Linking Neuroscience and Behavior in COVID-19

Table of Contents

Preface

Vinood B. Patel

I. Introductory chapters and setting the scene

1. Historical aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the ensuing pandemic

2. Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2

3. Lateral flow tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection: uses and limitations

4. Linking community participation, mobility disabilities and the COVID-19 pandemic

5. The influence of the sources used to obtain information on COVID-19 and impact on mental health

II. Impact on behaviour and psychology

6. The psychological experiences and distress of defined populations in the COVID-19 pandemic: doctors

7. Impact of COVID-19 on behaviour in autism spectrum disorder

8. Pre-pandemic stressors in mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: early life adversities and beyond

9. Compulsive Hoarding in the COVID-19 Pandemic

10. The psychological experiences and distress of defined populations in the COVID-19 pandemic: comparisons between Sweden and Japan

11. The COVID-19 pandemic, mental health and sleep: linking depression, anxiety and perceived stress

12. The COVID-19 pandemic and the occupational overload of health professionals: indicators of burnout

13. SARS-CoV-2 and impact on cognition

14. Acute Neurocognitive Disorder as a Presenting Manifestation of COVID-19

15. Mental health and the impact of confinement

16. Cannabis Use in the COVID-19 Pandemic; Changes in Different Populations and Implications for Policy

17. Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in women: socio-economic groups and global aspects

18. Quality of life measures after hospitalization with COVID-19

19. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on remote working

20. Long Covid and its persistence: a focus on mental health

21. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on behavioural and psychological features of vulnerable groups: Patients with multiple sclerosis and their quality of life

22. The COVID-19 pandemic and the interlinking psychological distress and disordered eating behaviours

III. Effects on neurological structures and mechanisms

23. Linking Paediatric COVID-19, Basal Ganglia and Dentate Nucleus

24. Sensory disorders, neuroinflammation and COVID-19: smell, taste and hearing

25. The effects of COVID-19 isolations on non-motor features of Parkinson's disease

26. Myelitis following COVID-19: the road so far

27. The corpus callosum: effects due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mRNA vaccine

28. The possible effect of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure on infants' neurodevelopment: Analyzing the current evidence

29. Electroencephalographic (EEG) features with COVID-19

30. Survivors of COVID-19 and clinical neuropsychological domain characteristics

31. Neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection

32. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and depressive symptoms in subjects with COVID-19

33. Impact of COVID-19 on the brain: Antibodies against brainstem antigens

34. The kynurenine pathway and role in mental health of post-COVID-19 patients

IV. Management, support and treatments

35. Management of brain tumours in the COVID-19 pandemic

36. Effect of COVID-19 related lockdown on the management of stroke

37. Long Covid and the potential use of palmitoylethanolamide

38. Cognitive assessments in post-COVID syndrome: a focus on the neuropsychological tests and protocols

39. Supporting those with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the COVID-19 pandemic

40. Preserving well being and quality of life through school based intervention focused on physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic

41. Hesitancy in using COVID-19 prevention behaviors among African Americans: Strategies to build confidence

42. New strategies for the psychological well-being of team workers

43. Mitigating mental health changes with virtual reality (VR) technology during COVID-19: a narrative

44. Music therapy for patients with neurological disorders in COVID-19 pandemic

45. Mental health and the modulating effects of receiving the COVID-19 vaccination

46. Personalized cognitive behavioral therapy on obese patients in COVID-19 pandemic

47. Social anxiety disorder and COVID-19: treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy

48. Burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: Modulating role of mindfulness

V. Case studies with mini review

49. CASE STUDY: Methods to evaluate provision of clinical services for treatment of mental health in Long COVID

50. CASE STUDY: CASE STUDY Navigating youth mental health and addictions care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

51. CASE STUDY: Restless leg syndrome associated with COVID-19

VI. Resources

52. Recommended Resources for Linking Neuroscience and Behaviour in Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Authors

Rajkumar Rajendram Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy's, King's and St. Thomas Medical School, King's College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram's focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King's College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Victor R Preedy Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King's College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King's College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King's College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Vinood Patel Reader, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, London, UK. Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King's College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Colin R Martin Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.