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Understanding Genomics and Global Health Impacts


Description: With the exclusion of viruses, which are intracellular parasites, living beings are split up into two universal categories. First, there are eukaryotes whose cells have an intricate compartmental internal construction; they comprise algae, fungi, plants and animals. Second, there are prokaryotes, single-celled microorganisms with an elementary internalarrangement, which comprise bacteria and related organisms. Genetic data is transmitted from one generation to the next by subcellular structures called chromosomes.

The achievements of contemporary molecular genetic science are founded firmly on classical genetics, which developed after the rediscovery of the work of Gregor Mendel at the start of the 20th Century.

The revolution in genetic science, which contributed to the molecular era, was motivated by an outstandingly sophisticated series of new technologies, which developed in the 1970s. It became possible to fractionate DNA into pieces of foreseeable size and insert them into plasmids, small circular entities that are able to split up within bacteria. This method, increased with the evolution of more advanced vectors of this kind, which would admit larger pieces of DNA, was utilized to bring forth libraries of these recombinant carriers of DNA, which were grown in bacterial cultures. Individual colonies containing genes of interest could then be separated and grown in adequate quantities for analysis, a process which became known as cloning, simply because each derivative from individual colonies contained an identical fragment of DNA.

The study of disease at the cellular and molecular level has been developing quickly over the last twenty years and already a considerable amount of progress has been made. Hence, although the entire implications for the additional growth of this field that may accompany future progress in human and pathogen genomics are still uncertain, it is possible to make some cautious predictions about the clinical applications that may be generated along the way. They are supported by the logical assumption that, if it has been possible to make extensive progress in human molecular genetics and pathology without knowledge of entire genome sequences and functional genomics, as this is obtained the field should move much faster.

This report, Genomics and Global Health – Impacts and Relationship, analyzes how the field of genomics has evolved over the years and the crucial role it has now come to play in global healthcare. The report analyzes the various segments of healthcare, which are being affected by developments, and advances in genomics, such as dealing with thalassemia, leukemia, and other diseases. Through case studies, the report establishes how developing countries are benefiting from genomics, by deriving cures for many diseases and thus increasing the lifespan of their population. The report looks at how decoding the genomes of various organisms, including humans, is benefiting scientists and doctors in providing better healthcare services for humans across countries.


Contents: Executive Summary 5

Genome Projects and Genomics 6
Overview 6
Introduction to Genes 6
Development of Molecular Genetics 8
Traditional Genetics 8
Molecular Genetics 9
Illustrating the Human Genome 10
Identifying Human Disease Genes 10
Looking at the Human Genome Project 10
Charting the Human Genome 11
Functional Genomics 12
Genome Annotation of the Human Genome 12
Proteomics 12
Transcriptomics 13
Gene Regulation 13
Bioinformatics 14

Analyzing the Genomes of other Animals 15
Overview 15
Pathogen Genome Project 15
Genome of Disease Vectors 17
Genomes of Worms, Fruit Fly, Yeast and Others 18
Mouse Genome Project – Implications and Importance 18
Plant Genomics 19
Conclusion 19

Genomics and Healthcare 20
Overview 20
Monogenic Diseases 20
Communicable Diseases 22
Cancer 24
Complex Multifactorial Diseases 26
Mental Retardation and Other Developmental Problems 28
Problems with an Ageing Population 29
Understanding Pharmacogenomics 30
Understanding Gene Therapy 32
Understanding Stem Cell Therapy 33
Human Health and Plant Genomics 35
Forensic Medicine 36
Understanding Biotechnology 36
Challenges and Issues of Biology 37
Conclusion 37

Importance of Progress in Genomics for World Health 38
Dealing with Global Health Problems through Genomics 38
Timeline of Genomic Advances and Medical Applications 38
Economics of Genome Research for Medical Applications 40
Conclusion 41

Developing Genomics Capacity in Developing Countries 43
Overview 43
Present-day Status of Medical Application of Genomics 44
Hemoglobin Disorders 44
Resistance to Communicable Diseases 47
Development of DNA Diagnostics for Communicable Diseases 47
Drug-Resistant Organisms 48
Pharmacogenomics 49
Non-communicable Diseases 49
Development in Clinical Genetics and DNA Technology 51
Future Use of Genomics and Communicable Diseases 52
Importance of Regional Cooperation 55
IT and Bioinformatics 55
Conclusion 56

Risks Associated with Genomics 57
Overview 57
Genetic Exploitation 57
Issues Associated with Non-human Genomics 58
Animals and Insects 58
Plants 60
Altering the Genome of Entire Populations and Individuals 60
Building Genetic Databases 62
Horrors of Biological Warfare and Various Political Abuses 64
Stem Cell Gene Therapy 65
Conclusion 66

Case Studies 67
Brazil 67
China 68
India 69
Icelandic Health Sector Database 70
Estonian Genome Project 73
Population Database of Tonga 74

Appendix 75

Glossary 85

List of Tables and Figures

Figures

Figure 1: The Structure of DNA 75
Figure 2: From Gene to Protein 77
Figure 3: Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division 78
Figure 4: DNA Fingerprinting 81

Tables

Table 1: The Pathogen Genome Project - Completed Genomes 16
Table 2: The Pathogen Genome Project – Genomes in Progress 17
Table 3: Pharmacogenomics and Consequences 79
Table 4: Clinical Trials in Gene Therapy Carried Out Recently 80
Table 5: Analysis of Deaths from Infectious Diseases in 1998 82
Table 6: Population Control of Common Disorders of Hemoglobin 83
Table 7: Examples of Human Genes Involved in Varying Susceptibility to Communicable
Disease 84




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