Vaccines Market Insight: Products, Pipelines & Market Outlook
Informa Healthcare, January 2007, Pages: 175
This report examines the latest developments in the vaccine industry with particular emphasis placed on the role of vaccines in the prevention and treatment of cancer. It includes an overview of the immune system, an outline of how immunisation works and an assessment of how different types of vaccine work with that system. The report looks in particular at the suitability of cancer as a target for the next generation of vaccines.
The report examines the size and value of the vaccine market as it is today. This includes a full discussion of the vaccines that have reached the marketplace, including the first cancer vaccines. The vaccine market is currently dominated by a handful of pharmaceutical companies and these are also discussed.
The vaccine industry faces numerous opportunities as its understanding of the immune system grows, increasing both the number of vaccines in development and the range of suitable indications to target. However, there are also serious challenges that must be overcome: developers and manufacturers face technical and commercial challenges.
The report includes a full discussion of the many vaccines currently in development, focusing on those for cancer and for other unmet needs. The report concludes with profiles of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that are actively developing cancer vaccines, as well as the major players in the vaccine market as a whole.
The report provides:
- an overview of the immune system - enables an understanding of how vaccines have worked in the past and how an increasing knowledge of how - the immune system works is affecting the types of vaccine currently in development.
- a discussion of the immunological aspects of cancer
- a summary of the types of vaccines available
- a discussion of the vaccines market - how important cancer vaccines are and an assessment of the size of the market
- a complete guide to the current vaccines on the market - background on the indications targeted by these vaccines and the companies that develop them
- study of the major players in the market
- review of the technical and commercial challenges - how to overcome the difficulties associated with vaccination
- full study of the vaccines in development
- profiles of 40 companies actively involved in the development of cancer vaccines
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 19
1.1 Vaccines 19
1.1.1 General 19
1.1.2 A brief history 20
1.2 The immune system 21
1.2.1 Introduction 21
1.2.2 MCH markers 22
1.2.3 Lymphocytes 22
1.2.4 B cells and T cells 22
1.2.5 Cytokines and chemokines 23
1.2.6 Phagocytes and granulocytes 23
1.2.7 Complement proteins 23
1.2.8 When the immune system fails 23
1.3 Immunological aspects of cancer 24
1.3.1 Introduction 24
1.3.2 The development of a tumour 24
1.3.3 The treatment of cancer 24
1.4 Immunisation 25
1.5 Types of vaccine 26
1.5.1 Prophylactic vaccines 26
1.5.2 Therapeutic vaccines 27
1.5.3 Recombinant vaccines 28
1.5.4 DNA vaccines 29
1.5.5 Autologous and allogenic vaccines 29
1.5.6 Attenuated live vaccines 30
1.5.7 Inactivated killed vaccines 30
CHAPTER 2 THE VACCINES MARKET 31
2.1 The vaccines market today 31
2.2 The potential for change 32
2.3 Market size 34
2.4 Major players 34
2.4.1 GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) 34
2.4.1.1 Company background 34
2.4.1.2 Products 35
2.4.1.3 Cervarix 35
2.4.1.4 Other cancer candidates 36
2.4.1.5 Other products in the pipeline 36
2.4.2 Merck & Co 37
2.4.2.1 Company background 37
2.4.2.2 Gardasil 37
2.4.2.3 Other launched products 37
2.4.2.4 Products in the pipeline 38
2.4.3 Novartis 38
2.4.3.1 Company background 38
2.4.3.2 Novartis influenza vaccine pipeline 39
2.4.3.3 Other products in the pipeline 39
2.4.4 Sanofi-Aventis 40
2.4.4.1 Company background 40
2.4.4.2 Cancer vaccine products 40
2.4.4.3 Other vaccine products 40
2.4.5 Wyeth 42
2.4.5.1 Company background 42
2.4.5.2 Launched products 42
2.4.5.3 Products in the pipeline 43
2.5 The importance of cancer vaccines in the overall market 43
2.6 Marketed cancer vaccines 44
2.6.1 Cervarix - GlaxoSmithKline 45
2.6.2 Gardasil - Merck & Co 45
2.6.3 M-Vax - AVAX Technologies 45
2.6.4 TheraCys - Sanofi Pasteur 46
2.6.5 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine - GSK 46
2.6.6 Melacine - GSK 46
2.7 Other marketed vaccines 47
2.7.1 Combination vaccinations 48
2.7.2 Hepatitis B 49
2.7.3 Hepatitis A 49
2.7.4 Influenza 49
2.7.4.1 FluMist - Aviron (now AstraZeneca) 50
2.7.4.2 Fluviron/Flu-Immune - Powderject
Pharmaceuticals (now Novartis) 50
2.7.4.3 Fluviral - ID Biomedical (now GSK) 50
2.7.4.4 Fluzone - Sanofi Pasteur 50
2.7.4.5 Inflexal V and Nasalflu - Crucell 50
2.7.4.6 LAIV - The Institute of Experimental Medicine,
St Petersburg, Russia 51
2.7.4.7 Other marketed influenza vaccines 51
2.7.5 Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) 51
2.7.6 Pertussis 52
2.7.7 Rabies 52
2.7.8 Typhoid 53
2.7.9 Varicella and zoster 54
2.7.10 Meningitis 55
2.7.10.1 Meningitis (non-specific) 55
2.7.10.2 Meningitis A 56
2.7.10.3 Meningitis B 56
2.7.10.4 Meningitis B/C 56
2.7.10.5 Meningitis C 56
2.7.11 Pneumococcus 57
2.7.12 Poliomyelitis 58
2.7.13 MMR and measles and rubella 58
2.7.14 Smallpox 59
2.7.15 Other indications 60
2.7.15.1 Cholera 60
2.7.15.2 Rotavirus 60
2.7.15.3 Epidemic haemorrhagic fever 61
2.7.15.4 Japanese encephalitis (JE) 61
2.7.15.5 Lactobacillus 61
2.7.15.6 Yellow fever 62
2.7.15.7 Tick borne encephalitis (TBE) 62
2.7.15.8 Q fever 63
2.7.15.9 Ribosomal vaccine 63
2.7.15.10 Urinary infection 63
2.7.16 Launched therapeutic vaccines 63
2.7.16.1 Leprovac 63
2.7.16.2 Fluarix 63
2.7.16.3 SolcoTrichovac 64
2.7.16.4 PCEC 64
2.7.17 Withdrawn vaccines 64
CHAPTER 3 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 66
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Unmet needs 66
3.2.1 Cancer 66
3.2.2 HIV/AIDS 66
3.2.3 Autoimmune diseases 67
3.2.3.1 Asthma 67
3.2.3.2 Diabetes mellitus (type 1) 67
3.2.3.3 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 67
3.2.4 Infectious disease 68
3.2.4.1 Tuberculosis (TB) 68
3.2.4.2 Meningitis 68
3.2.5 Malaria 68
3.2.6 Bioterrorism threat 69
3.2.7 Addiction 69
3.2.8 Hepatitis C (HCV) 70
3.2.9 CNS - Alzheimers disease 70
3.3 Technical challenges 70
3.3.1 Alternatives to egg-grown vaccines 70
3.3.2 Alternatives to needles 71
3.3.3 Problems with supply and storage of vaccines 72
3.3.4 Reducing the number of vaccinations 72
3.4 Commercial challenges 73
3.4.1 Research and development 73
3.4.2 Economies of scale 73
3.4.3 Public opinion 73
CHAPTER 4 VACCINES IN DEVELOPMENT 76
4.1 Cancer 76
4.1.1 Introduction 76
4.1.2 Registered or awaiting approval 76
4.1.3 Cancer vaccines in Phase III clinical development 77
4.1.3.1 Brain cancer 77
4.1.3.2 HPV 77
4.1.3.3 Lung cancer and nsclc 77
4.1.3.4 Lymphoma 77
4.1.3.5 Pancreas cancer 78
4.1.3.6 Prostate cancer 78
4.1.3.7 Renal cancer 78
4.1.4 Cancer vaccines in Phase II clinical development 79
4.1.4.1 General 79
4.1.4.2 Brain cancer 80
4.1.4.3 Breast cancer 80
4.1.4.4 Cervical cancer 80
4.1.4.5 Colorectal cancer 81
4.1.4.6 Leukaemia 81
4.1.4.7 Lung cancer and nsclc 81
4.1.4.8 Lymphoma 82
4.1.4.9 Melanoma 82
4.1.4.10 Myeloma 83
4.1.4.11 Prostate cancer 83
4.1.4.12 Renal cancer 84
4.1.5 Cancer vaccines in Phase I clinical development 84
4.1.5.1 Multiple or unspecified targets 84
4.1.5.2 Bladder cancer 85
4.1.5.3 Brain cancer 85
4.1.5.4 Breast cancer 85
4.1.5.5 Head and neck cancer 85
4.1.5.6 Liver cancer 85
4.1.5.7 Lung and nsclc cancer 85
4.1.5.8 Oesophageal cancer 86
4.1.5.9 Ovarian and pancreatic cancers 86
4.1.5.10 Prostate cancer 86
4.1.6 Cancer vaccines in preclinical development 86
4.1.6.1 Non-specified cancers 86
4.1.6.2 General cancer targets 87
4.1.6.3 Bone cancer 87
4.1.6.4 Breast cancer 87
4.1.6.5 Colorectal and colon cancer 87
4.1.6.6 Gastric cancer 87
4.1.6.7 HPV 87
4.1.6.8 Leukaemia 88
4.1.6.9 Liver cancer 88
4.1.6.10 Lung cancer and nsclc 88
4.1.6.11 Melanoma 88
4.1.6.12 Myeloma 88
4.1.6.13 Ovarian cancer 88
4.1.6.14 Pancreatic cancer 88
4.1.6.15 Prostate cancer 88
4.1.6.16 Renal cancer 89
4.2 Infectious diseases 89
4.2.1 AIDS/HIV 89
4.2.1.1 The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center 89
4.2.1.2 Alphavax 89
4.2.1.3 Avant Immunotherapeutics 89
4.2.1.4 Bavarian Nordic 89
4.2.1.5 Bionor Immuno 90
4.2.1.6 Cytrx 90
4.2.1.7 Dong-A 90
4.2.1.8 EuroVac 90
4.2.1.9 FIT Biotech 90
4.2.1.10 Genecure 91
4.2.1.11 Genetic Immunity 91
4.2.1.12 Geovax 91
4.2.1.13 GlaxoSmithKline 91
4.2.1.14 Immunitor 91
4.2.1.15 Merck & Co 92
4.2.1.16 Neovacs 92
4.2.1.17 Novartis 92
4.2.1.18 Oxford Biomedica 92
4.2.1.19 Pharmexa 92
4.2.1.20 Powdermed 93
4.2.1.21 Sanofi-Aventis 93
4.2.1.22 St Judes Hospital, Memphis 93
4.2.1.23 Targeted Genetics 93
4.2.1.24 Therion Biologics 93
4.2.1.25 The Vaccine Research Center (VRC) 94
4.2.1.26 Vaxgen 94
4.2.1.27 Vical 94
4.2.1.28 Virax 94
4.2.1.29 Virionics 94
4.2.1.30 Wyeth 94
4.2.1.31 Non-industry collaborations 95
4.2.2 Hepatitis (excluding paediatric combination vaccines) 95
4.2.2.1 Hepatitis B (HBV) 95
4.2.2.2 Hepatitis C (HCV) 96
4.2.2.3 Hepatitis E 97
4.2.3 Influenza 97
4.2.3.1 Acambis 97
4.2.3.2 Alphavax 97
4.2.3.3 Baxter 98
4.2.3.4 Crucell 98
4.2.3.5 CSL 98
4.2.3.6 Dynport Vaccine Company 98
4.2.3.7 Generex 98
4.2.3.8 GlaxoSmithKline 98
4.2.3.9 Iomai 99
4.2.3.10 Medimmune 99
4.2.3.11 Merck & Co 99
4.2.3.12 Nasvax 99
4.2.3.13 Novartis 99
4.2.3.14 Novavax 100
4.2.3.15 Powdermed 100
4.2.3.16 Protein Sciences 100
4.2.3.17 Sanofi-Aventis 101
4.2.3.18 Sinovac Biotech 101
4.2.3.19 Solvay 101
4.2.4 Malaria 101
4.2.5 Meningitis and pneumococcal infection 102
4.2.5.1 China Biopharma 102
4.2.5.2 Emergent Biosolutions 102
4.2.5.3 GlaxoSmithKline 102
4.2.5.4 LG Life Sciences 103
4.2.5.5 Novartis 103
4.2.5.6 Sanofi-Aventis 103
4.2.5.7 Wyeth 103
4.2.6 Tuberculosis 104
4.2.7 Other infectious diseases 104
4.2.7.1 Cholera 104
4.2.7.2 Dengue fever 104
4.2.7.3 Ebola and Marburg infections 104
4.2.7.4 Helicobacter pylori 105
4.2.7.5 Japanese encephalitis 105
4.2.7.6 Rabies 106
4.2.7.7 Rotavirus 106
4.2.7.8 Typhoid fever 106
4.2.7.9 West Nile virus infection 106
4.2.7.10 Yellow fever 107
4.3 Other indications 107
4.3.1 Addiction 107
4.3.2 Allergy and asthma 108
4.3.3 Autoimmune diseases 108
4.3.3.1 Diabetes 108
4.3.3.2 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 109
4.3.4 Bioterrorist threats 109
4.3.4.1 Anthrax 109
4.3.4.2 Botulinum 110
4.3.4.3 Plague 110
4.3.4.4 Smallpox 110
4.3.5 Alzheimers disease 111
4.3.6 Obesity 111
CHAPTER 5 COMPANY PROFILES 113
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Æterna Zentaris 113
5.2.1 Company overview 113
5.2.2 Financial data 113
5.2.3 Products 114
5.2.4 R&D portfolio 114
5.3 Argos Therapeutics 116
5.3.1 Company overview 116
5.3.2 Financial data 117
5.3.3 Products 117
5.3.4 R&D portfolio 117
5.4 Avant Immunotherapeutics 118
5.4.1 Company overview 118
5.4.2 Financial data 118
5.4.3 Products 118
5.4.4 R&D portfolio 119
5.5 AVAX TECHNOLOGIES 120
5.5.1 Company overview 120
5.5.2 Financial data 120
5.5.3 Products 120
5.5.4 R&D portfolio 121
5.6 BT Pharma 121
5.6.1 Company overview 121
5.6.2 Financial data 121
5.6.3 Products 122
5.6.4 R&D portfolio 122
5.7 Bavarian Nordic 122
5.7.1 Company overview 123
5.7.2 Financial data 123
5.7.3 R&D portfolio 123
5.8 Baxter International 125
5.8.1 Company overview 125
5.8.2 Financial data 125
5.8.3 Products 125
5.8.4 R&D portfolio 126
5.9 Cancer Research Technology 127
5.9.1 Company overview 127
5.9.2 Financial data 128
5.9.3 Products 128
5.9.4 R&D portfolio 128
5.10 Cell Genesys 129
5.10.1 Company overview 129
5.10.2 Financial data 131
5.10.3 Products 131
5.10.4 R&D portfolio 131
5.11 Cellgenix Technologie Transfer 132
5.11.1 Company overview 132
5.11.2 Financial data 132
5.11.3 Products 132
5.11.4 R&D portfolio 132
5.12 Celtic Pharma 133
5.12.1 Company overview 133
5.12.2 Financial data 133
5.12.3 Products 133
5.12.4 R&D portfolio 134
5.13 Crucell 135
5.13.1 Company overview 135
5.13.2 Financial data 135
5.13.3 Products 136
5.13.4 R&D portfolio 136
5.14 CSL 138
5.14.1 Company overview 138
5.14.2 Financial data 139
5.14.3 Products 139
5.14.4 R&D portfolio 140
5.15 Cytos Biotechnology 141
5.15.1 Company overview 141
5.15.2 Financial data 141
5.15.3 Products 141
5.15.4 R&D portfolio 142
5.16 Dendreon 143
5.16.1 Company overview 143
5.16.2 Financial data 144
5.16.3 Products 144
5.16.4 R&D portfolio 144
5.17 FIT Biotech 145
5.17.1 Company overview 145
5.17.2 Financial data 146
5.17.3 Products 146
5.17.4 R&D portfolio 146
5.18 Generex 146
5.18.1 Company overview 146
5.18.2 Financial data 147
5.18.3 Products 147
5.18.4 R&D portfolio 148
5.19 Geron 148
5.19.1 Company overview 149
5.19.2 Financial data 149
5.19.3 Products 149
5.19.4 R&D portfolio 149
5.20 Immunocellular Therapeutics 150
5.20.1 Company overview 150
5.20.2 Financial data 151
5.20.3 Products 151
5.20.4 R&D portfolio 151
5.21 Immunofrontier 151
5.21.1 Company overview 151
5.21.2 Financial data 151
5.21.3 Products 152
5.21.4 R&D portfolio 152
5.22 Immunomedics 152
5.22.1 Company overview 152
5.22.2 Financial data 153
5.22.3 Products 153
5.22.4 R&D portfolio 153
5.23 Immunotope 153
5.23.1 Company overview 153
5.23.2 Financial data 154
5.23.3 Products 154
5.23.4 R&D portfolio 154
5.24 Immvarx 154
5.24.1 Company overview 155
5.24.2 Financial data 155
5.24.3 Products 155
5.24.4 R&D portfolio 155
5.25 Juvaris Biotherapeutics 155
5.25.1 Company overview 155
5.25.2 Financial data 156
5.25.3 Products 156
5.25.4 R&D portfolio 156
5.26 Molmed 157
5.26.1 Company overview 157
5.26.2 Financial data 157
5.26.3 Products 157
5.26.4 R&D portfolio 157
5.27 Mologen 158
5.27.1 Company overview 158
5.27.2 Financial data 158
5.27.3 Products 159
5.27.4 R&D portfolio 159
5.28 Neovacs 159
5.28.1 Company overview 159
5.28.2 Financial data 159
5.28.3 Products 159
5.28.4 R&D portfolio 160
5.29 Newlink Genetics 160
5.29.1 Company overview 160
5.29.2 Financial data 160
5.29.3 Products 160
5.29.4 R&D portfolio 160
5.30 Oxford Biomedica 161
5.30.1 Company overview 161
5.30.2 Financial data 162
5.30.3 Products 162
5.30.4 R&D portfolio 162
5.31 Pepscan Systems 163
5.31.1 Company overview 163
5.31.2 Financial data 163
5.31.3 Products 163
5.31.4 R&D portfolio 163
5.32 Progenics Pharmaceuticals 164
5.32.1 Company overview 164
5.32.2 Financial data 164
5.32.3 Products 164
5.32.4 R&D portfolio 164
5.33 Targepeutics 165
5.33.1 Company overview 165
5.33.2 Financial data 165
5.33.3 Products 165
5.33.4 R&D portfolio 165
5.34 Therion Biologies 166
5.34.1 Company overview 166
5.34.2 Financial data 166
5.34.3 Products 166
5.34.4 R&D portfolio 166
5.35 Vaxon Biotech 166
5.35.1 Company overview 167
5.35.2 Financial data 167
5.35.3 Products 167
5.35.4 R&D portfolio 167
5.36 Virionics 167
5.36.1 Company overview 168
5.36.2 Financial data 168
5.36.3 Products 168
5.36.4 R&D portfolio 168
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Global deaths by cancer type
Table 1.2 Reduction in diseases in Europe between 1998 and 2004
Table 2.1 Launched vaccines currently available by indication
Table 5.1 Financial data for Æterna Zentaris
Table 5.2 Financial data for Avant Immunotherapeutics 2003-2006 (US$ million)
Table 5.3 Financial data for AVAX Technologies (US$ million)
Table 5.4 Financial data for Bavarian Nordic 2003-2006 (DKr million)
Table 5.5 Financial data for Baxter International 2003-2006 (US$ million)
Table 5.6 Financial data for Cell Genesys 2002-2006 (US$ million)
Table 5.7 Financial data for Crucell (€ million)
Table 5.8 Financial data for CSL 2002-2006 (AUS$ million)
Table 5.9 Financial data for Cytos Biotechnology 2002-2006 (SwFr million)
Table 5.10 Financial data for Dendreon 2002-2006 (US$ million)
Table 5.11 Financial data for Generex 2002-2006 (US$ million)
Table 5.12 Financial data for Geron 2002-2006 (US$ million).
Table 5.13 Financial data for ICT (US$ million)
Table 5.14 Financial data for Immunomedics 2002-2006 (US$ million)
Table 5.15 Financial data for Mologen (€ million)
Table 5.16 Financial data for Oxford Biomedica 2002-2006 (£ million)
Table 5.17 Financial data for Progenics Pharmaceuticals 2003-2006 (US$ million)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Trends in the vaccine industry
Figure 1.2 Trends in the development of prophylactic vaccines
Figure 1.3 Trends in the development of therapeutic vaccines
Figure 1.4 Trends in the development of recombinant vaccines
Attitudes towards vaccination are changing, as the promise grows of candidate products in development which have the potential to prevent and treat some of the major diseases affecting the world’s population today. Immunisation, the World Health Organization argues, has proved itself: smallpox was eradicated worldwide in the late 1970s, Europe was declared free of polio at the turn of the 21st century and, in 2002 alone, an estimated two million lives were saved by immunisation. Years of disappointment, with vaccines for unmet needs failing in Phases II and III, are ending as new vaccines begin to reach the market and more advance through the pipeline.
In 2007, pre-teenage and teenage girls are being vaccinated against HPV, a known and common cause of cervical cancer, the second-largest cancer killer of women. In the next few years, approval is expected for vaccinations against other forms of cancer, including prostate, colon and lung cancers. There are also advanced candidates for influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B and HIV. Vaccines for rotavirus and meningitis A, diseases that kill vast numbers of children in the developing world each year, may not be far off and their development is being supported by public and private funding, in addition to fast-tracking rulings. Innovation by small biotechnology companies, financially and commercially supported by strategic alliances with the largest pharmaceutical companies, has led to the development of the therapeutic vaccine, which has the potential to treat rather than prevent disease and has given new hope to the sufferers of cancer, CNS disorders, autoimmune conditions and asthma, even addiction.
The largest section of the vaccination market is paediatric immunisation. Six vaccines are routinely given to children as part of their infant immunisation - these comprise vaccines against tuberculosis (BCG), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio (OPV) and measles. However, not all children receive these immunisations and in some developed countries the number of children being vaccinated is dropping. These problems must be redressed in order to prevent the 30,000 deaths which are estimated to take place each day from entirely vaccine-preventable diseases. Other, newer vaccines are also available and need to be more widely used, including vaccines against yellow fever, rubella, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) disease and Japanese encephalitis.
Adult vaccination is on the increase and now growing at a faster pace than paediatric immunisations. This is largely because of the recent emphasis placed on immunisation against influenza and hepatitis. Children will benefit from the development of new combination products while everyone will reap the benefits of alternative routes of delivery to needles.
Traditionally, vaccines have been given to people who are healthy and, therefore, it is easy to forget what it was like before mass immunisation programmes began. This also means that in the unfortunate instances when individuals suffer side-effects, this can overshadow the many deaths that are prevented; just a rumour can halt the development of a promising product. New vaccines have to be proven and then proven again to be safe, leading to long clinical trials and, as a result, extreme expense and delay.
This is just one of the hurdles that vaccine developers have to overcome in order for a new product to reach the market. However, vaccine R&D departments are receiving more funding than ever, which should not only mean more vaccines reaching more people, but also a change in attitude amongst the pharmaceutical industry towards vaccines and, therefore, greater investment in development.
This report examines the latest developments in the vaccine industry with particular emphasis placed on the role of vaccines in the prevention and treatment of cancer. It includes an overview of the immune system, an outline of how immunisation works and an assessment of how different types of vaccine work with that system. The report looks in particular at the suitability of cancer as a target for the next generation of vaccines (Chapter 1).
The report examines the size and value of the vaccine market as it is today (Chapter 2). This includes a full discussion of the vaccines that have reached the marketplace, including the first cancer vaccines. The vaccine market is currently dominated by a handful of pharmaceutical companies and these are also discussed.
The vaccines industry faces numerous opportunities as its understanding of the immune system grows, increasing both the number of vaccines in development and the range of suitable indications to target. However, there are also serious challenges that must be overcome (Chapter 3).
The report includes a full discussion of the many vaccines currently in development, focusing on those for cancer and for other unmet needs (Chapter 4). The report concludes with brief profiles of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that are actively developing cancer vaccines (Chapter 5).
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