+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

Biodegradable Materials and Their Applications. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 880 Pages
  • October 2022
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5842502
BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Biodegradable materials have ascended in importance in recent years and this book comprehensively discusses all facets and applications in 29 chapters making it a one-stop shop.

Biodegradable materials have today become more compulsory because of increased environmental concerns and the growing demand for polymeric and plastic materials. Despite our sincere efforts to recycle used plastic materials, they ultimately tend to enter the oceans, which has led to grave pollution. It is necessary, therefore, to ensure that these wastes do not produce any hazards in the future. This has made an urgency to replace the synthetic material with green material in almost all possible areas of application.

Biodegradable Materials and Their Applications covers a wide range of subjects and approaches, starting with an introduction to biodegradable material applications. Chapters focus on the development of various types of biodegradable materials with their applications in electronics, medicine, packaging, thermoelectric generations, protective equipment, films/coatings, 3D printing, disposable bioplastics, agriculture, and other commercial sectors. In biomedical applications, their use in the advancement of therapeutic devices like temporary implants, tissue engineering, and drug delivery vehicles are summarized.

Audience
Materials scientists, environmental and sustainability engineers, and any other researchers and graduate students associated with biodegradable materials.

Table of Contents

Preface xxv

1 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 1
S. Vishali, M. Susila and S. Kiruthika

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 3

1.2.1 Advantages of Biodegradable Materials 4

1.3 Silk 5

1.4 Polymers 7

1.4.1 Natural Polymers 7

1.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 8

1.5 Cellulose 10

1.6 Paper 11

1.7 Others 13

1.8 Biodegradable Electronic Components 16

1.9 Semiconductors 17

1.10 Substrate 18

1.11 Biodegradable Dielectrics 18

1.12 Insulators and Conductors 19

1.13 Conclusion 19

Declaration About Copyright 20

References 20

2 Biodegradable Thermoelectric Materials 29
Niladri Sarkar, Gyanaranjan Sahoo, Anupam Sahoo and Bigyan Ranjan Jali

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Biopolymer-Based Renewable Composites: An Alternative to Synthetic Materials 32

2.3 Working Principle of Thermoelectric Materials 35

2.4 Biopolymer Composite for Thermoelectric Application 36

2.4.1 Polylactic Acid-Based Thermoelectric Materials 36

2.4.2 Cellulose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 37

2.4.3 Chitosan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 39

2.4.4 Agarose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 41

2.4.5 Starch-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 43

2.4.6 Carrageenan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 45

2.4.7 Pullulan-Based Composites as Thermoelectric Materials 46

2.4.8 Lignin-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 46

2.5 Heparin-Based Biocomposites as Future Thermoelectric Materials 48

2.6 Conclusions 48

References 49

3 Biodegradable Electronics: A Newly Emerging Environmental Technology 55
Malini S., Kalyan Raj and K.S. Anantharaju

3.1 Introduction 56

3.2 Properties of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 57

3.3 Transformational Applications of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 58

3.3.1 Cellulose 59

3.3.2 Silk 60

3.3.3 Stretchable Hydrogel 62

3.3.4 Conjugated Polymers and Metals 64

3.3.5 Graphene 65

3.3.6 Composites 67

3.4 Biodegradation Mechanisms 68

3.5 Conclusions 70

Acknowledgements 70

References 71

4 Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coatings From Fish Waste Materials 75
Juliana Santos Delava, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele, Veronice Slusarski-Santana and Mônica Lady Fiorese

4.1 Introduction 76

4.2 Fishery Chain Industry 78

4.2.1 Evolution of the Fishery Chain Industry 78

4.2.2 Applications of Fish Waste Materials 80

4.3 Films or Coatings Based on Proteins From Fish Waste Materials 85

4.3.1 Films or Coatings for Food Packaging 85

4.3.2 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings 89

4.3.2.1 Fish Proteins and Processes for Obtaining Collagen/Gelatin and Myofibrillar Proteins 89

4.3.2.2 Development of Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coating 94

4.3.3 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings Incorporated With Additives and/or Plasticizers 97

4.3.3.1 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Organic Additives and/or Plasticizers and Their Applications 101

4.3.3.2 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Inorganic Additives and/or Plasticizers 119

4.4 Conclusion 126

References 127

5 Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials 141
Marcia Parente Melo da Costa and Ivana Lourenço de Mello Ferreira

5.1 Introduction 141

5.2 Biohydrogels: Superabsorbent Materials 142

5.3 Polysaccharides: Biopolymers from Renewable Sources 143

5.3.1 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 145

5.3.2 Chitosan (CH) 148

5.3.3 Alginate 149

5.3.4 Carrageenans 150

5.4 Applications of Superabsorbent Biohydrogels (SBHs) Based on Polysaccharides 152

5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 159

Acknowledgments 160

References 160

6 Bioplastics in Personal Protective Equipment 173
Tapia-Fuentes Jocelyn, Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely, Alvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos, Martínez-Salvador Carolina, Pérez-Aragón Beatriz and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia

6.1 Introduction 174

6.2 Conventional Personal Protective Equipment 175

6.2.1 Face Masks 176

6.2.1.1 Surgical Mask 176

6.2.1.2 N95 Face Masks 177

6.2.1.3 KN95 Face Masks 178

6.2.1.4 Cloth Face Masks 179

6.2.1.5 Two-Layered Face Mask (or Hygienic) 180

6.2.2 Gloves 181

6.2.2.1 Latex 181

6.2.2.2 Nitrile 182

6.2.2.3 Vinyl 183

6.2.2.4 Foil (Polyethylene) 184

6.3 Biodegradable and Biobased PPE 185

6.3.1 Face Masks 185

6.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid 185

6.3.1.2 Polybutylene Succinate 187

6.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol 188

6.3.2 Gloves 190

6.3.2.1 Butadiene Rubber (BR) 190

6.3.2.2 Polyisoprene Rubber 191

6.4 Environmental Impacts Caused by Personal Protective Equipment Made of Bioplastics 192

6.4.1 Source and Raw Materials 192

6.4.2 End of Life Scenarios 193

6.4.3 Remarks on Biodegradability 194

6.5 International Standards Applied to Biodegradable Plastics and Bioplastics 194

6.6 Conclusions 199

References 200

7 Biodegradable Protective Films 211
Asra Tariq and Naveed Ahmad

7.1 Introduction 212

7.1.1 Types of Protective Films 213

7.2 Biodegradable Protective Films 214

7.2.1 Processing of Biodegradable Protective Films 221

7.2.2 Limitations Faced by Biodegradable Protective Films 222

References 223

8 No Plastic, No Pollution: Replacement of Plastics in the Equipments of Personal Protection 229
Beenish Saba

8.1 Introduction 229

8.2 Bioplastics 230

8.3 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 232

8.4 Production of Bioplastics from Plant Sources 234

8.5 Production of Bioplastics from Microbial Resources 234

8.6 What Are PPEs Made Off? 236

8.6.1 Face Masks 236

8.6.2 Face and Eye Shields 236

8.6.3 Gloves 237

8.7 Biodegradable Materials for PPE 237

8.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 238

References 238

9 Biodegradable Materials in Dentistry 243
Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy

9.1 Introduction 243

9.2 Biodegradable Materials 246

9.2.1 Synthetic Polymers 246

9.2.2 Natural Polymers 246

9.2.3 Biodegradable Ceramics 247

9.2.4 Bioactive Glass 247

9.2.5 Biodegradable Metals 247

9.3 Biodegradable Materials in Suturing 248

9.4 Biodegradable Materials in Imaging and Diagnostics 248

9.5 Biodegradable Materials in Oral Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Surgery 249

9.6 Biodegradable Materials in Resorbable Plate and Screw System 250

9.7 Biodegradable Materials in Alveolar Ridge Preservation 250

9.8 Biodegradable Materials of Nanotopography in Cancer Therapy 251

9.9 Biodegradable Materials in Endodontics 252

9.10 Biodegradable Materials in Orthodontics 253

9.11 Biodegradable Materials in Periodontics 253

9.12 Conclusion 254

References 254

10 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymeric Materials for Dentistry Applications 261
Pallavi K.C., Arun M. Isloor and Lakshmi Nidhi Rao

10.1 Introduction 262

10.2 Polysaccharides 264

10.2.1 Chitosan 264

10.2.2 Cellulose 275

10.2.3 Starch 277

10.2.4 Alginate 279

10.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 281

10.3 Proteins 283

10.3.1 Collagen 283

10.3.2 Fibrin 285

10.3.3 Elastin 286

10.3.4 Gelatins 287

10.3.5 Silk 288

10.4 Biopolyesters 288

10.4.1 Poly (Glycolic Acid) (PGA) 288

10.4.2 Poly (Lactic Acid) PLA 288

10.4.3 Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) 289

10.4.4 Polycaprolactone 290

10.4.5 Poly (Propylene Fumarate) 291

10.5 Conclusion 291

References 292

11 Biodegradable Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering 299
Mehdi Ebrahimi

11.1 Introduction 299

11.2 Essential Characteristics and Considerations in Bone Scaffold Design 302

11.3 Fabrication Technologies 303

11.4 Incorporation of Bioactive Molecules During Scaffold Fabrication 309

11.5 Biocompatibility and Interface Between Biodegradation and New Tissue Formation 319

11.6 Biodegradation of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials 320

11.7 Biodegradation of Polymeric Biomaterials 324

11.8 Importance of Bone Remodeling 325

11.9 Conclusion 326

References 327

12 Biodegradable Elastomer 335
Preety Ahuja and Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain

12.1 Introduction 335

12.2 Biodegradation Testing 337

12.3 Biodegradable Elastomers: An Overview 338

12.3.1 Preparation Strategies 340

12.3.2 Biodegradation and Erosion 342

12.4 Application of Biodegradable Elastomers 342

12.4.1 Drug Delivery 343

12.4.2 Tissue Engineering 345

12.4.2.1 Neural and Retinal Applications 346

12.4.2.2 Cardiovascular Applications 346

12.4.2.3 Orthopedic Applications 347

12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 347

References 348

13 Biodegradable Implant Materials 357
Levent Oncel and Mehmet Bugdayci

13.1 Introduction 357

13.2 Medical Implants 358

13.3 Biomaterials 358

13.3.1 Biomaterial Types 359

13.3.1.1 Polymer Biomaterials 359

13.3.1.2 Metallic Biomaterials 360

13.3.1.3 Ceramic Biomaterials 363

13.4 Biodegradable Implant Materials 364

13.4.1 Biodegradable Metals 364

13.4.1.1 Magnesium-Based Biodegradable Materials 365

13.4.1.2 Iron-Based Biodegradable Materials 367

13.4.2 Biodegradable Polymers 368

13.4.2.1 Polyesters 369

13.4.2.2 Polycarbonates 370

13.4.2.3 Polyanhydrides 370

13.4.2.4 Poly(ortho esters) 370

13.4.2.5 Poly(propylene fumarate) 371

13.4.2.6 Poly(phosphazenes) 371

13.4.2.7 Polyphosphoesters 372

13.4.2.8 Polyurethanes 372

13.5 Conclusion 372

References 373

14 Current Strategies in Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 377
Mehdi Ebrahimi and Waruna L. Dissanayaka

14.1 Introduction 378

14.2 Biodegradable Materials in Dental Pulp Regeneration 379

14.2.1 Collagen-Based Gels 380

14.2.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma 382

14.2.3 Plasma-Rich Fibrin 382

14.2.4 Gelatin 383

14.2.5 Fibrin 384

14.2.6 Alginate 386

14.2.7 Chitosan 386

14.2.8 Amino Acid Polymers 388

14.2.9 Polymers of Lactic Acid 389

14.2.10 Composite Polymer Scaffolds 390

14.3 Biodegradable Biomaterials and Strategies for Tissue Engineering of Periodontium 392

14.4 Coapplication of Auxiliary Agents With Biodegradable Biomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering 396

14.4.1 Stem Cells Applications in Periodontal Regeneration 396

14.4.2 Bioactive Molecules for Periodontal Regeneration 398

14.4.3 Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Periodontal Regeneration 400

14.5 Regeneration of Periodontal Tissues Complex Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 401

14.5.1 PDL Regeneration 401

14.5.2 Cementum and Alveolar Bone Regeneration 402

14.5.3 Integrated Regeneration of Periodontal Complex Structures 402

14.6 Recent Advances in Periodontal Regeneration Using Supportive Techniques During Application of Biodegradable Biomaterials 404

14.6.1 Laser Application in Periodontium Regeneration 404

14.6.2 Gene Therapy in Periodontal Regeneration 405

14.7 Conclusion and Future Remarks 408

References 409

15 A Review on Health Care Applications of Biopolymers 429
Vijesh A. M. and Arun M. Isloor

15.1 Introduction 430

15.2 Biodegradable Polymers 431

15.3 Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Applications 437

15.4 Ceramics 441

15.5 Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing 445

15.6 Conclusion 446

References 446

16 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Defect Repair 457
Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy

16.1 Introduction 457

16.2 Natural Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering 460

16.2.1 Collagen 460

16.2.2 Chitoson 460

16.2.3 Fibrin 460

16.2.4 Silk 461

16.3 Other Materials 461

16.4 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers on Bone Tissue Engineering 461

16.4.1 Poly (ε-caprolactone) 462

16.4.2 Polyglycolic Acid 462

16.4.3 Polylactic Acid 462

16.4.4 Poly d,l-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid 462

16.4.5 Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) 463

16.4.6 Poly (para-dioxanone) 463

16.4.7 Hyaluronan-Based Biodegradable Polymer 463

16.5 Biodegradable Ceramics 463

16.6 Conclusion 465

References 465

17 Biosurfactant: A Biodegradable Antimicrobial Substance 471
Maria da Gloria C. Silva, Anderson O. de Medeiros and Leonie A. Sarubbo

17.1 Introduction 472

17.2 Biosurfactants 474

17.2.1 Biodegrability of Biosurfactants 476

17.3 Biodegradation Method Tests for Surfactants Molecules 478

17.3.1 OECD Biodegradability Tests 478

17.3.2 ASTM Surfactants’ Biodegradability Test 479

17.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants 479

17.5 Progress in Industrial Production of Sustainable Surfactants 480

17.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 480

References 481

18 Disposable Bioplastics 487
Tuba Saleem, Ayesha Mahmood, Muhammad Zubair, Ijaz Rasul, Aansa Naseem and Habibullah Nadeem

18.1 Introduction 488

18.2 Classes of Disposable Bioplastics 489

18.2.1 Structure and Characteristics of Most Common Degradable PHAs 489

18.2.2 Properties of PHAs 489

18.2.2.1 Thermal Properties 489

18.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties 490

18.3 Pros and Cons 491

18.4 Substrates for the Production of Bioplastics 491

18.4.1 Agro-Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 491

18.4.2 Cassava Peels as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 492

18.4.3 Dairy Processing Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 492

18.4.4 Sugar Industry Waste (molasses) as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 493

18.4.5 Waste Plant Oil as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 494

18.4.6 Coffee Industry Waste Carbon Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 494

18.4.7 Paper Mill Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 496

18.4.8 Kitchen Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 496

18.5 Microbial Sources of Bioplastic Production 497

18.6 Upstream Processing 498

18.6.1 Fermentation Strategies for PHA Production 498

18.7 Metabolic Pathways 499

18.7.1 Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of PHAs 499

18.8 Microbial Cell Factories for PHAs Production 501

18.8.1 Pure Culture for PHA Synthesis 501

18.8.2 Mixed Cultures for PHA Synthesis 502

18.9 Synthesis 502

18.9.1 Blending Methods of PHB and PHBV Lignocellulosic Biocomposites 503

18.9.1.1 Solvent Casting 503

18.9.1.2 Extrusion Method 503

18.10 Factors Affecting PHA Production 504

18.10.1 Effect of pH 504

18.10.2 Composition of Feedstock 505

18.10.3 Inoculum Size and Fermentation Mode 505

18.11 Downstream Processing of Disposable Biopolymers 505

18.12 PHA Extraction and Purification Methods 506

18.13 Applications of Bioplastics/Disposable Bioplastics 506

18.13.1 Denitrification Applications in Wastewater Treatment 508

18.13.2 PHAs in Bone Scaffolds 509

18.14 Characterization of PHA 510

18.15 Biodegradation 510

18.15.1 Biodegradation of PHAs 510

18.16 Plastics Versus Bioplastics 511

18.17 Challenges and Prospects for Production of Bioplastics 512

References 512

19 Plastic Biodegrading Microbes in the Environment and Their Applications 519
Pooja Singh and Adeline Su Yien Ting

Abbreviations 520

19.1 Introduction 520

19.2 Occurrence and Diversity of Plastic-Degrading Microbes in Natural Environments 522

19.3 Application of Plastic-Degrading Microbes 533

19.3.1 Role of Bacteria in Plastic Degradation 534

19.3.1.1 Actinobacteria 534

19.3.1.2 Bacteroidetes 535

19.3.1.3 Firmicutes 535

19.3.1.4 Proteobacteria 537

19.3.1.5 Cyanobacteria 538

19.3.2 Role of Fungi in Plastic Degradation 539

19.3.2.1 Ascomycota 539

19.3.2.2 Basidiomycota 541

19.3.2.3 Mucoromycota 541

19.4 Factors Influencing Plastic Degradation by Microbes 542

19.4.1 Microbial Factor 542

19.4.2 Polymer Characteristics 543

19.4.3 Environmental Condition 544

19.5 Biotechnological Advances in Microbial-Mediated Plastic Degradation 545

19.5.1 Biosourcing for Plastic Degraders from Various Environments 546

19.5.2 Multiomics Approach 547

19.5.3 Analytical Tools to Optimize Plastic Degradation 548

19.6 Conclusion 550

Acknowledgment 551

References 551

20 Paradigm Shift in Environmental Remediation Toward Sustainable Development: Biodegradable Materials and ICT Applications 565
Biswajit Debnath, Saswati Gharami, Suparna Bhattacharyya, Adrija Das and Ankita Das

20.1 Introduction 566

20.2 Methodology 568

20.3 Application of Biodegradable Materials in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Development 568

20.3.1 Biodegradable Sensors 568

20.3.2 Biosorbents and Biochars 573

20.3.3 Bioplastics 575

20.4 Discussion and Analysis 577

20.4.1 Application of ICT as Future Vision 577

20.4.2 Sustainability Aspects 579

20.5 Conclusion 581

Acknowledgment 581

References 581

21 Biodegradable Composite for Smart Packaging Applications 593
S. Bharadwaj, Vivek Dhand and Y. Kalyana Lakshmi

21.1 Introduction to Packing Applications 594

21.1.1 Current Materials 595

21.1.2 Issues and Concerns 597

21.2 Biodegradable Materials 597

21.2.1 What are Biopolymers? 598

21.2.1.1 Starch 599

21.2.1.2 Cellulose 599

21.2.2 Advantages of Biopolymer Composites 599

21.2.3 List of Biopolymer Materials 600

21.3 Preparation of Composite 600

21.3.1 Identify the Materials 600

21.3.2 Fabrication of Biopolymer Composites 605

21.4 Indicators of Performance 607

21.5 Mechanical Properties 610

21.6 Biodegradable Test 612

21.7 Smart Packing Applications 612

21.7.1 Active Biopackaging 613

21.7.2 Informative and Responsive Packaging 614

21.7.3 Ergonomic Packaging 614

21.7.4 Scavenging Films 614

21.7.5 NanoSensors 615

21.7.6 Product Identification and Tempering Proof Product 615

21.7.7 Indicators 616

21.7.8 Nanosensors and Absorbers 616

21.8 Testing of Packaging Using Different Standard 616

21.9 Conclusions 617

References 617

22 Impact of Biodegradable Packaging Materials on Food Quality: A Sustainable Approach 627
Mohammad Amir, Naushin Bano, Mohd. Rehan Zaheer, Tahayya Haq and Roohi

22.1 Introduction 628

22.2 Food Packaging 628

22.3 Food Packaging Material 629

22.3.1 Types of Food Packaging Materials 630

22.3.1.1 Paper-Based Packaging 631

22.3.1.2 Glass-Based Packaging 632

22.3.1.3 Metal-Based Packaging 633

22.3.1.4 Plastic-Based Packaging 634

22.4 Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials 635

22.5 Different Biodegradable Materials for Food Packaging 636

22.5.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 637

22.5.2 Polyhydroxybutyrates 638

22.5.3 Poly (4-Hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) 639

22.5.4 Poly-(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxy Valerate) 640

22.5.5 Poly-Hydroxy-Octanoate 640

22.5.6 Starch-Based Material 640

22.5.7 Thermoplastic Starch 641

22.5.8 Starch-Based Nanocomposite Films 642

22.5.9 Cellulose-Based 643

22.5.10 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 644

22.6 Applications of Biodegradable Material in Edible Film Coating 646

22.7 Conclusion 647

Acknowledgment 648

References 648

23 Biodegradable Pots - For Sustainable Environment 653
Elsa Cherian, Jobil J. Arackal, Jayasree Joshi T. and Anitha Krishnan V. C.

23.1 Introduction 653

23.2 Biodegradable Pots 655

23.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Biodegradables Pots 656

23.3.1 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Bioplastics 656

23.3.2 Biopots Based on Industrial and Agricultural Waste 658

23.4 Synthesis of Biodegradable Pots 661

23.5 Effect of Biopots on Plant Growth and Quality 663

23.6 Quality Testing of Biodegradable Pots 664

23.7 Consumer Preferences of Biodegradable Pots 665

23.8 Future Perspectives 666

23.9 Conclusion 667

References 667

24 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics 673
Parveen Saini, Gurpreet Kaur, Jandeep Singh and Harminder Singh

24.1 Introduction 674

24.2 Biopolymers/Bioplastics 675

24.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers/Plastics 677

24.3.1 Biomedical Applications 677

24.3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers in the Development of Therapeutic Devices in Tissue Engineering 677

24.3.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers as Implants 678

24.3.1.3 Biobased Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems 679

24.3.2 Other Commercial Applications 679

24.3.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers as Packaging Materials 680

24.3.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics in Electronics, Automotives, and Agriculture 681

24.3.2.3 Biobased Polymer in 3D Printing 681

24.4 Conclusion 682

References 682

25 Biopolymeric Nanofibrous Materials for Environmental Remediation 687
Pallavi K.C. and Arun M. Isloor

25.1 Introduction 688

25.2 Fabrication of Nanofibers 689

25.3 Nanofibrous Materials in Environmental Remediation 691

25.3.1 Water Purification 691

25.3.2 Air Filtration 702

25.3.3 Soil-Related Problems 705

25.4 Conclusions 708

References 709

26 Bioplastic Materials from Oils 715
Aansa Naseem, Farrukh Azeem, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Sabir Hussain, Ijaz Rasul, Tuba Saleem, Arfaa Sajid and Habibullah Nadeem

26.1 Introduction 716

26.2 Natural Oils 720

26.2.1 Bioplastic Production from Natural Oils 720

26.3 Waste Oils 720

26.4 Types of Oily Wastes 721

26.4.1 Cooking Oil Waste 721

26.4.2 Fats from Animals 721

26.4.3 Effluents from Plant Oil Mills 722

26.5 Bioplastic Production from Oily Waste 722

26.6 Improvement in Bioplastic Production from Waste Oil by Genetic Approaches 723

26.7 Impact of Bioplastic Produced from Waste Cooking Oil 726

26.7.1 Health and Medicine 726

26.7.2 Environment 727

26.7.3 Population 727

26.8 Assessment Techniques for Bioplastic Synthesis Using Waste Oil 727

26.8.1 Economic Assessment 727

26.8.2 Environment Assessment 728

26.8.3 Sensitivity Analysis 728

26.8.4 Multiobjective Optimization 728

26.9 Conclusion 728

References 729

27 Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 735
Panchami H. R., Arun M. Isloor, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail and Rini Susanti

27.1 Introduction 736

27.2 Biodegradability and Biodegradable Polymer 737

27.2.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 739

27.2.1.1 Extracted from the Biomass 739

27.2.1.2 Extracted Directly by Natural or Genetically Modified Organism 740

27.2.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 740

27.3 Recovery of Protein by Coagulation/Flocculation Processes 740

27.3.1 Categories of Composite Coagulants 741

27.3.1.1 Inorganic Polymer Flocculants 741

27.3.1.2 Organic Polymer Flocculants 741

27.3.2 Mechanism of Bioflocculation 742

27.3.3 Some of the Examples for Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 743

27.3.3.1 Chitosan as Flocculant 743

27.3.3.2 Lignosulfonate as Flocculant 745

27.3.3.3 Cellulose as Flocculant 747

27.4 Recovery of Proteins by Aqueous Two-Phase System 747

27.5 Types of the Aqueous Two-Phase System and Phase Components 748

27.6 Recovery Process and Factors Influencing the Aqueous Two-Phase System 749

27.7 Partition Coefficient and the Protein Recovery 751

27.8 Some of the Examples of Recovery of Protein by Biodegradable Polymers 751

27.9 Advantages of ATPS 752

27.10 Limitations 752

27.11 Challenges and Future Perspective 752

27.12 Recovery of Proteins by Membrane Technology 753

27.12.1 Classification of Membranes 753

27.12.2 Membrane Fouling by Protein Deposition 754

27.12.3 Recovery of a Protein by a Biodegradable Polymer 755

27.13 Limitations to Biodegradable Polymers 762

27.14 Conclusions and Future Remarks 762

References 763

28 Biodegradable Polymers in Electronic Devices 773
Niharika Kulshrestha

28.1 Introduction 774

28.2 Role of Biodegradable Polymers 776

28.3 Various Biodegradable Polymers for Electronic Devices 777

28.3.1 Biodegradable Insulators 777

28.3.2 Biodegradable Semiconductors 779

28.3.3 Biodegradable Conductors 781

28.4 Conclusion 783

References 784

29 Importance and Applications of Biodegradable Materials and Bioplastics From the Renewable Resources 789
Syed Riaz Ahmed, Fiaz Rasul, Aqsa Ijaz, Zunaira Anwar, Zarsha Naureen, Anam Riaz and Ijaz Rasul

29.1 Biodegradable Materials 790

29.2 Bioplastics 791

29.3 Biodegradable Polymers 794

29.3.1 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers 794

29.3.1.1 Gelatin 795

29.3.1.2 Chitosan 796

29.3.1.3 Starch 797

29.3.2 Properties of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials 797

29.4 Applications of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Agriculture 799

29.4.1 State-of-the-Art Different Applications of Bioplastics in Agriculture 800

29.4.1.1 Agricultural Nets 803

29.4.1.2 Grow Bags 803

29.4.1.3 Mulch Films 804

29.5 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Medicine 805

29.5.1 Polylactones 805

29.5.2 Polyphosphoesters 805

29.5.3 Polycarbonates 806

29.5.4 Polylactic Acid 806

29.5.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 806

29.5.6 Biodegradable Stents 806

29.5.7 Memory Enhancer 807

29.6 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Industries 808

29.6.1 Aliphatic Polyester and Starch 808

29.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Starch 808

29.6.3 Cellulose and Its Derivative 808

29.6.4 Arboform 809

29.6.5 Mater-Bi 809

29.6.6 Bioceta 809

29.6.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 809

29.6.8 Loctron 810

29.6.9 Cereplast 810

29.7 Application of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Food Industry 811

29.7.1 Bioplastic and Its Resources 812

29.7.2 Food Packaging 812

29.7.3 Natural Polymers Used in Food Packaging 816

29.7.3.1 Starch-Based Natural Polymers 816

29.7.3.2 Cellulose-Based Natural Polymers 817

29.7.3.3 Chitosan or Chitin-Based Natural Polymers 817

29.7.4 Protein-Based Natural Polymers 818

29.7.4.1 Whey Protein 818

29.7.4.2 Zein 818

29.7.4.3 Soy Protein 818

29.7.5 Bioplastics Derived Chemically From Renewable Resources 819

29.7.5.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 819

29.7.5.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Composite 819

29.7.5.3 Polybutylene Succinate Composite 820

29.7.5.4 Furandicarboxylic Acid Composite 821

29.8 Application of Bioplastic Biomass for the Environmental Protection 821

29.8.1 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 822

29.8.2 Biodegradability and Environmental Effect of Renewable Materials 823

29.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects 825

References 825

Index 837

Authors

Tariq Altalhi