The 2009-2014 Outlook for Commercial Laundry Flatwork Ironers in the United States
ICON Group International, February 2009, Pages: 346
WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?
The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) or total revenues (not profit) if the United States is served in an efficient manner. It is typically expressed as the total revenues potentially extracted by firms. The “market” is defined at a given level in the value chain. There can be latent demand at the retail level, at the wholesale level, the manufacturing level, and the raw materials level (the P.I.E. of higher levels of the value chain being always smaller than the P.I.E. of levels at lower levels of the same value chain, assuming all levels maintain minimum profitability).
The latent demand for commercial laundry flatwork ironers in the United States is not actual or historic sales. Nor is latent demand future sales. In fact, latent demand can be either lower or higher than actual sales if a market is inefficient (i.e., not representative of relatively competitive levels). Inefficiencies arise from a number of factors, including the lack of international openness, cultural barriers to consumption, regulations, and cartel-like behavior on the part of firms. In general, however, latent demand is typically larger than actual sales in a market.
For reasons discussed later, this report does not consider the notion of “unit quantities”, only total latent revenues (i.e., a calculation of price times quantity is never made, though one is implied). The units used in this report are U.S. dollars not adjusted for inflation (i.e., the figures incorporate inflationary trends). If inflation rates vary in a substantial way compared to recent experience, actually sales can also exceed latent demand (not adjusted for inflation). On the other hand, latent demand can be typically higher than actual sales as there are often distribution inefficiencies that reduce actual sales below the level of latent demand.
As mentioned in the introduction, this study is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. In fact, all the current products or services on the market can cease to exist in their present form (i.e., at a brand-, R&D specification, or corporate-image level) and all the players can be replaced by other firms (i.e., via exits, entries, mergers, bankruptcies, etc.), and there will still be latent demand for commercial laundry flatwork ironers at the aggregate level. Product and service offerings, and the actual identity of the players involved, while important for certain issues, are relatively unimportant for estimates of latent demand.
THE METHODOLOGY
In order to estimate the latent demand for commercial laundry flatwork ironers across the states and cites of the United States, I used a multi-stage approach. Before applying the approach, one needs a basic theory from which such estimates are created. In this case, I heavily rely on the use of certain basic economic assumptions. In particular, there is an assumption governing the shape and type of aggregate latent demand functions. Latent demand functions relate the income of a state, city, household, or individual to realized consumption. Latent demand (often realized as consumption when an industry is efficient), at any level of the value chain, takes place if an equilibrium is realized. For firms to serve a market, they must perceive a latent demand and be able to serve that demand at a minimal return. The single most important variable determining consumption, assuming latent demand exists, is income (or other financial resources at higher levels of the value chain). Other factors that can pivot or shape demand curves include external or exogenous shocks (i.e., business cycles), and or changes in utility for the product in question.
Ignoring, for the moment, exogenous shocks and variations in utility across geographies, the aggregate relation between income and consumption has been a central theme in economics. The figure below concisely summarizes one aspect of problem. In the 1930s, John Meynard Keynes conjectured that as incomes rise, the average propensity to consume would fall. The average propensity to consume is the level of consumption divided by the level of income, or the slope of the line from the origin to the consumption function. He estimated this relationship empirically and found it to be true in the short-run (mostly based on cross-sectional data). The higher the income, the lower the average propensity to consume. This type of consumption function is labeled "A" in the figure below (note the rather flat slope of the curve). In the 1940s, another macroeconomist, Simon Kuznets, estimated long-run consumption functions which indicated that the marginal propensity to consume was rather constant (using time series data). This type of consumption function is shown as "B" in the figure below (note the higher slope and zero-zero intercept). The average propensity to consume is constant.
Is it declining or is it constant? A number of other economists, notably Franco Modigliani and Milton Friedman, in the 1950s (and Irving Fisher earlier), explained why the two functions were different using various assumptions on intertemporal budget constraints, savings, and wealth. The shorter the time horizon, the more consumption can depend on wealth (earned in previous years) and business cycles. In the long-run, however, the propensity to consume is more constant. Similarly, in the long run, households with no income eventually have no consumption (wealth is depleted). While the debate surrounding beliefs about how income and consumption are related is interesting, in this study a very particular school of thought is adopted. In particular, we are considering the latent demand for commercial laundry flatwork ironers across the states and cities of the United States. The smallest cities have few inhabitants. I assume that all of these cities fall along a "long-run" aggregate consumption function. This long-run function applies despite some of these states having wealth; current income dominates the latent demand for commercial laundry flatwork ironers. So, latent demand in the long-run has a zero intercept. However, I allow different propensities to consume (including being on consumption functions with differing slopes, which can account for differences in industrial organization, and end-user preferences).
Given this overriding philosophy, I will now describe the methodology used to create the latent demand estimates for commercial laundry flatwork ironers in the United States. Since ICON Group has asked me to apply this methodology to a large number of categories, the rather academic discussion below is general and can be applied to a wide variety of categories and geographic locations, not just commercial laundry flatwork ironers in the United States.
Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection
Any study of latent demand requires that some standard be established to define “efficiently served”. Having implemented various alternatives and matched these with market outcomes, I have found that the optimal approach is to assume that certain key indicators are more likely to reflect efficiency than others. These indicators are given greater weight than others in the estimation of latent demand compared to others for which no known data are available. Of the many alternatives, I have found the assumption that the highest aggregate income and highest income-per-capita markets reflect the best standards for “efficiency”. High aggregate income alone is not sufficient (i.e. some cities have high aggregate income, but low income per capita and can not assumed to be efficient). Aggregate income can be operationalized in a number of ways, including gross domestic product (for industrial categories), or total disposable income (for household categories; population times average income per capita, or number of households times average household income).
Latent demand is therefore estimated using data collected for relatively efficient markets from independent data sources (e.g. Official Chinese Agencies, the World Resources Institute, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, various agencies from the United Nations, industry trade associations, the International Monetary Fund, Euromonitor, Mintel, Thomson Financial Services, the U.S. Industrial Outlook, and the World Bank). Depending on original data sources used, the definition of “commercial laundry flatwork ironers” is established. In the case of this report, the data were reported at the aggregate level, with no further breakdown or definition. In other words, any potential product or service that might be incorporated within commercial laundry flatwork ironers falls under this category. Public sources rarely report data at the disaggregated level in order to protect private information from individual firms that might dominate a specific product-market. These sources will therefore aggregate across components of a category and report only the aggregate to the public. While private data are certainly available, this report only relies on public data at the aggregate level without reliance on the summation of various category components. In other words, this report does not aggregate a number of components to arrive at the “whole”. Rather, it starts with the “whole”, and estimates the whole for all states and cities in the United States (without needing to know the specific parts that went into the whole in the first place).
Given this caveat, this study covers “commercial laundry flatwork ironers” as defined by the NAICS coding system (pronounced “nakes”). For a complete definition of commercial laundry flatwork ironers, please refer to the Web site at http://www.icongrouponline.com/codes/NAICS.html. The NAICS code for commercial laundry flatwork ironers is 3333120361. It is for this definition of commercial laundry flatwork ironers that the aggregate latent demand estimates are derived for the states and cities of the United States.
Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing
Based on the aggregate view of commercial laundry flatwork ironers as defined above, data were then collected for as many geographic locations as possible for that same definition, at the same level of the value chain. This generates a convenience sample of indicators from which comparable figures are available. If the series in question do not reflect the same accounting period, then adjustments are made. In order to eliminate short-term effects of business cycles, the series are smoothed using an 2 year moving average weighting scheme (longer weighting schemes do not substantially change the results). If data are available for a geographic region, but these reflect short-run aberrations due to exogenous shocks (such as would be the case of beef sales in a state or city stricken with foot and mouth disease), these observations were dropped or "filtered" from the analysis.
Step 3. Filling in Missing Values
In some cases, data are available on a sporadic basis. In other cases, data may be available for only one year. From a Bayesian perspective, these observations should be given greatest weight in estimating missing years. Assuming that other factors are held constant, the missing years are extrapolated using changes and growth in aggregate national, state and city-level income. Based on the overriding philosophy of a long-run consumption function (defined earlier), states and cities which have missing data for any given year, are estimated based on historical dynamics of aggregate income for that geographic entity.
Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation
Given the data available from the first three steps, the latent demand is estimated using a “varying-parameter cross-sectionally pooled time series model”. Simply stated, the effect of income on latent demand is assumed to be constant unless there is empirical evidence to suggest that this effect varies (i.e., . the slope of the income effect is not necessarily same for all states or cities). This assumption applies along the aggregate consumption function, but also over time (i.e., not all states or cities in the United States are perceived to have the same income growth prospects over time). Another way of looking at this is to say that latent demand for commercial laundry flatwork ironers is more likely to be similar across states or cities that have similar characteristics in terms of economic development.
This approach is useful across geographic regions for which some notion of non-linearity exists in the aggregate cross-region consumption function. For some categories, however, the reader must realize that the numbers will reflect a state’s or city’s contribution to latent demand in the United States and may never be realized in the form of local sales.
Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation
Nonlinearities are assumed in cases where filtered data exist along the aggregate consumption function. Because the United States consists of more than 15,000 cities, there will always be those cities, especially toward the bottom of the consumption function, where non-linear estimation is simply not possible. For these cities, equilibrium latent demand is assumed to be perfectly parametric and not a function of wealth (i.e., a city’s stock of income), but a function of current income (a city’s flow of income). In the long run, if a state has no current income, the latent demand for commercial laundry flatwork ironers is assumed to approach zero. The assumption is that wealth stocks fall rapidly to zero if flow income falls to zero (i.e., cities which earn low levels of income will not use their savings, in the long run, to demand commercial laundry flatwork ironers). In a graphical sense, for low income cities, latent demand approaches zero in a parametric linear fashion with a zero-zero intercept. In this stage of the estimation procedure, a low-income city is assumed to have a latent demand proportional to its income, based on the cities closest to it on the aggregate consumption function.
Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking
Based on the models described above, latent demand figures are estimated for all major cities in the United States. These are then aggregated to get state totals. This report considers a city as a part of the regional and national market. The purpose is to understand the density of demand within a state and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its state. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another. I allocate latent demand across areas of dominant influence based on the relative economic importance of cities within its state. Not all cities (e.g. the smaller towns) are estimated within each state as demand may be allocated to adjacent areas of influence. Since some cities have higher economic wealth than others within the same state, a city’s population is not generally used to allocate latent demand. Rather, the level of economic activity of the city vis-à-vis others is used. Figures are rounded, so minor inconsistencies may exist across tables.
1 INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Overview 9
1.2 What is Latent Demand and the P.I.E.? 9
1.3 The Methodology 10
1.3.1 Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection 11
1.3.2 Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing 12
1.3.3 Step 3. Filling in Missing Values 12
1.3.4 Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation 12
1.3.5 Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation 13
1.3.6 Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking 13
2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 14
2.1 Latent Demand in The US 15
3 FAR WEST 16
3.1 Executive Summary 16
3.2 Latent Demand by Year - Alaska 18
3.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Alaska 19
3.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Alaska 19
3.5 Latent Demand by Year - California 20
3.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - California 21
3.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - California 33
3.8 Latent Demand by Year - Hawaii 47
3.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hawaii 48
3.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Hawaii 49
3.11 Latent Demand by Year - Nevada 50
3.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Nevada 51
3.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Nevada 52
3.14 Latent Demand by Year - Oregon 53
3.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Oregon 54
3.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Oregon 55
3.17 Latent Demand by Year - Washington 58
3.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - Washington 59
3.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Washington 62
4 GREAT LAKES 66
4.1 Executive Summary 66
4.2 Latent Demand by Year - Illinois 68
4.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Illinois 69
4.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Illinois 76
4.5 Latent Demand by Year - Indiana 83
4.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Indiana 84
4.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Indiana 86
4.8 Latent Demand by Year - Michigan 88
4.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Michigan 89
4.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Michigan 92
4.11 Latent Demand by Year - Ohio 95
4.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Ohio 96
4.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Ohio 101
4.14 Latent Demand by Year - Wisconsin 106
4.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Wisconsin 107
4.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Wisconsin 110
5 MID-ATLANTIC 114
5.1 Executive Summary 114
5.2 Latent Demand by Year - Delaware 116
5.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Delaware 117
5.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Delaware 117
5.5 Latent Demand by Year - District of Columbia 117
5.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - District of Columbia 119
5.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - District of Columbia 119
5.8 Latent Demand by Year - Maryland 120
5.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Maryland 121
5.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Maryland 125
5.11 Latent Demand by Year - New Jersey 129
5.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - New Jersey 130
5.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - New Jersey 136
5.14 Latent Demand by Year - New York 142
5.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - New York 143
5.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - New York 153
5.17 Latent Demand by Year - Pennsylvania 165
5.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - Pennsylvania 166
5.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Pennsylvania 169
6 NEW ENGLAND 173
6.1 Executive Summary 173
6.2 Latent Demand by Year - Connecticut 175
6.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Connecticut 176
6.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Connecticut 179
6.5 Latent Demand by Year - Maine 183
6.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Maine 184
6.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Maine 185
6.8 Latent Demand by Year - Massachusetts 186
6.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Massachusetts 187
6.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Massachusetts 193
6.11 Latent Demand by Year - New Hampshire 199
6.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - New Hampshire 200
6.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - New Hampshire 201
6.14 Latent Demand by Year - Rhode Island 203
6.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Rhode Island 204
6.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Rhode Island 205
6.17 Latent Demand by Year - Vermont 206
6.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - Vermont 207
6.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Vermont 207
7 PLAINS 208
7.1 Executive Summary 208
7.2 Latent Demand by Year - Iowa 210
7.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Iowa 211
7.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Iowa 212
7.5 Latent Demand by Year - Kansas 213
7.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Kansas 214
7.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Kansas 215
7.8 Latent Demand by Year - Minnesota 216
7.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Minnesota 217
7.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Minnesota 220
7.11 Latent Demand by Year - Missouri 223
7.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Missouri 224
7.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Missouri 226
7.14 Latent Demand by Year - Nebraska 229
7.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Nebraska 230
7.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Nebraska 230
7.17 Latent Demand by Year - North Dakota 232
7.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - North Dakota 233
7.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - North Dakota 233
7.20 Latent Demand by Year - South Dakota 234
7.21 Cities Sorted by Rank - South Dakota 235
7.22 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - South Dakota 235
8 ROCKIES 236
8.1 Executive Summary 236
8.2 Latent Demand by Year - Colorado 238
8.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Colorado 239
8.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Colorado 241
8.5 Latent Demand by Year - Idaho 243
8.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Idaho 244
8.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Idaho 244
8.8 Latent Demand by Year - Montana 246
8.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Montana 247
8.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Montana 247
8.11 Latent Demand by Year - Utah 248
8.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Utah 249
8.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Utah 251
8.14 Latent Demand by Year - Wyoming 253
8.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Wyoming 254
8.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Wyoming 254
9 SOUTHEAST 255
9.1 Executive Summary 255
9.2 Latent Demand by Year - Alabama 257
9.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Alabama 258
9.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Alabama 259
9.5 Latent Demand by Year - Arkansas 262
9.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Arkansas 263
9.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Arkansas 264
9.8 Latent Demand by Year - Florida 265
9.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Florida 266
9.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Florida 273
9.11 Latent Demand by Year - Georgia 281
9.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Georgia 282
9.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Georgia 284
9.14 Latent Demand by Year - Kentucky 287
9.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Kentucky 288
9.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Kentucky 289
9.17 Latent Demand by Year - Louisiana 291
9.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - Louisiana 292
9.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Louisiana 293
9.20 Latent Demand by Year - Mississippi 295
9.21 Cities Sorted by Rank - Mississippi 296
9.22 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Mississippi 297
9.23 Latent Demand by Year - North Carolina 298
9.24 Cities Sorted by Rank - North Carolina 299
9.25 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - North Carolina 301
9.26 Latent Demand by Year - South Carolina 303
9.27 Cities Sorted by Rank - South Carolina 304
9.28 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - South Carolina 305
9.29 Latent Demand by Year - Tennessee 307
9.30 Cities Sorted by Rank - Tennessee 308
9.31 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Tennessee 310
9.32 Latent Demand by Year - Virginia 312
9.33 Cities Sorted by Rank - Virginia 313
9.34 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Virginia 315
9.35 Latent Demand by Year - West Virginia 318
9.36 Cities Sorted by Rank - West Virginia 319
9.37 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - West Virginia 319
10 SOUTHWEST 320
10.1 Executive Summary 320
10.2 Latent Demand by Year - Arizona 321
10.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Arizona 322
10.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Arizona 323
10.5 Latent Demand by Year - New Mexico 325
10.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - New Mexico 326
10.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - New Mexico 326
10.8 Latent Demand by Year - Oklahoma 328
10.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Oklahoma 329
10.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Oklahoma 330
10.11 Latent Demand by Year - Texas 331
10.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Texas 332
10.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Texas 338
11 DISCLAIMERS, WARRANTEES, AND USER AGREEMENT PROVISIONS 345
11.1 Disclaimers & Safe Harbor 345
11.2 ICON Group International, Inc. User Agreement Provisions 346
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