The classic textbook that builds scientific literacy and logical reasoning ability
Principles of Physics, now in its 11th edition, is renowned for teaching students, not just the basic concepts of physics, but also the superior problem-solving skills needed to apply what they have learned. With thematic modules and clear learning objectives, students will never be left asking, “Why am I learning this?” End-of-chapter questions range from the mathematically challenging to the conceptually complex, to truly instill in students a working knowledge of calculus-based physics.
This new edition features problems that represent a “best of” selection reaching all the way back to the book’s first publication. The strongest and most interesting questions from all the Principles of Physics editions will challenge and stimulate students as they learn how the world works. Altogether, this user-friendly text is peerless in its ability to help students build scientific literacy and physics skill.
Table of Contents
1 Measurement 1
1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths 1
1-2 Time 5
1-3 Mass 6
Review & Summary 8 Problems 8
2 Motion Along a Straight Line 11
2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity 11
2-2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 16
2-3 Acceleration 18
2-4 Constant Acceleration 21
2-5 Free-Fall Acceleration 25
2-6 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis 27
Review & Summary 28 Problems 29
3 Vectors 34
3-1 Vectors and Their Components 34
3-2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors By Components 40
3-3 Multiplying Vectors 44
Review & Summary 49 Problems 50
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 53
4-1 Position and Displacement 53
4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 55
4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 58
4-4 Projectile Motion 61
4-5 Uniform Circular Motion 67
4-6 Relative Motion in One Dimension 69
4-7 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 71
Review & Summary 72 Problems 73
5 Force and Motion - I 79
5-1 Newton’s First and Second Laws 79
5-2 Some Particular Forces 87
5-3 Applying Newton’s Laws 91
Review & Summary 99 Problems 99
6 Force and Motion - II 104
6-1 Friction 104
6-2 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 110
6-3 Uniform Circular Motion 113
Review & Summary 118 Problems 119
7 Kinetic Energy and Work 125
7-1 Kinetic Energy 125
7-2 Work and Kinetic Energy 127
7-3 Work Done By The Gravitational Force 131
7-4 Work Done By a Spring Force 135
7-5 Work Done By a General Variable Force 138
7-6 Power 142
Review & Summary 144 Problems 145
8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 150
8-1 Potential Energy 150
8-2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 157
8-3 Reading a Potential Energy Curve 160
8-4 Work Done On a System by An External Force 164
8-5 Conservation of Energy 168
Review & Summary 172 Problems 173
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 181
9-1 Center of Mass 181
9-2 Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles 187
9-3 Linear Momentum 191
9-4 Collision and Impulse 193
9-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 197
9-6 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 200
9-7 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 204
9-8 Collisions in Two Dimensions 207
9-9 Systems with Varying Mass: a Rocket 208
Review & Summary 210 Problems 212
10 Rotation 217
10-1 Rotational Variables 217
10-2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 226
10-3 Relating The Linear and Angular Variables 228
10-4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 231
10-5 Calculating The Rotational Inertia 233
10-6 Torque 237
10-7 Newton’s Second Law For Rotation 239
10-8 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 242
Review & Summary 245 Problems 246
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 251
11-1 Rolling As Translation and Rotation Combined 251
11-2 Forces and Kinetic Energy of Rolling 254
11-3 The Yo-Yo 257
11-4 Torque Revisited 258
11-5 Angular Momentum 261
11-6 Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form 263
11-7 Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body 266
11-8 Conservation of Angular Momentum 268
11-9 Precession of a Gyroscope 273
Review & Summary 274 Problems 275
12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 280
12-1 Equilibrium 280
12-2 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 285
12-3 Elasticity 291
Review & Summary 296 Problems 296
13 Gravitation 302
13-1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 302
13-2 Gravitation and The Principle of Superposition 305
13-3 Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 307
13-4 Gravitation Inside Earth 310
13-5 Gravitational Potential Energy 312
13-6 Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws 316
13-7 Satellites: Orbits and Energy 319
13-8 Einstein and Gravitation 322
Review & Summary 324 Problems 325
14 Fluids 330
14-1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure 330
14-2 Fluids at Rest 332
14-3 Measuring Pressure 336
14-4 Pascal’s Principle 337
14-5 Archimedes’ Principle 338
14-6 The Equation of Continuity 342
14-7 Bernoulli’s Equation 345
Review & Summary 349 Problems 349
15 Oscillations 354
15-1 Simple Harmonic Motion 354
15-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 362
15-3 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 364
15-4 Pendulums, Circular Motion 365
15-5 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 371
15-6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 373
Review & Summary 375 Problems 375
16 Waves - I 380
16-1 Transverse Waves 380
16-2 Wave Speed on a Stretched String 388
16-3 Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String 390
16-4 The Wave Equation 392
16-5 Interference of Waves 394
16-6 Phasors 398
16-7 Standing Waves and Resonance 401
17 Waves - II 411
17-1 Speed of Sound 411
17-2 Traveling Sound Waves 414
17-3 Interference 417
17-4 Intensity and Sound Level 420
17-5 Sources of Musical Sound 424
17-6 Beats 428
17-7 The Doppler Effect 430
17-8 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 435
Review & Summary 436 Problems 437
18 Temperature, Heat, and The First Law of Thermodynamics 442
18-1 Temperature 442
18-2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 446
18-3 Thermal Expansion 448
18-4 Absorption of Heat 450
18-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 456
18-6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 462
Review & Summary 466 Problems 468
19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 472
19-1 Avogadro’s Number 472
19-2 Ideal Gases 473
19-3 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed 477
19-4 Translational Kinetic Energy 480
19-5 Mean Free Path 481
19-6 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 483
19-7 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 487
19-8 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 491
19-9 The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas 494
Review & Summary 498 Problems 500
20 Entropy and The Second Law of Thermodynamics 503
20-1 Entropy 503
20-2 Entropy in The Real World: Engines 510
20-3 Refrigerators and Real Engines 515
20-4 A Statistical View of Entropy 518
Review & Summary 522 Problems 523
21 Coulomb’s Law 527
21-1 Coulomb’s Law 527
21-2 Charge Is Quantized 537
21-3 Charge Is Conserved 539
Review & Summary 540 Problems 541
22 Electric Fields 544
22-1 The Electric Field 544
22-2 The Electric Field Due To a Charged Particle 547
22-3 The Electric Field Due To a Dipole 549
22-4 The Electric Field Due To a Line of Charge 552
22-5 The Electric Field Due To a Charged Disk 557
22-6 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 559
22-7 A Dipole in an Electric Field 561
Review & Summary 564 Problems 565
23 Gauss’ Law 569
23-1 Electric Flux 569
23-2 Gauss’ Law 574
23-3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 578
23-4 Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 581
23-5 Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 583
23-6 Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry 585
Review & Summary 587 Problems 587
24 Electric Potential 592
24-1 Electric Potential 592
24-2 Equipotential Surfaces and The Electric Field 597
24-3 Potential Due To a Charged Particle 601
24-4 Potential Due To an Electric Dipole 604
24-5 Potential Due To a Continuous Charge Distribution 605
24-6 Calculating The Field From The Potential 608
24-7 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles 610
24-8 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 613
Review & Summary 614 Problems 615
25 Capacitance 620
25-1 Capacitance 620
25-2 Calculating The Capacitance 622
25-3 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 626
25-4 Energy Stored in An Electric Field 631
25-5 Capacitor with a Dielectric 634
25-6 Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 638
Review & Summary 641 Problems 641
26 Current and Resistance 646
26-1 Electric Current 646
26-2 Current Density 649
26-3 Resistance and Resistivity 653
26-4 Ohm’s Law 657
26-5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 661
Review & Summary 664 Problems 665
27 Circuits 669
27-1 Single-Loop Circuits 669
27-2 Multiloop Circuits 679
27-3 The Ammeter and The Voltmeter 686
27-4 Rc Circuits 686
Review & Summary 691 Problems 691
28 Magnetic Fields 697
28-1 Magnetic Fields and The Definition of B→ 697
28-2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of The Electron 702
28-3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 704
28-4 A Circulating Charged Particle 708
28-5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 711
28-6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 714
28-7 Torque on a Current Loop 716
28-8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 718
Review & Summary 721 Problems 721
29 Magnetic Fields Due To Currents 726
29-1 Magnetic Field Due To a Current 726
29-2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 732
29-4 Solenoids and Toroids 738
29-5 A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole 741
Review & Summary 744 Problems 745
30 Induction and Inductance 750
30-1 Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law 750
30-2 Induction and Energy Transfers 757
30-3 Induced Electric Fields 760
30-4 Inductors and Inductance 765
30-5 Self-Induction 767
30-6 Rl Circuits 768
30-7 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 773
30-8 Energy Density of a Magnetic Field 775
30-9 Mutual Induction 776
Review & Summary 779 Problems 779
31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 784
31-1 Lc Oscillations 784
31-2 Damped Oscillations in an Rlc Circuit 791
31-3 Forced Oscillations of Three Simple Circuits 793
31-4 The Series Rlc Circuit 802
31-5 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 808
31-6 Transformers 811
Review & Summary 814 Problems 815
32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter 819
32-1 Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields 819
32-2 Induced Magnetic Fields 821
32-3 Displacement Current 824
32-4 Magnets 828
32-5 Magnetism and Electrons 830
32-6 Diamagnetism 835
32-7 Paramagnetism 837
32-8 Ferromagnetism 839
Review & Summary 842 Problems 843
33 Electromagnetic Waves 848
33-1 Electromagnetic Waves 848
33-2 Energy Transport and The Poynting Vector 856
33-3 Radiation Pressure 859
33-4 Polarization 861
33-5 Reflection and Refraction 866
33-6 Total Internal Reflection 872
33-7 Polarization By Reflection 873
Review & Summary 875 Problems 876
34 Images 881
34-1 Images and Plane Mirrors 881
34-2 Spherical Mirrors 885
34-3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 891
34-4 Thin Lenses 894
34-5 Optical Instruments 901
34-6 Three Proofs 904
Review & Summary 907 Problems 908
35 Interference 915
35-1 Light As a Wave 915
35-2 Young’s Interference Experiment 921
35-3 Interference and Double-Slit Intensity 927
35-4 Interference From Thin Films 931
35-5 Michelson’s Interferometer 938
Review & Summary 940 Problems 940
36 Diffraction 946
36-1 Single-Slit Diffraction 946
36-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction 951
36-3 Diffraction By a Circular Aperture 955
36-4 Diffraction By a Double Slit 959
36-5 Diffraction Gratings 963
36-6 Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power 966
36-7 X-Ray Diffraction 969
Review & Summary 972 Problems 972
37 Relativity 976
37-1 Simultaneity and Time Dilation 976
37-2 The Relativity of Length 985
37-3 The Lorentz Transformation 989
37-4 The Relativity of Velocities 993
37-5 Doppler Effect For Light 994
37-6 Momentum and Energy 997
Review & Summary 1003 Problems 1004
38 Photons and Matter Waves 1009
38-1 The Photon, The Quantum of Light 1009
38-2 The Photoelectric Effect 1011
38-3 Photons, Momentum, Compton Scattering, Light Interference 1014
38-4 The Birth of Quantum Physics 1020
38-5 Electrons and Matter Waves 1022
38-6 Schrödinger’s Equation 1026
38-7 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1028
38-8 Reflection From a Potential Step 1030
38-9 Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier 1032
Review & Summary 1035 Problems 1036
39 More About Matter Waves 1040
39-1 Energies of a Trapped Electron 1040
39-2 Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron 1045
39-3 An Electron in a Finite Well 1049
39-4 Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1051
39-5 The Hydrogen Atom 1055
Review & Summary 1067 Problems 1067
40 All About Atoms 1071
40-1 Properties of Atoms 1071
40-2 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 1078
40-3 Magnetic Resonance 1081
40-4 Exclusion Principle and Multiple Electrons in a Trap 1082
40-5 Building The Periodic Table 1086
40-6 X Rays and The Ordering of The Elements 1088
Review & Summary 1097 Problems 1098
41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 1102
41-1 The Electrical Properties of Metals 1102
41-2 Semiconductors and Doping 1111
41-3 The P-N Junction and The Transistor 1115
Review & Summary 1121 Problems 1122
42 Nuclear Physics 1125
42-1 Discovering The Nucleus 1125
42-2 Some Nuclear Properties 1128
42-3 Radioactive Decay 1135
42-4 Alpha Decay 1138
42-5 Beta Decay 1141
42-6 Radioactive Dating 1144
42-7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1145
42-8 Nuclear Models 1146
Review & Summary 1149 Problems 1150
43 Energy From The Nucleus 1155
43-1 Nuclear Fission 1155
43-2 The Nuclear Reactor 1162
43-3 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1166
43-4 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1168
43-5 Thermonuclear Fusion in The Sun and Other Stars 1170
43-6 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1172
Review & Summary 1175 Problems 1175
44 Quarks, Leptons, and The Big Bang 1180
44-1 General Properties of Elementary Particles 1180
44-2 Leptons, Hadrons, and Strangeness 1189
44-3 Quarks and Messenger Particles 1195
44-4 Cosmology 1201
Review & Summary 1208 Problems 1208
Appendices
A The International System of Units (Si) A-1
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3
C Some Astronomical Data A-4
D Conversion Factors A-5
E Mathematical Formulas A-9
F Properties of The Elements A-12
G Periodic Table of The Elements A-15
Answers
To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems An-1
Index I-1
