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Degradation Rate of Bioresorbable Materials


Description: Bioresorbable materials are extensively used for a wide range of biomedical applications from drug delivery to fracture fixation, and may remain in the body for weeks, months or even years. Accurately predicting and evaluating the degradation rate of these materials is critical to their performance and the controlled release of bioactive agents. Degradation rate of bioresorbable materials: prediction and evaluation provides a comprehensive review of the most important techniques in safely predicting and evaluating the degradation rate of polymer, ceramic and composite based biomaterials.

Part one provides an introductory review of bioresorbable materials and the biological environment of the body. Chapters in Part two address degradation mechanisms of commonly-used materials such as polymers and ceramics. This is followed by chapters on bioresorption test methods and modeling techniques in Part three. Part four discusses factors influencing bioresorbability such as sterilisation, porosity and host response. The final section reviews current clinical applications of bioresorbable materials.

With its distinguished editor and multidisciplinary team of international contributors, Degradation rate of bioresorbable materials: prediction and evaluation will provide a unique and valuable reference for biomaterials scientists, engineers and students as well as the medical community.


Contents: PART 1 INTRODUCTION

-An overview of bioresorbable materials
Introduction.
Degradation mechanisms.
Resorbable ceramics.
Resorption process.
Application guides the design of an absorbable implant.
Understanding the in vivo environment.
Naturally derived materials.
Synthesized polymers.
Fabrication of absorbable materials.
Sterilization of absorbable implants.
Commentary.
Sources for further information and advice.
References.

-The biological environment for bioresorbable materials
Introduction to a hostile environment.
Blood.
Plasma protein cascades.
Fibrin formation.
Biomaterial interactions.
Host response to injury.
Practical demonstration of acute inflammation.
Chronic inflammation.
Conclusion and future trends.
References.

PART 2 DEGRADATION MECHANISMS

-Synthetic bioresorbable polymers
Introduction.
Synthetic bioresorbable polymers.
Degradation of aliphatic
polyesters.
Factors affecting aliphatic polymer degradation.
Processing and devices.
Conclusions.
Sources of further information and advice.
References.

-Natural bioresorbable polymers
Introduction.
Chitin and chitosan.
Alginates.
Cellulose.
Conclusion.
Acknowledgments.
References.

-Bioresorbable ceramics
Introduction.
Solubility.
Kinetics.
In vivo transformation.
Other bioresorbable ceramics.
Modelling resorption.
Future trends.
Conclusion.
References.

PART 3 BIORESORPTION TEST METHODS

-In-vitro physicochemical test methods to evaluate bioresorbability
Introduction.
Protocol for in vitro degradation studies.
In vitro physicochemical test methods.
Conclusion.
References.

-In-vitro biological test methods to evaluate bioresorbability
Introduction.
Methods of degradation of biomaterials.
Methods to assess the resorbability in vitro.
Characterization of the resorbability in vitro: microscopic analysis of the surface.
References.

-In-vivo test methods to evaluate bioresorbability
Introduction: in vivo models.
Outcome measures: histomorphometry.
Histomorphometric measurements.
Imaging.
Summary.
References.

-Modelling of the degradation processes for bioresorbable polymers
Introduction.
Overview of degradation processes for bioresorbable polymers.
Modelling of key processes.
Modelling of surface erosion.
Temperature effects.
Future trends.
Concluding remarks.
References

PART 4 FACTORS INFLUENCING BIORESORPTION

-Influence of processing, sterilisation and storage on bioresorbability
Introduction.
Processing techniques.
Processing-related degradation.
Sterilisation.
Maximising shelf-life: packaging and storage.
Additives for reducing degradation.
Conclusion.
References.

-Influence of porous structure on bioresorbability: tissue engineering scaffolds
Introduction.
Materials.
Processing.
Characterisation of tissue scaffolds.
Methods for monitoring the degradation of polymeric tissue scaffolds.
Concluding remarks.
Acknowledgements.
References.

-Influence of clinical application on bioresorbability: host response
Introduction.
Host response cascade.
Host factors influencing biodegradation.
Physical, chemical and non-cellular factors influencing biodegradation.
Cellular factors influencing biodegradation.
Influence of site implantation on biodegradation.
Influence of species and repeated implantation.
Adverse outcomes of biodegradable polymers.
Mechanisms of in vivo degradation.
Material factors influencing biodegradation.
Biomaterial design parameters.
Concluding remarks.
References.

PART 5 CLINICAL APPLICATION

-Implant design: considerations relating to bioresorbability
Introduction.
Degradation and bioresorption.
Hydrolytic degradation of polycaprolactone.
Hydrolytic degradation of medical polycaprolactone
(mPCL) versus research polycaprolactone (PCL).
In vivo degradation of polycaprolactone-based scaffolds.
Conclusions.
References.

-Drug release from bioresorbable materials
Introduction.
Examples of biodegradable pharmaceutical polymers.
Mechanisms of drug release from biodegradable polymers.
Drug delivery applications of biodegradable polymers.
Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) and copoly lactic acid/glycolic acid (PLGA) as drug delivery systems.
Poly(e-caprolactone) as a drug delivery system.
Poly(ortho esters) as drug delivery systems.
Polyanhydrides as drug delivery systems.
Hydrogels with degradable backbone.
Hydrogels with degradable crosslinks.
Hydrogels with degradable pendent groups.
Conclusions.
References.




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