Water harvesting is gaining more and more recognition as a sustainable and resilient water supply options. It is economically viable, socially compatible and environmentally friendly. Water harvesting has proven to be a robust solution to overcome or reduce water shortages all over the world. It is important to understand how to apply this practice in a sustainable and effective way to make full use of its potential in a world increasingly threatened by water scarcity.
The Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation: Basic Concepts and Fundamentals is the most comprehensive, up-to-date and applied handbook on water harvesting and conservation yet published. The book’s 30 chapters -- written by 84 outstanding international experts from approximately 20 selected countries faced by drought -- explore, critique and develop concepts and systems for water harvesting. The editors bring together many perspectives into a synthesis that is both academically based and practical in its potential applications.
The Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation: Basic Concepts and Fundamentals is an important tool for education, research and technical works in the areas of soil, water and watershed management and is highly useful for drought strategy planning, flood management and developing techniques to adapt to climate change in urban, agricultural, forest and rangeland areas.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xxi
About the Editors xxvii
Part A Concepts and Standards for a Secure Water Harvesting 1
1 Concept and Technology of Rainwater Harvesting 3
Fayez Abdulla, Cealeen Abdulla, and Saeid Eslamian
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Concept of Rainwater Harvesting 4
1.3 Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting 5
1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting 8
1.5 Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting across Different Climatic Zones 10
1.6 Roof Rainwater Harvesting System Components 11
1.7 Calculation of Potential HarvestedWater 13
1.8 Water Quality and its Health and Environmental Impacts 14
1.9 System Operation and Maintenance 14
1.10 Conclusion 15
References 15
2 Rainwater Harvesting: Recent Developments and Contemporary Measures 17
Aline Pires Veról, Marcelo Gomes Miguez, Elaine Garrido Vazquez, Fernanda Rocha Thomaz, Bruna Peres Battemarco, and Assed Naked Haddad
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Water Resource Management 18
2.3 Water Management at the Building Scale 25
2.4 Analysis of Payback of Rainwater Harvesting Systems 34
2.5 Conclusion 35
Acknowledgment 35
References 36
3 Standards for Rainwater Catchment Design 39
Sisuru Sendanayake and Saeid Eslamian
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Catchment Surface 40
3.3 Conveyance System 42
3.4 Storage Tank 44
3.5 Pre-treatment of Roof Collection 53
3.6 Distribution System and Related Regulations 54
3.7 Conclusion 54
References 55
4 Water Security Using Rainwater Harvesting 57
Adebayo Eludoyin, Oyenike Eludoyin, Tanimola Martins, Mayowa Oyinloye, and Saeid Eslamian
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Concept of Rainwater Harvesting 57
4.3 Rainwater Collection Systems 58
4.4 Rainwater Storage 61
4.5 Importance of Rainwater Harvesting 61
4.6 Quality Assessment of Harvested Rainwater 64
4.7 Problems Associated with Rainwater Harvesting 64
4.8 Conclusion 65
References 65
Part B Water Harvesting Resources 69
5 Single-Family Home and Building Rainwater Harvesting Systems 71
Duygu Erten
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 Historical Development of RWH and Utilization 71
5.3 Pros and Cons of RWH Systems 72
5.4 Current Practices Around theWorld 78
5.5 Health Risks of Roof-Collected Rainwater 78
5.6 Guides, Policy, and Incentives 79
5.7 Green Building Certification Systems and RWH 82
5.8 Conclusion 84
References 85
6 Water Harvesting in Farmlands 87
Elena Bresci and Giulio Castelli
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Water Harvesting: Definitions 87
6.3 Floodwater Harvesting in Farmlands 88
6.4 Macro-CatchmentWater Harvesting in Farmlands 91
6.5 Micro-CatchmentWater Harvesting in Farmlands 94
6.6 RooftopWater Harvesting in Farmlands 95
6.7 Water Harvesting and Fertilization 96
6.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 96
References 97
7 Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock 101
Billy Kniffen
7.1 Introduction 101
7.2 Rainfall Harvesting on the Land 101
7.3 AnimalWater Requirements 102
7.4 Harvested Rainfall as a Source for Livestock 103
7.5 Requirements for Harvesting Rainwater for Livestock 104
7.6 Distribution ofWater for Livestock 107
7.7 Rainwater System Maintenance 107
7.8 Conclusion 107
References 108
8 Road Water Harvesting 109
Negin Sadeghi and Saeid Eslamian
8.1 Introduction 109
8.2 Water Harvesting Systems and Their Characteristics 110
8.3 RoadWater Harvesting 113
8.4 Conclusion 123
References 124
Part C Hydroinformatic and Water Harvesting 127
9 Application of RS and GIS for Locating Rainwater Harvesting Structure Systems 129
Dhruvesh Patel, Dipak R. Samal, Cristina Prieto, and Saeid Eslamian
9.1 Introduction 129
9.2 Experimental Site 131
9.3 Methodology 131
9.4 Results and Discussions 137
9.5 Conclusion 141
References 142
10 Information Technology in Water Harvesting 145
S. Sreenath Kashyap, M.V.V. Prasad Kantipudi, Saeid Eslamian, Maryam Ghashghaie, Nicolas R. Dalezios, Ioannis Faraslis, and Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
10.1 Introduction 145
10.2 Water Harvesting Methods 145
10.3 The Internet of Things (IoT) 147
10.4 Assessing the Available Subsurface Resources Using the IoT 148
10.5 The IoT Devices for Efficient Agricultural/Irrigation Usage 150
10.6 Conclusions 151
References 151
11 Global Satellite-Based Precipitation Products 153
Zhong Liu, Dana Ostrenga, Andrey Savtchenko, William Teng, Bruce Vollmer, Jennifer Wei, and David Meyer
11.1 Introduction 153
11.2 Precipitation Measurements from Space 154
11.3 Overview of NASA Satellite-Based Global Precipitation Products and Ancillary Products at GES DISC 155
11.4 Data Services 159
11.5 Examples 163
11.6 Conclusion 171
Acknowledgments 172
References 172
12 Risk Analysis of Water Harvesting Systems 177
Maria Do Céu Almeida, Nelson Carriço, João Santos and Saeid Eslamian
12.1 Introduction 177
12.2 Concepts and Terminology 177
12.3 General Approaches to Risk Management Applicable to RWHS 177
12.4 Supporting Risk Management for RWHS 181
12.5 Hazards and Exposure Modes 182
12.6 Rainwater Collection Reliability asWater Source 183
12.7 Specific Risk Treatment Actions 185
12.8 Process Control and Monitoring 186
12.9 Conclusion 187
References 187
Part D Hydrological Aspects of Water Harvesting 191
13 Return Period Determination for Rainwater Harvesting System Design 193
Sandeep Samantaray, Dillip K. Ghose, and Saeid Eslamian
13.1 Introduction 193
13.2 Study Area 194
13.3 Overview of Rainwater Harvesting 197
13.4 Methodology 198
13.5 Results and Discussions 201
13.6 Conclusions 203
References 203
14 Rainwater Harvesting Impact on Urban Groundwater 207
A. Jebamalar, R. Sudharsanan, G. Ravikumar, and Saeid Eslamian
14.1 Introduction 207
14.2 State of the Art 208
14.3 Study Area and Data Collection 209
14.4 Methodology 213
14.5 Temporal Analysis of Groundwater Level 214
14.6 Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Table 215
14.7 Impact of RWH on Groundwater Recharge 215
14.8 Model Simulations for Impact of RWH Systems 217
14.9 Model Predictions for the Future 218
14.10 Conclusion 222
Acknowledgement 223
References 223
15 Effects of Water Harvesting Techniques on Sedimentation 225
Siavash Fasihi, and Saeid Eslamian
15.1 Introduction 225
15.2 Qualitative Effects and Data Collection 226
15.3 Sedimentation in Small Check Dams 228
15.4 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) 229
15.5 Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) 235
15.6 Conclusion 238
References 238
Part E Hydrometeorological Water Harvesting 243
16 Principles and Applications of Atmospheric Water Harvesting 245
Mousa Maleki, Saeid Eslamian, and Boutaghane Hamouda
16.1 Introduction 245
16.2 AtmosphericWater Harvesting Necessity 245
16.3 Methods of AtmosphericWater Harvesting 246
16.4 Energy Requirements of AMH andWater Production Costs 247
16.5 Atmospheric Vapor Harvesting Systems 248
16.6 Conclusion 256
References 257
17 Dew Harvesting on High Emissive Natural and Artificial Passive Surfaces 261
Jose Francisco Maestre-Valero, Bernardo Martin-Gorriz, Victoriano Martínez-Alvarez, and Saeid Eslamian
17.1 Introduction 261
17.2 Passive Surfaces for the Case Studies 262
17.3 Data Collection 264
17.4 Case Studies for Dew Collection 265
17.5 Dew Modeling 267
17.6 Conclusion 270
Acknowledgments 271
References 271
18 Atmospheric Water Harvesting Using Waste Energy from Landfills and Oilfields 273
Enakshi Wikramanayake, Onur Ozkan, Aritra Kar, and Vaibhav Bahadur
18.1 Introduction 273
18.2 Refrigeration-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting Systems 275
18.3 ModelingWaste Natural Gas-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting 276
18.4 Landfill Gas-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting 277
18.5 Oilfield Gas-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting 283
18.6 Sensitivity of theWater Harvest to Various Parameters 284
18.7 Comparison of AWH to Other Techniques for ProducingWater 285
18.8 Perspectives on AtmosphericWater Harvesting 285
18.9 Conclusions 286
Acknowledgements 286
References 286
Part F Environmental Aspects of Water Harvesting 289
19 Treatment Techniques in Water Harvesting 291
Brandon Reyneke, Monique Waso, Thando Ndlovu, Tanya Clements, Sehaam Khan, and Wesaal Khan
19.1 Introduction 291
19.2 Pretreatment of Harvested Rainwater: Prevention of Debris Entry and Sedimentation 292
19.3 Chemical Disinfection 293
19.4 Physical Disinfection 295
19.5 Biological Treatment 298
19.6 Conclusion 300
References 301
20 Water Recycling from Palm Oil Mill Effluent 307
Hossein Farraji, Irvan Dahlan, and Saeid Eslamian
20.1 Introduction 307
20.2 Problem Statement 307
20.3 Palm Oil Production 308
20.4 POME as an Agro-IndustryWastewater 308
20.5 Characteristics of POME 308
20.6 POME Treatment Methods 312
20.7 Water Recycling by Membrane Technique 313
20.8 Application of the SBR in POME Treatment 314
20.9 Discussions 316
20.10 Conclusion 316
References 316
Part G Green Water Harvesting 321
21 Vegetation Advantages for Water and Soil Conservation 323
Hadis Salehi Gahrizsangi, Saeid Eslamian, Nicolas R. Dalezios, Anna Blanta, and Mohadaseh Madadi
21.1 Introduction 323
21.2 Background 323
21.3 Vegetation Advantage for Soil andWater Conservation in Artificial Plots 329
21.4 Conclusions 334
References 335
22 Water Harvesting in Forests: An Important Step in Water-Food-Energy Nexus 337
Rina Kumari and Saeid Eslamian
22.1 Introduction 337
22.2 GlobalWater Scarcity 337
22.3 Change in Land Use-Land Cover and its Impact on Forest andWater Resources 339
22.4 Forest Hydrology 339
22.5 Rainwater Harvesting in Forests 343
22.6 Deforestation and its Impact 345
22.7 Forest Management andWatershed Development 346
22.8 Knowledge Gaps 347
22.9 Forests andWater in International Agreements 348
22.10 Role of Geospatial Technologies 348
22.11 Managing the Climate-Water-Forest Nexus for Sustainable Development 349
22.12 Case Studies 350
22.12.1 CombatingWater Scarcity in Latin America 350
22.12.2 Amazon River 350
22.12.3 Case Study of Southeast Asia 350
22.13 Conclusions 350
References 351
23 Rainwater and Green Roofs 355
Sara Nazif, Seyed Ghasem Razavi, Pouria Soleimani, and Saeid Eslamian
23.1 Introduction 355
23.2 Green Roof Components 355
23.3 Green Roof Types 358
23.4 Green Roof Irrigation 359
23.5 Green Roof Standards 359
23.6 Green Roofs for Rainwater Collection and Storage 360
23.7 Green Roof Effect on Runoff Quality 363
23.8 Other Functions of Green Roofs 364
23.9 Cost and Benefit Analysis of Green Roofs 367
23.10 Conclusion 369
References 369
24 Green Landscaping and Plant Production with Water Harvesting Solutions 373
Saeid Eslamian, Saeideh Parvizi, and Sayed Salman Ghaziaskar
24.1 Introduction 373
24.2 Water Harvesting 374
24.3 Rainwater Harvesting 374
24.4 The Goals and Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting 376
24.5 Impact of RWHR on Infiltration and Surface Runoff Processes 376
24.6 Climate Change and RWH 376
24.7 Landscape Functions and RWH 377
24.8 Hydrological Functions and RWH 377
24.9 Soil Fertility and Biomass Production 378
24.10 Discussions 380
24.11 Conclusions 381
References 381
Part H Reliable Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Systems 385
25 Comparing Rainwater Storage Options 387
Sara Nazif, Hamed Tavakolifar, Hossein Abbasizadeh, and Saeid Eslamian
25.1 Introduction 387
25.2 History of Rainwater Harvesting 387
25.3 Benefits of Rainwater Storage 388
25.4 Main Rainwater Storage Options 389
25.5 Comparing Rainwater Storage Options 395
25.6 Conclusion 398
References 398
26 Rainwater Harvesting Storage-Yield-Reliability Relationships 401
John Ndiritu
26.1 Introduction 401
26.2 The Rainwater Harvesting Storage-Yield-Reliability Problem 401
26.3 Modeling Storage-Yield-Reliability Relationships 402
26.4 Key Considerations 411
26.5 Conclusions 412
References 413
27 Towards Developing Generalized Equations for Calculating Potential Rainwater Savings 417
Monzur A. Imteaz, Muhammad Moniruzzaman and, Abdullah Yilmaz
27.1 Introduction 417
27.2 State of the Art 418
27.3 Methodology 419
27.4 Study Area and Data 420
27.5 Results 421
27.6 Conclusions 423
Acknowledgement 424
References 424
Part I Sustainable Water Harvesting and Conservation in a Changing Climate 427
28 Water Harvesting, Climate Change, and Variability 429
Jew Das, Manish Kumar Goyal, and N.V. Umamahesh
28.1 Introduction 429
28.2 Water Harvesting 431
28.3 Case Study 437
28.4 Results and Discussion 439
28.5 Conclusion 443
References 444
29 Water Harvesting and Sustainable Tourism 447
Neda Torabi Farsani, Homa Moazzen Jamshidi, Mohammad Mortazavi, and Saeid Eslamian
29.1 Introduction 447
29.2 Water Management: An Approach to Sustainable Tourism 447
29.3 Tourism andWater Harvesting Economy 451
29.4 Conclusion 453
References 453
30 Rainwater Harvesting Policy Issues in the MENA Region: Lessons Learned, Challenges, and
Sustainable Recommendations 457
Muna Yacoub Hindiyeh, Mohammed Matouq, and Saeid Eslamian
30.1 Introduction 457
30.2 Definitions of RWH 457
30.3 Rainwater Harvesting Toward Millennium and Sustainable Development Goals 458
30.4 Water Administration and Legislation 459
30.5 Policy and Regulatory Approaches to RWH Use 459
30.6 Considerations When Establishing a Municipal Rainwater Harvesting Program 463
30.7 Regulatory Approaches in Other Countries 464
30.8 Challenges and Limitations 469
30.9 Future Recommendations for the MENA Region 470
30.10 Conclusion 470
References 471
Index 475
