest to both military and commercial fuel cell applications. System specifications and integration issues will be discussed. In collaboration with: A. Chellappa, T.Foster, D.Miller
*Categories Addressed: 6
CHAPTER 6 (5th Edition)
TITLE:
PEM-Fuel-Cell Systems Using Liquid-Fuel Reformers Rated From 100 W to 1 kW
AUTHOR:
David Edlund, Senior Vice President, CTO, IdaTech, LLC
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Electrical output in the range of 100 W to 1 kW is often considered ideal for most portable power applications. Yet pure hydrogen (as either compressed gas or stored in metal hydrides) is not a convenient or economical fuel supply for portable fuel-cell systems. This paper will describe the performance of fuel-cell systems that incorporate a liquid-fuel reformer to convert methanol, diesel, kerosene, and other liquid fuels into high-purity hydrogen on-demand.
*Categories Addressed: 3,5,6
CHAPTER 7 (5th Edition)
TITLE:
Advances in Fuel Cell Manufacturing and Reliability
AUTHOR:
Paul Osenar, PhD, Chief Technology Officer, Protonex Technology Corporation
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
With the aim of commercializing fuel cell power sources for portable and remote applications, Protonex currently offers a range of sub-kW PEM and DMFC stacks based on advanced manufacturing technology. These stacks are reliable, rugged and exhibit some of the best power densities available. Protonex stacks are affordable in low volume (1-100) and currently compatible with injection molding production (1,000+). With these attributes, Protonex stacks are currently being incorporated into a variety of systems, in conjunction with outside developers as well as through internal programs. Current products and ongoing efforts will be discussed.
*Categories Addressed: 3,5
CHAPTER 8 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Micro-Fuel Cells: Will the Potential Meet the Expectation?
AUTHOR:
Walter V. Nasdeo, Managing Director, Head of Energy Technology, Ardour Capital Partners, LLC
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
This talk will center on the current state of consumer expectations as they relate to the micro-fuel cell sector. Discussion will include trends and developments coming out of the laboratories right up to the near commercialization of these devices. We will look at how the industry has evolved and how demand is being shaped by market forces.
*Categories Addressed: 1
CHAPTER 9 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Comparative Evaluation of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Portable Power Sources: State of the Art and Projections
AUTHOR:
Shimshon Gottesfeld, PhD, Chief Technology Officer, MTI Microfuel Cells
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The talk will provide state-of-the-art examination of the case for direct methanol fuel cells as a preferred power technology for portable consumer electronics applications. Comparison will be made vs. state-of-the-art alternative fuel cell technologies based on either liquid carbonaceous or hydrogen fuel and using different sets of key materials and components. Newest DMFC technology and product developments at MTI Microfuel Cells will be presented as part of this discussion.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,5
CHAPTER 10 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Integration of Portable DMFC Systems
AUTHOR:
Christine M. Martin, Vice President, Mesoscopic Devices
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
For 20 to 200W DMFC systems, two-thirds of the system dry weight is in the balance of plant. System level optimization, not component level, is required to minimize the size and weight of the systems. We will discuss the considerations in a system level optimization, and highlight key trades which strongly influence the system.
*Categories Addressed: 2,5
CHAPTER 11 (5th edition)
TITLE:
A Novel Micro Fuel Cell Topology for High Speed Manufacturing
AUTHOR:
Kevin G. Stanley, Project Leader, National Research Council of Canada - Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, Canada
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Below approximately 100 cm3 the traditional plate and frame architecture for fuel cells is no longer appropriate. Significant volume is consumed by seals and end plates, reducing volumetric power density. However, removing compression increases internal impedances. A new architecture and manufacturing process has been developed which uses micromachining techniques to manufacture stencils and molds, but printing and laminating processes for the cell itself. The design concept, fabrication process and performance results will be presented. In collaboration with: E.Czyzewska, Q.M.J.Wu, NRC
*Categories Addressed: 1,4,5
CHAPTER 12 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Microfabricated Micro-Fuel Cells
AUTHOR:
Levi T. Thompson, PhD, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Fuel cells are being developed for applications ranging from the replacement of batteries in portable electronic devices to use in powering automobiles. One of the key challenges to the wide-spread commercialization of fuel cells is their high cost. Modern microfabrication techniques offer the potential for significantly decreasing the costs for manufacturing fuel cells, in a manner similar to that achieved with microelectronic devices. Micro-fuel cells also hold promise for being highly efficient. This talk will describe our use microfabrication technologies including nano-imprintation to produce thin film micro-fuel cells with new high temperature membrane materials, integrated heaters and temperature sensors.
*Categories Addressed: 4
CHAPTER 13 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Planar, Series Connected Fuel Cells Based on Printed Circuit Board Material
AUTHOR:
Christopher Hebling, PhD, Head of Energy Technology Dept, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Germany
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
For the successful integration of fuel cells into electronic appliances, the formfactor must be in accordance with the existing cavities of the respective device. For many applications, it offers plenty of advantages if the fuel cell design is rather flat in order to be used as part of the housing. For such applications we developed a flat series connected fuel cell design based on inexpensive printed board material with an open cathode for passive operation. A two-dimensional simulation model for the self-breathing cathode was set up in order to quantify the shielding effects of the current collector for gaseous diffusion. *
Categories Addressed: 4,7
chapter 14 (5th edition)
TITLE:
High Performance Nanoporous SiC-Based Materials for Reaction-Based Microsystems
AUTHOR:
John T. Wolan, PhD, Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Nanoporous SiC-based microchemical systems can exploit extreme temperatures and very short residence times to facilitate unique chemical/electrical processes. Applications include microfuel converters for partial oxidation reactors, fuel cells, portable decontamination, biodiagnostics and gas sensing devices. The robust nanoporous silicon carbide structure allows high levels of catalytic surface area in a very small form-factor. Coupled with excellent thermal properties, higher efficiency, electro-chemical activity and power densities than Si-based designs will result. *In Collaboration with: J.G.Pope, A.C.Aral, and S.E.Saddow, University of South Florida
* Categories Addressed: 4,7
CHAPTER 15 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Fullerene Nanofibers as Potential Materials for Fuel Cell Electrodes
AUTHOR:
KunÕichi Miyazawa, PhD, Senior Researcher - Ecodevice Group, Ecomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Fullerene nanofibers are the nanoscale fibers that consist of fullerene molecules such as C60, C70 and organic derivatives of fullerene molecules, and can be fabricated by the liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method. The C60 and C70 nanofibers have a high thermal stability and become very porous by a suitable heat treatment. It is expected that the fullerene nanofibers can be used as catalyst carriers for fuel cell electrodes. This paper discusses their properties and potential applicability for the fuel cells devices. *In collaboration with: C.Nishimura, T.Mori, NIMS; M.Fujino, T.Suga, University of Tokyo
* Categories Addressed: 7
CHAPTER 16 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Supported Mixed Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrocatalytic Properties for Fuel Cells Electrodes
AUTHOR:
Kwong-Yu Chan, PhD, Professor, Dept of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Controlling precious metal catalyst at the nanoparticle to maximize fuel-cell electrode performance will be discussed. The issues include: (1) utilization of platinum nanoparticles; (2) stability of their morphology; (3) structure of nanoparticles; and (4) electrocatalysis for oxidation of different fuels. Synthesis, internal structure, porosity, and the role of the support such as highly ordered mesoporous nanostructures will also be discussed. The metal catalysts include platinum, platinum-cobalt, and platinum-ruthenium nanoparticles synthesized by a water-in-oil microemulsion technique and a non-aqueous ethylene glycol technique. Results of TEM, electron and X-ray diffraction, BET surface area and porosity studies will be presented, as well as electrocatalytic properties of these mixed metal nanoparticles supported on carbon electrodes for direct methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction.
* Categories Addressed: 7
CHAPTER 17 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Nanostructure Materials
AUTHOR:
Andrew T. Hunt, CEO, MicroCoating Technologies, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The open-atmosphere, low-cost combustion chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) technology offers an attractive alternative to produce the anode and the cathode layer for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, SOFCÕs that operate at intermediate temperatures (500-800¼C). This technology offers the advantage of a one-step process starting from solution and depositing columnar structures of the anode and cathode directly onto the electrolyte. MCT has demonstrated the viability of the CCVD process to deposit a high surface area and controlled porosity, high-sulfur tolerant anode Cu-(Ce0.8Sm0.2)01.9 (Cu-SDC) and a high performance cathode Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3 (SSC) on a highly conductive Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) electrolyte. The electrochemical characterizations of MCTÕs fabricated SOFC, conducted at 600¼C for H2, CH4, and C3H8, resulted in power densities greater than 800, 500 and 70 mW/cm2, respectively.
*Categories Addressed: 7,8
CHAPTER 18 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Proton Exchange Membrane with Nano-Size Proton Conductor for DMFCs
AUTHOR:
Haekyoung Kim, PhD, Research Staff, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
In the course of development of DMFC for portable electronic devices such as notebook PC and PDA the polymer electrolyte should have high ionic conductivity and low fuel permeability. Nanostructured materials with high ionic conductivity should be used in such polymer electrolyte membrane. Inorganic nanomaterials should have stability and show the electrochemical performance for DMFC applications. In this presentation, results of development and study of different kinds of such nanomaterials will be reviewed and their properties, performance and potential applications in fuel cell systems will be discussed.
*Categories Addressed: 2,7
CHAPTER 19 (5th edition)
TITLE:
Structure-Property Relationships in Electrochemical Nanomaterials
AUTHOR:
Karen Swider Lyons, PhD, Materials Engineer, Surface Chemistry Branch, Naval Research Laboratory*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The research of nanomaterials for power sources requires a commensurate understanding of structure-property relationships to ultimately reveal Òhow they work.Ó We have found that by using a combination of old and new analytical tools, we are able to glean new information about the medium-range structure (0.5- to 1.5- nm) of materials and resolve their functionality. Examples will be given for how the medium-range structure controls the properties of electrochemical capacitor materials (hydrous RuO2) and catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and how this can lead to the design of new materials. *In collaboration with: K.Bussmann, NRL; W.Dmowski, U. Tennessee
*Categories Addressed: 7
CHAPTER 20 (5th edition)
TITLE:
PANEL DISCUSSION: Small Fuel Cells Business Model Technology Push and Market Demand
AUTHORS: Moderator: Mark Cropper, Deputy Editor, Fuel Cell Today Panelists: Hyuk Chang, Samsung David Edlund, IdaTech, LLC Paul Osenar, Protonex Walter Nasdeo, Ardour Capital Partners Alan Soucy, MTI MicroFuel Cells Manfred Stefener, SFC Smart Fuel Cells Ronald Kelly, Motorola
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,3,4,5,6
CHAPTER 21 (5th Edition)
TITLE:
Advancements in Hydrogen on Demand Fuel Systems for Consumer Electronics Devices
AUTHOR:
Shailesh Shah, PhD, Senior Scientist, Millennium Cell
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Hydrogen Fuel cells are well suited to a wide range of power generation applications. Successful implementation of micro PEM fuel cells for portable electronics applications is largely dependent on the availability of a hydrogen source in the size and weight specification of the application. Millennium Cell is advancing its HODª technology to enable fuel cartridges for PC, cell phones and PDA devices. The performance targets for these devices will be presented. Millennium CellÕs HODª technology is well poised to meet the specification requirements for these designs. This presentation will discuss the progress we have made in addressing the system design issues for sodium borohydride fuel cartridges to meet the development targets.
*Categories Addressed: 6
Chapter 1 (4th Edition)
TITLE:
New Systems and Technologies for Micro-Fuel Cell in Japan
AUTHOR:
Kiyoshi Kanamura, PhD, Professor, Dept Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Univeristy, and Yohtaro Yamazaki, PhD, Professor, Dept Innovative & Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Micro-fuel cell has been extensively investigated as portable power sources for various electronic devices, especially for mobile phone and computer, in Japan. Materials for micro-fuel cell have not been only developed, but also new systems have been proposed. In this paper, current status of fuel technologies and development of new systems in Japan will be reviewed and new materials for micro fuel cell, such as new membrane electrolyte, new fabrication process of membrane electrode assembly, will be discussed.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,4,5,7
Chapter 2 (4th Edition)
TITLE:
An Overview of the Portable Power Program at Ball Aerospace
AUTHOR:
Steven T. Harford, PhD, Senior Systems Engineer, Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Various development efforts at Ball Aerospace have resulted in a product suite encompassing portable power solutions ranging from 20 Watts to 500 Watts. Design issues resulting in the employment of either hydrogen or methanol as an anodic fuel will be discussed in detail with an emphasis on resultant specific power. Finally a commercially available universal power harvester capable of fuel cell operation optimization, secondary battery management and uninterrupted power regulation will be introduced.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,3,7
CHAPTER 3 (4th edition)
TITLE:
Small Scale PEM Fuel Cell Technology from 50 Watts to 1kW
AUTHOR:
Frank Ignazzitto, Vice President Marketing and Sales, Avista Labs
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Avista Labs will discuss small-scale PEM fuel cell technology in the range of 50-Watts to 1kW. The discussion will include target markets that offer opportunities for this technology and specific applications within those markets. Avista Labs will address how fuel cells can compete with the incumbent technologies that are entrusted in these applications today and define Avista LabsÕ product offering to these markets. A realistic view of fuel cell advantages as well as remaining obstacles to market penetration will also be reviewed.
*Categories Addressed: 3,5
CHAPTER 4 (4th edition)
TITLE:
A Reformed Hydrogen Fuel Cell System for Portable Power Applications
AUTHOR:
Jerald A. Hallmark, Manager, Energy Technology Labs, Motorola Labs
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
A reformed methanol-to-hydrogen fuel cell system is being developed for portable power applications. This miniature fuel processor was designed and built using a multi-layer ceramic technology and converts liquid methanol fuel into hydrogen rich gas suitable for an elevated temperature PEM Fuel Cell. This fuel processor unit was thermally integrated with the fuel cell unit and enclosed with an insulator to evaluate the reformed hydrogen fuel cell system.
*Categories Addressed: 4,5,6
CHAPTER 5 (4th edition)
TITLE: High Temperature MEA Development for PEM Fuel Cells
AUTHOR:
James M. Fenton, PhD, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Associate Director, Environmental Research Institute, Dept Chemical Engineering, University of Connecticut*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION: UConn/IONOMEM has developed an innovative proton exchange membrane that provides excellent ionic conductivity in an under-saturated environment. Membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) have also been developed for this environment. These MEAs have been evaluated with a reference operating condition of 120oC cell temperature and one atmosphere reactant pressure. These MEAs are currently being evaluated for various fuel cell applications, which operate on hydrogen fuel containing carbon monoxide or on pure hydrogen in the absence of reactant humidification. The favorable MEA properties are obtained by the incorporation of solid proton conductors, such as phosphotungstic acid or zirconium hydrogen phosphate, into the Nafion¨ ionomeric electrolyte to provide protonic conductivity at reduced water vapor pressure and assist in water retention. *In collaboration with: H.R.Kunz, UConn, and L.J.Bonville, IONOMEM Corp.
*Categories Addressed: 3,5
CHAPTER 6 (4th edition)
TITLE:
New Progress in MEMS Fuel Cells Development
AUTHOR:
Christel E. Roux, PhD, R&D Engineer, New Scientific Development for Small Power Sources, Commissariat ‡ lÕEnergie Atomique, France*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The National Atomic Agency of France develops researches on MEMS fuel cells. The singularity of the technology set up in using microelectronic process for the elaboration of the core. The procedure for preparing the micro fuel cell and the corresponding performances in representative conditions (fuel in anode and air gas at room temperature in cathode) will be also presented. Those developed architectures can be used with different fuels. Several drawbacks and advantages will be presemted. *In collaboration with: A.Martinent, C.Nayoze, J.Y.Laurent, J.Arroyo, P.Capron, D.Marsacq, CEA-Grenoble, France
*Categories Addressed: 2,4,6
CHAPTER 7 (4th edition)
TITLE:
Fuel Processing Microreactors for Hydrogen Production by Methanol Reforming
AUTHORS:
Mayuresh V. Kothare, PhD, Professor and Ashish V. Pattekar, Dept Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Research at the Integrated Microchemical Systems Laboratory is directed towards the development of microreactors for hydrogen production fabricated using MEMS-based microfabrication and semiconductor-processing techniques. A silicon chip based packed-bed microreactor has been successfully fabricated and tested for carrying out the reaction of methanol reforming for hydrogen production using commercial catalysts. Theoretical modeling and analysis of the implemented design and a description of the microfabrication techniques followed will be presented in this talk along with results from experimental runs of the developed prototype.
*Categories Addressed: 4,6
CHAPTER 8 (4th edition)
TITLE:
Recent Advances in the Technology of Small DMFCs at MTI Microfuel Cells
AUTHOR:
Shimshon Gottesfeld, PhD, Vice President for R&D and CTO, MTI Microfuel Cells
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
This talk will provide an update on advances made most recently at MTI Microfuel Cells in technology platforms, product and business developments. We report on a technology platform that allows to operate a passive DMFC system with neat methanol, thereby taking full advantage of the energy density of the fuel and, at the same time, drastically minimizing system complexity and parasitic power losses. Minimization of ÒBOPÓ in such a passive DMFC system, would allow achieving 50%, or more, of volume occupancy by neat methanol and, having practically eliminated parasitic power losses, achieving system energy density exceeding that of a Li-ion battery.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2
CHAPTER 9 (4th edition)
TITLE:
Technical & Commercial Issues of DMFC: 5 W for Mobile Device and 100 W for Portable Power
AUTHOR:
Hyuk Chang, PhD, Principal Researcher, Materials & Devices Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Although there have been several technical progresses of DMFC pack, commercial value of the latest proto is still far from the market acceptance with regard to its cost and size compared with currently available battery technology. Achievement of much higher power density in passive condition, membrane with very low crossover, product reliability and severe cost reduction are still required. These technical and commercial issues will be discussed in detail. In the mean time, newly developed materials such as high surface catalyst support and novel membranes also with 5 W (DC 3.6 V) micro cell pack for mobile devices and 100 W power bank system (AC 220 V) will be presented.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,5
CHAPTER 10 (4th edition)
TITLE: From Single Cells to Stacks: Factors Affecting Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Performance
AUTHOR: Allison M. Fisher, PhD, Principal Staff Scientist, Energy Technology Labs, Motorola Labs
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION: Optimizing DMFC performance requires careful orchestration of a wide variety of parameters, particularly when progressing from a single cell to stack. In this presentation the results of MotorolaÕs DMFC single cell and stack performance optimization will be described. A comparison of prototype commercial DMFC MEAs with Motorola-fabricated MEAs will be presented, as well as the effect of parameters such as fuel stoichiometry, temperature, catalyst type and loading, and fuel flow field design on the short- and long-term performance of these DMFCs.
*Categories Addressed: 2,5
CHAPTER 11 (4th edition)
TITLE: Small Diffusion Driven Fuel Cells
AUTHOR:
Robert G. Hockaday, President, Energy Related Devices, Inc.; Chief Fuel Cell Scientist, Manhattan Scientifics, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Micro fuel cells are small enough to run with diffusion of reactants and products. Diffusion mechanisms lead to a variety of fuel cell systems that are unique. We have developed a direct methanol fuel cell that has run continuously on a series of diffusion ampoules in our lab for over a year. Examples of diffusion ampoule fuel delivery devices for methanol and hydrogen delivery systems will be presented.
*Categories Addressed: 4,8
CHAPTER 12 (4th edition)
TITLE: Direct Liquid Fuel Cell Power Pack
AUTHOR:
Gennadi Finkelshtain, General Manager, More Energy Ltd., Israel
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
A unique technology of the Direct Liquid Fuel Cells for portable applications developed by More Energy Ltd. will be presented. An operating prototype of a Power Pack will be demonstrated. The Power Pack is capable of simultaneous charging a fully discharged PDA or cell phone battery and, at the same time, operating the device. This talk will include a discussion of the key technical parameters of the system based on the actual test results.
*Categories Addressed: 2
CHAPTER 13 (4th edition)
TITLE: Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
AUTHOR: Partho Sarkar, PhD, Ceramic Engineering Group Leader, Advanced Materials Business Unit, Alberta Research Council, Canada*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The Alberta Research Council Inc. (ARC) is developing Tubular Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (mSOFC). Small diameter SOFC has two main potential advantages, substantial increase in the electrolyte surface area per unit volume of a stack and quick start up. Since fuel cell power is directly proportional to the electrolyte surface area, a mSOFC stack has high potential to substantially increase the power per unit volume. Simple calculation shows a decrease of tube diameter from 22 mm to 2 mm will increase the electrolyte surface area in a stack at least seven times. Due to its thin wall, a mSOFC has extremely high thermal shock resistance and low thermal mass. These low thermal mass and high thermal shock resistance characteristics are fundamental to reducing start up and turn off time for the SOFC system. Presentation will describe fabrication, microstructure and electrochemical characteristics of mSOFC. *In collaboration with: H.Rho, Alberta Research Council, Canada
*Categories Addressed: 4,8
CHAPTER 14 (4th edition)
TITLE: Microfluidic Considerations for Micro Fuel Cell Systems
AUTHOR:
Kevin G. Stanley, Project Leader, Sensing and Microsystems, National Research Council of Canada*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Micro direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are usually fabricated using microelectromechanical (MEMS) fabrication techniques pioneered by the semiconductor industry. However, most theoretical treatments do not address the fluidic effects present at sub-millimeter scales. This paper will present the kinds of micro fluidic effects that can be expected in micro fuel cells, under what operating conditions they will be encountered, and design techniques to mitigate or benefit from these effects. *In collaboration with: J.Wu, NRC Canada; A.Parameswaran, Simon Fraser University
*Categories Addressed: 2,4
CHAPTER 1 (3rd edition)
TITLE: Micro-Fuel Cells at the Crossroads
AUTHOR: Robert G. Hockaday, President, Energy Related Devices, Inc.; Chief Fuel Cell Scientist, Manhattan Scientifics, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION: Choices, so many choices, micro-fuel cells are on the brink of turning into products. There are many options from what is desired, what is feasible and what will be allowed in the marketplace. An array of technical, and market options will fundamentally define micro-fuel cell products. Micro-fuel cells fueled by chemical hydrides and methanol, their performance and cost comparisons, their different fueling system characteristics, and implications for manufacturing, distribution, and products will be presented.
*Categories Addressed: 1,4,5,8
CHAPTER 2 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
DMFC Pack of 3.6V-2000mW and Its Application in Mobile Electronics
AUTHOR:
Hyuk Chang, PhD, Principal Researcher, Materials & Devices Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
MEA power density of 100 mW/cm2 in the ambient condition (Methanol/Air) was achieved. This was adapted to a monopolar cell pack, so that a 3.6V-2000mW DMFC pack has been completed with a miniaturized size (60 x 80 x 10mm including 20cc of methanol storage) and resulted in a successful mobile phone talking. Liquid diffusion and air breathing electrode with novel catalyst and hybrid membrane enabled the cell pack could generate more than 32 mW/cm2 in the breathing condition. Technical details on the materials, performance and future strategy will be discussed in the presentation.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2,7
CHAPTER 3 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
MicroFuel Cells for Portable Electronics
AUTHOR: Jeanne S. Pavio, Manager, DMFC Technology, Motorola Labs*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
An overview of MotorolaÕs Fuel cell Technology effort will be presented including focus and technology thrust for DMFC and reformer based fuel cells in the mW to W range. MotorolaÕs DMFC program is focused on energy sources for portable communications and electronic products. Excellent performance has been demonstrated in prototypes built using multilayer ceramics technology (MCT). System considerations will be reviewed along with basic technology and performance characteristics. Motorola is pursuing the development of miniature methanol fuel reformer system, using MCT, to be used as an onboard hydrogen fuel processor for portable PEM fuel cell applications. Preliminarily a feasibility of methanol reforming with over 90% extent of conversion at 230ûC with 1.1-1.0 mole ratio of water to methanol fuel mixture using commercial CuO-ZnO catalyst powder has been demonstrated. Integrating of fuel reformer with a high-T fuel cell will be discussed, and technology performance relevant to Miniature Microperformer program will be presented. *In collaboration with: J.Hallmark, R.Koripella, Motorola Labs
*Categories Addressed: 2,6
CHAPTER 4 (3rd edition)
TITLE: Performance and Marketing Comparison of Li-Ion vs. DMFC
AUTHOR:
Kurt R. Kelty, Director, Business Development, Battery Research and Development Center, Panasonic Technologies
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Chapter description not available
*Categories Addressed: 1,2
CHAPTER 5 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
Fabrication of Microbiofuel Cells Using Soft Lithography
AUTHOR:
Tayhas R. Palmore, PhD, Associate Professor of Engineering, Biology and Medicine, Brown University
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Biocatalysts, in combination with redox mediators, have the potential to circumvent the overpotential for the direct electrooxidation or electroreduction of fuels in a fuel cell. Microfluidic channels, produced via soft lithography, offer a variety of platforms for studying the performance of bioelectrocatalysis under conditions of laminar flow. The performance of microbiofuel cells that have been operated under a variety of flow patterns, biocatalyst configurations, and electrolyte compositions will be presented.
*Categories Addressed: 4,8
CHAPTER 6 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
Portable Fuel Cells Suitable for Powering Remote Analytical Equipment
AUTHOR:
Mark Daugherty, PhD, Vice President and General Manager, Enable Fuel Cell - a DCH Technology Company
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
DCH-Enable Fuel Cell is developing portable proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells well suited for powering remote analytical equipment and similar devices. During the last year we have implemented several improvements in the design and packaging of our systems, which have extended the operating range and increased stability. We are also conducting lifetime and environmental testing to verify product performance, determine service intervals and benchmark product lifetimes.
*Categories Addressed: 1,3
CHAPTER 7 (3rd edition)
TITLE: MEMS-Based Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel CellS
AUTHOR:
Jeffrey D. Morse, PhD, Staff Scientist, Electronics Engineering Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are being developed as a replacement for batteries in portable electronics. Present applications for sensors and wireless telecommunication require 300 mA for a 3V supply. This work has focused on miniaturization approaches exploiting MEMS techniques to achieve fuel cell support, manifold and stacking requirements for the power source. Initial prototypes utilize a microfluidic package for fuel storage and delivery. While initial testing utilizes a hydrogen fuel source, PEM fuel cells using steam reforming of methanol will also be discussed. The present studies are targeted to optimize the packaging and operating regime of individual cells prior to proceeding with voltage scale up through planar monolithic integration, or direct modular stacking. Present designs are readily scalable to power levels in the 1-20 Watt range using similar approaches. This work was performed under the auspices of the United States Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48. *In collaboration with: A.F.Jankowski, LLNL
*Categories Addressed: 3,4
CHAPTER 8 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
Advances in PEM Stack Manufacturing and Reliability
AUTHOR:
Paul Osenar, PhD, Chief Technology Officer, Protonex Technology Corporation
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The lack of manufacturability and reliability hinder the commercial acceptance of fuel cell systems. Protonex Technology Corporation has improved PEM stack design and manufacturing methodologies to provide low cost stacks. Our core technology allows the manufacture of stacks with minimal, low-skill labor at exceptional yields. Further advancements provide stacks using fixed seals that do not require compressive loads unlike the industry standard dynamic seals. Extension of this technology to large (kW) stacks, as well as direct methanol fuel cells, is underway.
*Categories Addressed: 3,5
CHAPTER 9 (3rd edition)
TITLE: Fuel Processor Development for Small Portable Power Supplies
AUTHOR: Jamelyn D. Holladay, Research Engineer, Environmental Technology Division, Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Lab*
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Battelle is currently developing portable hydrocarbon fuel processors for use with fuel cells to make portable power supplies. Under contract with the US Army, Battelle is developing 15- to 25-We hybrid power supply. In a second program sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Battelle and Case Western Reserve University are developing a microscale (0.010- to 0.10-We) power supply. Test results from the devices will be presented. *In collaboration with: D.Palo, P.Gannon, R.Rozmiarek, R.Dagle, Y.-H.Chin, E.Baker, E.Jones, M.Phelps, J.Hu, Battelle
*Categories Addressed: 4,6
CHAPTER 10 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
Fuel Processor for Generating Pure Hydrogen for Fuel Cells from Sulfur-Containing Fuels
AUTHOR: Patricia M. Irving, PhD, President and CEO, InnovaTek, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The production of hydrogen from processing fuels that are available worldwide will help facilitate the introduction and broad use of fuel cells for power generation. Heavy hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel have been difficult to reform because of their high sulfur content; however, the ability to use them for hydrogen generation will greatly improve the likelihood that fuel cells will have wider commercial potential and gain entry into the market in the near future. InnovaTek is developing a sulfur tolerant steam reforming system that utilizes a hydrogen permeable membrane to produce nearly pure hydrogen from sulfur-containing fuels.
*Categories Addressed: 6
CHAPTER 11 (3rd edition)
TITLE: Feeding Small Fuel Cells with Biogas
AUTHOR:
Aurelio Ascoli, PhD, Professor of Physics, DISMA Dept, University of Milan, Italy
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
A series of laboratory experiments on feeding PAFC systems with low enthalpy by-product fuels has been carried out aimed at comparing the following fuels: methanol, natural gas, landfill gas, biogas, hydrogen-rich gas mixtures produced by the direct fermentation, followed by evaluation of industrial applications. Most of the experiments were carried out on an air-cooled, 2.5 kW PAFC stack. More work is now in progress, to examine a possibility to extend these results and evaluations to biogas obtained from the energetically important waste biomasses from citric industry, and to MCFC. Earlier results will be summarized and new possible applications in small fuel cells will be addressed.
*Categories Addressed: 6,8
CHAPTER 12 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
100 Watt PEM Fuel Cells Using Metal Hydride Cards for Portable Electronic Devices
AUTHOR:
Stephen Voller, Voller Energy
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Chapter description not available
*Categories Addressed: 1,3,8
CHAPTER 13 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
Market and Technical Issues in Commercializing Air-Breathing Alkaline Electrolyte Power Sources for Portable Devices
AUTHOR:
Dennis Sieminski, Technical Marketing Manager, AER Energy Resources, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Portable products need higher energy density power sources to improve runtime, to provide energy for new features, and to make products smaller and lighter and therefore more attractive to users. However, conventional battery technology has reached a plateau in delivering meaningful gains in energy density; so, new non-conventional energy systems must be explored. Among the candidates are air-breathing alkaline electrolyte electrochemical systems, like zinc-air cells and alkaline fuel cells. Unlike other fuel cells, these systems do not require precious metal catalysts in the air electrode and their power density matches the levels needed by most portable devices. This paper defines solutions to the long-standing technical issues associated with these systems - limited life due to electrolyte carbonation and water vapor transpiration. Examples of specific portable products using these solutions are provided along with market data that illustrates the commercial viability of the applications.
*Categories Addressed: 8
CHAPTER 14 (3rd Edition)
TITLE: High Energy Density in a 20 Watt Portable DMFC Power Source
AUTHOR:
Timothy K. Quakenbush, PhD, Systems Engineer, Portable Power Systems Group, Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The DMFC-20 will be a portable 20W power source based on a direct methanol fuel cell stack. This development effort is supported by DARPA through the Palm Power Program. The primary goal is to have a packaged prototype that delivers 3000 WHr to the user from 1 kg of methanol, at the end of the 3-year program. The target mass and volume for the DMFC-20 is 1.1 kg (2.4 lb) and 850 cm3 (52 in3).
*Categories Addressed: 2
CHAPTER 15 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
Monopolar DMFC Fuel Cells for Portable Applications
AUTHOR:
Alan Cisar, PhD, Electrochemical Energy Conversion & Storage Manager, Lynntech, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Monopolar fuel cells are the simplest fuel cells possible, with the fewest moving parts. When fueled with methanol, the result is a very simple power supply. Lynntech has developed monopolar fuel cell based power supplies for a variety of applications. DMFC systems will be the primary focus of the talk, but hydrogen-fueled systems, including shape conforming ones, will be described as well.
*Categories Addressed: 2,5
CHAPTER 17 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
Portable Fuel Cell Market Opportunities / Global Market Projections
AUTHOR:
Atakan Ozbek, MBA, Vice President of Energy Research, Allied Business Intelligence, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Portable fuel cells market potential has to be addressed to clearly outline the objectives, and challenges by the companies in this space. It is not just one market, but ÒmarketsÓ in Portable fuel cells. And the technology is also not just limited to DMFCs (Direct Methanol Fuel Cells). Allied Business Intelligence quantifies and analyzes the markets from a global perspective.
*Categories Addressed: 1
CHAPTER 17 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
The State of the Capital Markets: Capital Availability for Power Technology Firms
AUTHOR:
R. Douglas Moffat, CFA, Deputy Director of Research, SunTrust Robinson-Humphrey Capital Markets, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
With the energy crisis in remission for now, will venture capital investors embrace emerging power technology investment opportunities? Are portable fuel cell business opportunities sufficiently appealing for public market investors? We will explore these and other options available to the energy entrepreneur.
*Categories Addressed: 1
CHAPTER 18 (3rd edition)
TITLE:
Small Fuel Cells - The Path from Vision to Market Reality
AUTHOR: Robert K. Lifton, Chairman and CEO, Medis Technologies Ltd.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Medis Technologies contemplates completing development of a commercially viable fuel cell product - its Power Pack cell phone charger - during 2002. This presentation will case study and discuss the course of development of the Medis fuel cell technology starting with work in former Soviet Union, the transition to development in Israel and status of the technology today. It will focus on the practical issues faced in developing a commercial product and how they are being addressed. It will review the role of external companies for outsourced products and support for the companyÕs fuel cell development.
*Categories Addressed: 1,2
CHAPTER 1 (2nd edition)
TITLE:
Thin Film Membrane Electrode Assembly for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
AUTHOR:
Laurent Mex, Research Scientist, Department of Semiconductor Technology, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg (TUHH)
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The fabrication techniques of microsystem technologies (e.g. PECVD, sputtering) enable thin film membrane electrode assemblies only several microns in thickness. Combined with silicon substrates and a Pyrex glass encapsulation fuel cells with small dimensions are achieved allowing a broad spectrum of new applications. We have developed a PECVD process for the fabrication of thin film ion conductive membranes and investigate acetylene PECVD processes for the preparation of thin film porous graphite electrodes.
*Categories Addressed: 2,4,7
CHAPTER 2 (2nd edition)
TITLE: Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition: A New Technology for Fabricating Fuel Cell & Battery Electrodes and Electrolyte Layers
AUTHOR:
Peter W. Faguy, Ph.D., Director, Electrochemical Materials, Microcoating Technologies
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Our Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) process can be used to deposit a variety of films utilized in proton exchange membrane (PEMFCs) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs). The unique features of CCVD allow for control of film morphology, spatial composition, metal oxidation state and/or oxide crystal structure. In addition, substrate temperature can be varied from ~160oC to > 1200oC. Thus it is possible to deposit yttria-stabilized zirconia on porous ceramic substrates as well as Pt nanoparticles on polymeric membranes.
*Categories Addressed: 3,5,7
CHAPTER 3 (2nd edition)
TITLE: MicroTechnology-Based Thin-Film Fuel Cells for Portable Power Requirements
AUTHOR: Jeffrey D. Morse, Ph.D., Staff Scientist, Electronics Engineering Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION: While miniaturized fuel cells have been demonstrated for the low power regime (1-20 Watts), numerous issues still must be resolved prior to deployment for applications as a replacement for batteries. Fuel cells have gained renewed interest for applications in portable power since the energy is stored as fuel rather than as an integral part of the power source, as is the case with batteries. As traditional fuel cell designs are scaled down in both power output and physical footprint, several issues impact the operation, efficiency, and overall performance of the fuel cell system. These issues include fuel storage, delivery, and distribution, system control, i.e; startup, heating, and peak power requirements, stacking and packaging, and thermal management. The combination of microfabrication, thin-film deposition, and micromachining approaches offers potential advantages with respect to fuel cell stack size and weight, flow field structure and manifolding, fuel storage and delivery, packaging, and thermal management. Furthermore, these technologies enable material and fuel flexibility,while providing a manufacturable, modular fuel cell approach. These approaches will be discussed, along with experimental results from both solid oxide and proton exchange membrane thin-film fuel cells. This work was performed under the auspices of the United States Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.
*Categories Addressed: 3,4
CHAPTER 4 (2nd edition)
TITLE: Small Portable Fuel Cells in the Size Range from 1.5 to 100 Watts
AUTHOR:
Mark Daugherty, PhD, Vice President and General Manager, Enable Fuel Cell - a DCH Technology Company
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
This presentation will discuss the operation and performance of our portable proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. These fuel cells are designed for completely passive operation. They run on dry, low pressure, hydrogen and atmospheric pressure air without the need for humidification modules or rotating components. No auxiliaries such as pumps, compressors, fans or blowers are used, resulting in completely quiet operation. Efficiencies are not reduced by the parasitic power required to run auxiliaries. Reliability is improved due to the absence of moving mechanical parts. Operating data with various load profiles will be presented. Issues arising with the integration of fuel cells and portable electronic equipment will be discussed. Operational requirements of portable fuel cells will be compared in general terms with those of batteries. Sizing of fuel cell stacks for a given application will be reviewed.
*Categories Addressed: 1,3
CHAPTER 5 (2nd edition)
TITLE:
Fuel Cells with Micro Structured Flow Field for Portable Electronic Devices
AUTHOR:
Christopher Hebling, Ph.D., Head, Micro Energy Technology Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Germany
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
A growing number of portable consumer electronics need a small, lightweight power supply with high power density and energy capacity. Miniaturized fuel cells can meet this demand. The current collector (backing layer) usually is made from carbon paper or carbon cloth, which leads the electric current and allows for transport of the reactants due to the porous structure. Our work focuses on the replacement of the backing layer by a micro-structured metal foil. An array of micro-machined, e.g. parallel flow channels with dimensions of about the pore size and ridges of about the fiber size in between is brought in direct contact with the electrode. The thickness of the cell can thus be reduced to less than 0.5 mm. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations confirm, that higher diffusion rates due to the missing backing layer can be achieved. The total electrical resistance of the cell is decreased due to the direct contact of metal foil and electrode and the higher specific conductivity of the foil. A stack of cells can be very flat resulting in power densities up to 1 W/cm3. In terms of series connection the banded membrane concept was realized, which allows a large number of cells being electrically connected in one plane. This is a valuable feature for device integrated fuel cells.
*Categories Addressed: 4,7
CHAPTER 6 (2nd edition)
TITLE:
Micro Fuel Cellsª: How Soon Can I Buy One?
AUTHOR:
Robert G. Hockaday, President, Energy Related Devices, Inc.; Chief Fuel Cell Scientist, Manhattan Scientifics, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The conventional concept of a fuel cell is that of a stack of plates assembled into a block-like stack, with active controls and serviced by valves and pumps. A new paradigm is being created for miniature fuel cells in which they face a very different set of parameters of operation, construction, performance and markets. Previously, we have presented our vision of a smaller lighter simpler, cleaner and less expensive fuel cell to replace batteries in cellular phones. This session will focus on different strategies to overcome the technical obstacles to miniaturize fuel cells. Our progress to date on prototype direct methanol fuel cells formed on sheets of plastic film packaged for small electronics will be shown. Technical issues such as a barrier layer to prevent methanol crossover will be addressed, as well as our estimates of time to market commercialization.
*Categories Addressed: 4,8
CHAPTER 7 (2nd edition)
TITLE: Microchannel Fuel Processing for Portable Power Applications
AUTHOR:
Eddie G. Baker, Technical Group Manager, Chemical Process Development, Pacific Northwest National Lab
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
We have demonstrated microchannel fuel processor components that take advantage of the high rates of heat and mass transfer that are obtainable in microstructures. For example, we have demonstrated a 1 kWe steam reformer with a core volume of a cubic inch. Based on this and other developments, it is projected that the complete fuel processor for a 10 We fuel cell will have a volume of 1 cubic inch. Moreover, the fuel processor is designed to be mass-producible and cost effective for a wide range of portable power applications.
*Categories Addressed: 4,6
CHAPTER 8 (2nd edition)
TITLE: Realization of Hydrocarbon-Based Fuel Cell Power Systems
AUTHOR:
James C. Cross, III, Director of R&D, Epyx, an Arthur D. Little Company
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The proposition of electrochemical generators as alternative power sources has inspired a wide range of innovations, from novel catalyst technologies to compact heat exchangers to custom actuators and sensors. To be commercially viable, these developments must be thoughtfully integrated to address customer requirements of size, performance and cost which for fuel cell systems are characterized by complex tradeoffs. We will summarize key developments, the status of systems integration and product development activities, and offer a view of outstanding challenges and commercialization barriers for systems in the 0.5 to 10kW power range.
*Categories Addressed: 1,4,5
CHAPTER 9 (2nd edition)
TITLE: Application of Carbon Nanotube Composites in PEM Fuel Cells
AUTHOR:
Zafar Iqbal, Ph.D., Principal Scientist, Research and Technology, AlliedSignal, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
High strength and electrically conductive composites using cost-effective vapor-grown multiwall carbon nanotubes and low-cost thermoplastics, are being developed for application in automotive PEM fuel cell power stacks and potentially for portable fuel cells. Generic fabrication techniques and scale-up challenges will be discussed and nanoscale structure will be correlated with long-term performance of these composites in a fuel cell.
*Categories Addressed: 3,5,7
CHAPTER 10 (2nd edition)
TITLE:
A Conceptually New Charge/ Discharge Process
AUTHOR:
Derek L. Smith, D. Chem., Scientist, Technical Marketing Group, Arbin Instruments
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
While conventional charging methodology and hardware effect current control of the charge process, in this paper we propose novel control of the cell Voltage as the preferred method for recharging cells and batteries. Universality, safety and reduced charge time are all inherent considerations. Data will compare the Coulombic and energy efficiencies of this Òpolarization controlÓ with conventional constant-current and constant-current, constant-Voltage methodologies.
*Categories Addressed: 1,8
CHAPTER 11 (2nd edition)
TITLE: Nickel-Zinc Battery Commercialization
AUTHOR:
Glen V. Bowling, Vice President of Worldwide Marketing and Sales, Evercel, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
We will present the technical challenges and accomplishments that have been made in the launch of the nickel-zinc technology into commercial production. Performance, design and process definition and improvement as well as cost reduction efforts will be addressed. The technical requirements of product market positioning will also be addressed.
*Categories Addressed: 1,8
CHAPTER 12 (2nd edition)
TITLE: Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries: the Enabling Technology for Electric & Hybrid Vehicles
AUTHOR:
Srini Venkatesan, Ph.D., Vice President, EV & Specialty Battery Development, Ovonic Battery Co.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Robust design NiMH batteries with 80Wh/kg energy density and 230 W/kg power density have become the batteries of choice for practical electric vehicles. Advanced designs with 95 Wh/kg specific energy and 300 W/kg power density currently under development and optimization will make electric vehicles competitive with internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles on the basis of overall performance and cost. The high power design NiMH batteries with 600 W/kg and 1500 W/l power performance have become the cornerstone for all types of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). NiMH cells already power the Toyota Prius HEV, the first mass produced vehicle with ICE and electric propulsion, which is now sold in Japan. More recently Honda has announced its version of HEV also powered by nickel metal hydride batteries. Advanced high power NiMH batteries with 1000W/kg and 2500 W/l power performance currently under optimization and testing provide unlimited design options for hybrid electric vehicle manufacturers and meet high fuel efficiency requirements for next generation vehicles. Innovative low cost manufacturing process for these high performance NiMH batteries, coupled with long life, will be key factors in laying the foundation for a whole new transportation industry based upon HEVs and EVs. Secondary use for these NiMH EV batteries in applications, such as stationary storage, will further enhance the attractive economics of NiMH batteries.
*Categories Addressed: 1,8
CHAPTER 13 (2nd edition)
TITLE: Panel Discussion: Portable Power Sources A Practical Analysis and Comparison of Strategies to Speed Commercial Development
AUTHORS: Moderator: Christopher K. Dyer, Ph.D., Motorola Panelists: James C. Cross III Frank Gibbard, Ph.D. Robert Hockaday Charles Ke, Ph.D. Sekharipuram R. Narayanan, Ph.D.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Leading industry experts discuss current and future trends, assess fundamental obstacles and challenges and evaluate solutions to achieve commercial success in the portable power market. Discussion points include: ¥ Miniaturization of Fuel Cells and their Subsystems ¥ Efficiency ¥ Longevity ¥ Peak Current Solutions ¥ User Friendliness and Cost Tolerance ¥ Safety-Transportation/Environmental Regulations
*Categories Addressed: 1
CHAPTER 1 (1st edition)
TITLE: Effective Selection and Use of Advanced Membrane Electrode Power Assemblies
AUTHOR:
Bamdad Bahar, Associate, WL Gore and Assoc., Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Chapter description not available.
*Categories Addressed: 3
CHAPTER 2 (1st edition)
TITLE:
Fuel Processing Technology for Premium Power Fuel Cell Systems
AUTHOR:
James Cross, Senior Engineer, Epyx
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Heretofore there has been a significant level of uncertainty regarding the realism of the concept of fuel cell power systems in the low capacity range of interest operating on hydrocarbon fuels. The primary reason for this uncertainty has been a lack of a fuel processing technology capable of operation in this low capacity range while still maintaining acceptable cost, size, and efficiency characteristics. Over the last year, Epyx, the ADL subsidiary company focused on the commercialization of fuel processors, has miniaturized its hybrid partial oxidation reformer technology (H-POX) to capacities as low as 100 Watts within a configuration about the size of a coffee can, which is by far the smallest complete fuel processing system ever made. The unit includes a reforming zone, shift reactors, and all heat exchangers within a tightly integrated package.
*Categories Addressed: 6
CHAPTER 3 (1st edition)
TITLE:
Simple, Rugged and Reliable Fuel Cells for Use in Portable Applications
AUTHOR:
Mark Daugherty, Ph.D., Chief Scientist, DCH Technology
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
DCH Technology is commercializing simple, low cost, fuel cells based on a design developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Radial unit cell geometry allows an unobstructed periphery, minimum diffusion path lengths, a single tie bolt, and symmetry of components. This configuration retains water and prevents the fuel cell from drying out, resulting in reliable operation that is inherently self-regulating.
*Categories Addressed: 1,3,5
CHAPTER 4 (1st Edition)
TITLE:
New Electrode Materials for Ambient Fuel Cell Operation
AUTHOR:
Emory S. DeCastro, Ph.D., General Manager, E-TEK, Inc. and Los Alamos National Laboratory
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Operation of small fuel cells at ambient conditions poses special challenges in the design of electrode backings or diffusers. We will present cathode performance data on a new electrode designed for unpressurized air feeds. We will also discuss cost reduction through the automated production of the electrode.
*Categories Addressed: 3,7
CHAPTER 5 (1st Edition)
TITLE:
Micro-Fuel Cells for Cellular Phones
AUTHOR:
Robert Hockaday, President, Energy Related Devices, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Smaller, Lighter, Simpler, Cleaner, and Less Expensive. This is the mantra we have used to design a micro-fuel cell to match the demands of the cellular phone market. The integrated design utilizes vacuum thin film deposition techniques to coat patterned porous plastic membranes for roll-to-roll manufacturing and is fueled with alcohols.
*Categories Addressed: 4,5,8
CHAPTER 6 (1st edition)
TITLE: Compact Fuel Cells for Portable Applications
AUTHOR:
Arthur Kaufman, Vice President, Research and Development, H Power
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Portable applications require power sources with varying degrees of compactness and light weight. H Power has applied its proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology in applications such as variable-message signs, powered briefcases, and demonstration power sources that simulate military primary battery packs. Further progress in miniaturization of this technology will result in substantial utilization within portable electronic devices.
*Categories Addressed: 3,6
CHAPTER 7 (1st edition)
TITLE:
Metal Alloy/Vulcan Carbon Nanocomposites of Controlled Alloy Stoichiometry Prepared from Single-Source Molecular Precursers as DMFC Anode Catalysts
AUTHOR:
Dr. Charles M. Lukehart, Professor of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
This chapter will focus on research in which new methods for preparing highly active anode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are being developed. DMFCs are widely regarded as good candidates for portable, high-power fuel cell applications. Also featured will be the recent announcement of rapid synthesis of such catalysts using microwave heating.
*Categories Addressed: 2,7
CHAPTER 8 (1st edition)
TITLE:
Recent Advances in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells for Portable Power Applications
AUTHOR:
S.R. Narayanan, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The direct methanol fuel cell is based on the electro-oxidation of a liquid feed of an aqueous feed of methanol in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Several advances in this fuel technology have occurred in the last few years at JPL under DARPA funding. As a result, power density, efficiency and life characteristics are now attractive for portable power applications. In cooperation with JPL, Giner Inc. is fabricating a compact lightweight fuel cell stack for use in battery replacement and other applications. The presentation will describe the status of the technology, identify key issues for portable power systems and offer possible solutions. Some examples of the lightweight hardware will be presented.
*Categories Addressed: 2
CHAPTER 9 (1st Edition)
TITLE: Developing Primary Zinc-Air Batteries for Portable Devices
AUTHOR:
Dennis Sieminski, Technical Marketing Manager, AERN Energy Resources, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The primary zinc-air couple has a long list of attributes that make it ideal for portable devices. However, it has been precluded from consideration because of one problem, the severe life-limiting effects associated with exposure to the atmosphere. The development of Diffusion Air Manager technology offers an effective solution. This battery option and its application to portable products are examined.
*Categories Addressed: 8
CHAPTER 10 (1st edition)
TITLE:
Next Generation Power Solutions for Mobile Phones
AUTHOR:
Chris Turner, Program Manager, Battery R&D, Ericsson Mobile Phones
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION: Ericsson, a worldwide leading manufacturer of mobile phones, provides its perspective on various power solutions, from the current Nickel Metal Hydride and Lithium Ion batteries, to advanced solutions such as Polymer Lithium Ion, Lithium Metal, and Fuel Cells, as well as alternative methods for power management. Also addressed will be environmental issues, anticipated directions for development, and a view into the future.
*Categories Addressed: 1
CHAPTER 11 (1st edition)
TITLE:
Comparison of Rechargeable Batteries for Portable Devices
AUTHOR:
John C. Bailey, Technology Fellow, Eveready Battery Co.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Chapter description not available.
*Categories Addressed: 1
CHAPTER 12 (1st edition)
TITLE:
Flexible Primary Battery for E-Cards
AUTHOR:
D.H. Doughty, Manager, Lithium Battery R&D Department, Sandia National Laboratory
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Chapter description not available.
*Categories Addressed: 1,8
CHAPTER 13 (1st edition)
TITLE: PANEL DISCUSSION - How to Speed Commercial Development of Practical, Portable Power Sources: A Practical Analysis and Comparison of Alternatives
AUTHORS: Moderator: Chris Dyer, Motorola; Panelists: Lynn Davis, Motorola; Charles Ke, U.S. Department of Transportation; Dan Doughty, Sandia National Labs; Robert Hockaday, Energy Related Devices; Deepak Swamy, Dell Computer; Chris Turner, Ericson Mobile Phones.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
The topics discussed in this chapter include: miniaturization of fuel cells as compared with batteries, fuel distribution and availability, efficiency if a direct fuel system, long-lasting power generation, peak current solutions, safety issues, transportation regulations, user friendliness, cost-effective solutions, environmental issues.
*Categories Addressed: 1
CHAPTER 14 (1st edition)
TITLE:
Metal Hydride Storage for Portable Power
AUTHOR: Krishna Sapru, Director, Thermal Hydride Products, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Metal Hydrides provide an attractive method of storing hydrogen fuel for PEM fuel cells, especially for portable consumer applications where safety and convenience are important . This paper will present some results in terms of gravimetric and volumetric capacity, cycle life, and other features for prototype Metal Hydride Storage Systems (MHSS) being developed for use with small PEM fuel cells.
*Categories Addressed: 6,8
CHAPTER 15 (1st edition)
TITLE:
Commercialization of Portable Fuel Cells at Ballard Power Systems
AUTHOR:
Jorge Barrigh, Ballard Power Systems
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION:
Chapter description not available.
*Categories Addressed: 1,3
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