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Poisonous Plants and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 432 Pages
  • February 2021
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5842849

Focusing on phytochemicals and their potential for drug discovery, this book offers a comprehensive resource on poisonous plants and their applications in chemistry and in pharmacology.

  • Provides a comprehensive resource on phytotoxins, covering historical perspectives, modern applications, and their potential in drug discovery
  • Covers the mechanisms, benefits, risks and management protocols of phytotoxins in a scientific laboratory and the usefulness in drug discovery
  • Presents chapters in a carefully designed, clear order, making it an ideal resource for the academic researcher or the industry professional at any stage in their career

Table of Contents

List of Contributors xvii

List of Figures xxi

List of Tables xxiii

Preface xxv

Editors xxvii

1 Historical Use of Toxic Plants 1
Godwin Anywar

1.1 Introduction to Toxic Plants 1

1.2 Poisonous Plants as Sources of Traditional and Modern Medicines 2

1.3 Toxic Plants and Justice 4

1.3.1 Toxic Plants in Capital Punishment 4

1.3.2 Trial by Ordeal 4

1.4 Toxic Plants in Poisoned Weapons 6

1.4.1 Arrow Poisons 6

1.5 Plant Fishing Poisons/Piscicides/Ichthyotoxins 6

1.6 Poisonous Plants as Food 7

1.7 Poisonous Plants as Biopesticides 9

1.8 Toxic Psychoactive Plants for Recreational and Religious Purposes 9

1.9 Poisonous Plants in Warfare and Bioterrorism 10

1.10 Poisonous Plants as Carcinogens and Teratogens 11

1.11 Conclusion 12

References 12

2 Classification of Phytotoxins and their Mechanisms of Action 19
Andrew G. Mtewa, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Kennedy J. Ngwira, Fanuel Lampiao, Umang Shah, and Thokozani Kachulu Mtewa

2.1 Introduction 20

2.1.1 Endophytic Phytotoxins 20

2.1.2 Secondary Metabolites 21

2.2 Possible Categorization 21

2.2.1 Biological Characteristics 21

2.2.2 Chemical Characteristics 22

2.3 Currently Available Classification Tools 24

2.4 Role of Phytotoxin Classification 25

2.4.1 Drug Discovery 25

2.4.2 Environmental Monitoring 25

2.4.3 Phytotoxins, Aquatic Life, and Water Quality 26

2.4.4 Air Contamination 26

2.4.5 Food Contamination 26

2.4.6 Security and Safety Services 27

2.4.7 Agricultural 27

2.5 Brief Mechanisms of Action 27

2.6 Conclusion 28

References 28

3 Poisonous Plants as Sources of Anticancer and Other Drugs 31
Félicien Mushagalusa Kasali, Andrew G. Mtewa, and Gaétan Tabakam

3.1 Introduction 31

3.2 Poisonous Plants in the Treatment of Cancer and Other Diseases 32

3.3 Poisonous Plant-Based Anticancer Drugs that are on the Market 33

3.4 Poisonous Plant-Based Drugs Against Other Diseases that are on the Market 33

3.5 Conclusion 33

References 75

4 Drugs in Clinical Practice from Toxic Plants and Phytochemicals 79
Tadele Mekuriya Yadesa, Patrick Engeu Ogwang, and Casim Umba Tolo

4.1 Introduction 80

4.2 Drugs in Clinical Practice from Toxic Plants 81

4.2.1 Curare 81

4.2.2 Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System 81

4.2.2.1 Morphine 81

4.2.2.2 Cocaine 82

4.2.2.3 Ergot Alkaloids 83

4.2.3 Atropine, Scopolamine, and Hyoscyamine 84

4.2.4 Physostigmine and Other Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 85

4.2.5 Antitumor Agents 85

4.2.5.1 Podophyllotoxin and Etoposide 85

4.2.5.2 Taxanes 86

4.2.5.3 Vincristine and Vinblastine 87

4.2.6 Other Drugs 88

4.2.6.1 Cardiac Glycosides 88

4.2.6.2 Colchicine 89

4.2.6.3 Coumarins 89

4.2.6.4 Nicotine and the Neonicotinoids 90

References 90

5 Toxicology and Health Benefits of Plant Alkaloids 95
Ibrahim Chikowe, Andrew G. Mtewa, and Duncan C. Sesaazi

5.1 Introduction 95

5.2 Pharmacological Properties of Alkaloids 97

5.3 Toxicological Properties of Alkaloids 100

5.4 Acute and Chronic Toxicities 100

5.4.1 Genotoxicity and Tumorigenicity 101

5.4.2 Lung Toxicity, Neurotoxicity, and Teratogenicity 102

5.5 Factors that Influence the Toxicological Profile of Alkaloids 102

5.6 Conclusion 103

References 103

6 Chemical and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Plant-Derived Neurotoxins 109
Amanjot Annu, Reuben S. Maghembe, Andrew G. Mtewa, and G.M. Narasimha Rao

6.1 Introduction 110

6.2 Nerve Agents 110

6.3 Chemical Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Induced by Organophosphate Nerve Agents 111

6.4 Mustards 112

6.4.1 Effect of HD on Skin 113

6.4.2 Effect of HD on Other Organs 113

6.4.3 The Activation of HD 114

6.4.4 Mechanism of Action 115

6.5 Plant Natural Neurotoxins 116

6.6 Plant Glycosides 118

6.7 Conclusion 119

References 119

7 Phytosedatives for Drug Discovery 123
Shahira M. Ezzat, Ahmed Zayed, and Mohamed A. Salem

7.1 Introduction 123

7.2 Treatment of Neuropsychological Disorders: The Current Scenario 124

7.3 Phytosedatives: Desirable Alternatives to Synthesized Drugs 125

7.4 Different Classes of Phytosedatives 125

7.4.1 Flavonoids 126

7.4.2 Alkaloids 128

7.4.3 Essential Oils 129

7.4.4 Other Classes of Phytosedatives 130

7.5 Plants with Reported Sedative Actions 130

7.6 Conclusion 152

References 152

8 Mushroom Species and Classification: Bioactives in Poisonous and Edible Mushrooms 163
Sadia Zafar, Farhat Jabeen, Muhammad Akram, Zarfishan Riaz, and Naveed Munir

8.1 Introduction 163

8.2 Classification of Mushrooms 164

8.2.1 Edible Mushrooms 165

8.2.2 Non-Edible Mushrooms 165

8.3 Bioactive Agents in Mushroom Species 165

8.4 Bioactive Agents in Non-Edible Mushroom Species 166

8.4.1 Polysaccharides 166

8.4.2 Glucans 166

8.4.3 Polysaccharide-Protein Complexes 174

8.4.4 Terpenes 174

8.4.5 Phenolic Compounds 175

8.4.6 Peptides and Proteins 176

8.5 Other Bioactive Compounds of Mushroom Species 176

8.6 Conclusion 176

References 177

9 Toxicity Protocols for Natural Products in the Drug Development Process 189
Tamirat Bekele Beressa, Amanjot Annu, and Andrew G. Mtewa

9.1 Introduction 190

9.2 In Vitro Toxicity Testing for Natural Products 190

9.2.1 Cell Culture Method for Toxicity Testing 191

9.2.2 Cell Culture for Acute Toxicology Testing 192

9.3 Methods Used for In Vitro Toxicity Studies 193

9.3.1 MTT Assay 193

9.3.2 Neutral Red Uptake Assay 193

9.3.3 Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay 194

9.4 In Vitro Models for Liver Toxicity 194

9.5 In Vitro Models for Nephrotoxicity Studies 194

9.6 In Vitro Model for Dermal Toxicity Testing 195

9.7 Mutagenicity Testing In Vitro 195

9.7.1 Bacterial Cell System 196

9.8 Reproductive and Teratogenicity Studies In Vitro 196

9.8.1 H295R Steroidogenesis Assay 197

9.8.2 Embryonic Stem Cell Test 197

9.8.3 Whole Rat Embryo Cultures 197

9.9 In Vivo Toxicity Testing of Natural Products 198

9.9.1 Acute Toxicity Testing 198

9.9.2 Subchronic Toxicity Testing 200

9.9.3 Chronic Toxicity Testing 201

9.9.4 Dermal and Ocular Toxicity 203

9.9.5 Toxicity Testing for Fertility and Reproduction 204

9.9.6 Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with Reproduction/Developmental Testing 206

9.9.7 In Vivo Carcinogenicity Testing 207

9.10 Conclusion 208

References 208

10 Quality Control for the Safety of Natural Products 213
Tadele Mekuriya Yadesa, Patrick Engeu Ogwang, and Casim Umba Tolo

10.1 Introduction 214

10.2 Quality Assurance of Herbal Products 215

10.3 Methods of Quality Control for Herbal Products 216

10.3.1 DNA-Based Technologies 216

10.3.2 Good Practice Guidelines 216

10.3.3 Chemoprofiling 217

10.3.4 Toxicology 217

10.3.5 Monographs and Pharmacopeias 217

10.3.6 Preclinical Evidence of Safety and Efficacy 217

10.3.7 Systems Biology 218

10.3.8 Animal Experimentation 218

10.3.9 Clinical Evidence of Safety and Efficacy 218

10.4 WHO Guidelines for Quality Standardization of Herbal Formulations 219

10.4.1 Quality Control of Crude Material 219

10.4.2 Identity of Plant Material 219

10.4.3 Safety Assessment and Documentation 220

10.5 Concept of Validation in Herbal Products 220

10.6 Challenges Related to Quality Control and Monitoring the Safety of Herbal Products 221

References 222

11 Secondary Metabolites and Toxins of Microbial Origin for the Treatment of Diseases 225
Dharmandra Baria, Umang Shah, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, and Andrew G. Mtewa

11.1 Introduction 226

11.2 Antimicrobial Agents from Microbial Sources 227

11.3 Antifungal Agents from Microbial Sources 229

11.4 Anticancer Agents from Microbial Sources 230

11.5 Hypocholesterolemic Agents from Microbial Sources 235

11.6 Immunosuppressants from Microbial Sources 237

11.7 Enzyme Inhibitors from Microbial Sources 239

11.8 Antiparasitic Agents from Microbial Sources 240

11.9 Recent Advances in Drug Discovery from Microbial Sources 241

References 243

12 Development of Phyto-Antidotes Against Adverse Chemical Agents 249
Roman Lysiuk, Petro Oliynyk, Halyna Antonyak, and Dmytro Voronenko

12.1 Introduction 249

12.2 Heavy Metals and their Effects on the Body 251

12.3 Detoxification Properties of Biologically Active Substances of Plant-Based Foods 253

12.3.1 Pectins 253

12.3.2 Phytin 254

12.3.3 Betalains 255

12.3.4 Phytochelatins 256

12.3.5 Ellagic Acid 257

12.3.6 Miscellaneous 258

12.4 Current State of Clinical Application of Phyto-Antidotes 259

12.5 Further Prospects in the Search for Promising Phyto-Antidotes 260

12.6 Conclusions 261

References 262

13 Nanoformulated Herbal Drug Delivery as Efficient Antidotes Against Systemic Poisons 269
Prabir Kumar Kulabhusan, Shailaja Agrawal, Jaison Jeevanandam, and Michael K. Danquah

13.1 Introduction 269

13.2 Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes for Systemic Poisons 271

13.2.1 Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes for Heavy Metal Poisoning 272

13.2.2 Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes for Snake Venom Poisoning 275

13.3 Nanoformulated Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes 276

13.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 278

13.3.2 Micelles and Liposomes 279

13.3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles 281

13.4 Mechanism of Nanoformulated Herbal Phytochemicals against Systemic Poisoning 281

13.5 Future Perspectives 283

13.6 Conclusion 285

References 285

14 Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles as Foes and Friends 295
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwaseyi Olaniyan, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, and Itoan Roli

14.1 Introduction 295

14.2 Phytochemicals Used in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles 297

14.3 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nanoparticles 297

14.4 Wound-Healing Effects of Nanoparticles 299

14.5 Antiparasitic, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities of Nanoparticles 300

14.6 Neuroprotective Effects of Nanoparticles 304

14.7 Cardioprotective Effects of Nanoparticles 307

14.8 Anticancer Effects of Nanoparticles 308

14.9 Advantages of Nanoparticles 311

14.10 Disadvantages of Nanoparticles 311

14.11 Conclusion and Future Directions 312

References 313

15 Application of Metabolomics in Emergency Phytochemical Poisoning and Remediation 323
Mohamed A. Salem, Ahmed Zayed, and Shahira M. Ezzat

15.1 Introduction 324

15.2 Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants 325

15.3 Natural Products: Safety and Toxicity 328

15.3.1 Safety 328

15.3.2 Toxicity and Natural Killers 329

15.4 Biological Systems in Phytochemical Poisoning and Remediation 330

15.5 Metabolomics: An Important Functional Genomics Tool 332

15.5.1 Essential Components of a Metabolomics Workflow 333

15.5.2 Sample Preparation 334

15.5.3 Analytical Methods in Metabolomics 334

15.5.4 Metabolite Identification 335

15.5.5 Data Processing and Analysis 335

15.5.6 Pathway Analysis 335

15.6 Assessment of Toxicity of Herbal Medicines Using Metabolomics 335

15.7 Application of Metabolomics in Emergency Phytochemical Poisoning and Remediation 336

15.7.1 Hepatotoxicity of Triptolide 337

15.7.2 Hepatotoxicity of Noscapine 337

15.8 Conclusion 338

References 338

16 Methods for the Detection and Identification of Phytotoxins 349
Senyo Botchie and Andrew G. Mtewa

16.1 Introduction 350

16.2 Phytotoxins 350

16.2.1 Importance of Toxins 351

16.3 Methods Generally Used for Phytotoxin Detection 352

16.3.1 Biological Method Review of Detecting Phytotoxins 352

16.3.2 Chemical and Microbiological Reagents 352

16.4 Protease Inhibition Detection Protocol 354

16.4.1 Exposure of the Protease Detection Plate to a Protease Inhibitor or Bacterial Growth (Step 1) 354

16.4.2 Exposure to a Protease-Containing Solution (Step 2) 355

16.4.3 Detecting Zones of Protease Inhibition (Step 3) 355

16.5 Isolation of Phytotoxins from Microorganisms 355

16.5.1 Detection of Phytotoxins Isolated from Fungi 356

16.5.2 Purification of the Extracted Phytotoxins 356

16.6 Conclusion 356

References 357

17 Categorization, Management, and Regulation of Potentially Weaponizable Toxic Plants 359
Muhammad Akram and Rabia Zahid

17.1 Introduction 359

17.2 Management of Weaponized Natural Food Agents 360

17.3 Techniques Used for Extraction, Segregation, and Decontamination of Phytochemicals 361

17.3.1 Solvent-Based Extraction of Phenolic Compounds 361

17.3.2 Microwave-Associated Extraction 361

17.3.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction 362

17.4 Techniques for Identification of Bioactive Compounds 362

17.4.1 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 362

17.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 363

17.4.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 363

17.4.4 Mass Spectrometry 363

17.5 Types of Natural Phytotoxins 363

17.5.1 Aquatic Biotoxins 363

17.5.2 Glycosides 364

17.5.3 Other Common Phytotoxins 364

17.6 Conclusion 365

References 365

18 In Silico Modeling as a Tool to Predict and Characterize Plant Toxicity 367
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, William Peter Mitembo, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, and G.M. Narasimha Rao

18.1 Introduction 368

18.2 Components of In Silico Toxicity Methods 368

18.2.1 Databases 369

18.2.2 Molecular Descriptors 369

18.2.3 Toxicity Models and Modeling Software 369

18.2.4 Simulation Packages 369

18.3 Modeling Methods 371

18.4 Structural Alerts/Rule Based 371

18.5 Statistical Structure-Based Activity Relationship Models 373

18.5.1 Read-Across 373

18.6 Conclusion 374

References 375

Index 379

Authors

Andrew G. Mtewa University of Dundee, Scotland; Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda; Malawi University of Science and Technology, Malawi. Chukwuebuka Egbuna Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria. G. M. Narasimha Rao Andhra University, India.