The 2009-2014 Outlook for Men's and Boys' Separate Dress and Sport Trousers, Pants, and Slacks Made from Purchased Fabrics Excluding Jeans, Jean-Cut Casual Slacks, Workpants, and Sweatpants in the United States
ICON Group International, February 2009, Pages: 772
WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?
The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) or total revenues (not profit) if the United States is served in an efficient manner. It is typically expressed as the total revenues potentially extracted by firms. The “market” is defined at a given level in the value chain. There can be latent demand at the retail level, at the wholesale level, the manufacturing level, and the raw materials level (the P.I.E. of higher levels of the value chain being always smaller than the P.I.E. of levels at lower levels of the same value chain, assuming all levels maintain minimum profitability).
The latent demand for mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants in the United States is not actual or historic sales. Nor is latent demand future sales. In fact, latent demand can be either lower or higher than actual sales if a market is inefficient (i.e., not representative of relatively competitive levels). Inefficiencies arise from a number of factors, including the lack of international openness, cultural barriers to consumption, regulations, and cartel-like behavior on the part of firms. In general, however, latent demand is typically larger than actual sales in a market.
For reasons discussed later, this report does not consider the notion of “unit quantities”, only total latent revenues (i.e., a calculation of price times quantity is never made, though one is implied). The units used in this report are U.S. dollars not adjusted for inflation (i.e., the figures incorporate inflationary trends). If inflation rates vary in a substantial way compared to recent experience, actually sales can also exceed latent demand (not adjusted for inflation). On the other hand, latent demand can be typically higher than actual sales as there are often distribution inefficiencies that reduce actual sales below the level of latent demand.
As mentioned in the introduction, this study is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. In fact, all the current products or services on the market can cease to exist in their present form (i.e., at a brand-, R&D specification, or corporate-image level) and all the players can be replaced by other firms (i.e., via exits, entries, mergers, bankruptcies, etc.), and there will still be latent demand for mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants at the aggregate level. Product and service offerings, and the actual identity of the players involved, while important for certain issues, are relatively unimportant for estimates of latent demand.
THE METHODOLOGY
In order to estimate the latent demand for mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants across the states and cites of the United States, I used a multi-stage approach. Before applying the approach, one needs a basic theory from which such estimates are created. In this case, I heavily rely on the use of certain basic economic assumptions. In particular, there is an assumption governing the shape and type of aggregate latent demand functions. Latent demand functions relate the income of a state, city, household, or individual to realized consumption. Latent demand (often realized as consumption when an industry is efficient), at any level of the value chain, takes place if an equilibrium is realized. For firms to serve a market, they must perceive a latent demand and be able to serve that demand at a minimal return. The single most important variable determining consumption, assuming latent demand exists, is income (or other financial resources at higher levels of the value chain). Other factors that can pivot or shape demand curves include external or exogenous shocks (i.e., business cycles), and or changes in utility for the product in question.
Ignoring, for the moment, exogenous shocks and variations in utility across geographies, the aggregate relation between income and consumption has been a central theme in economics. The figure below concisely summarizes one aspect of problem. In the 1930s, John Meynard Keynes conjectured that as incomes rise, the average propensity to consume would fall. The average propensity to consume is the level of consumption divided by the level of income, or the slope of the line from the origin to the consumption function. He estimated this relationship empirically and found it to be true in the short-run (mostly based on cross-sectional data). The higher the income, the lower the average propensity to consume. This type of consumption function is labeled "A" in the figure below (note the rather flat slope of the curve). In the 1940s, another macroeconomist, Simon Kuznets, estimated long-run consumption functions which indicated that the marginal propensity to consume was rather constant (using time series data). This type of consumption function is shown as "B" in the figure below (note the higher slope and zero-zero intercept). The average propensity to consume is constant.
Is it declining or is it constant? A number of other economists, notably Franco Modigliani and Milton Friedman, in the 1950s (and Irving Fisher earlier), explained why the two functions were different using various assumptions on intertemporal budget constraints, savings, and wealth. The shorter the time horizon, the more consumption can depend on wealth (earned in previous years) and business cycles. In the long-run, however, the propensity to consume is more constant. Similarly, in the long run, households with no income eventually have no consumption (wealth is depleted). While the debate surrounding beliefs about how income and consumption are related is interesting, in this study a very particular school of thought is adopted. In particular, we are considering the latent demand for mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants across the states and cities of the United States. The smallest cities have few inhabitants. I assume that all of these cities fall along a "long-run" aggregate consumption function. This long-run function applies despite some of these states having wealth; current income dominates the latent demand for mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants. So, latent demand in the long-run has a zero intercept. However, I allow different propensities to consume (including being on consumption functions with differing slopes, which can account for differences in industrial organization, and end-user preferences).
Given this overriding philosophy, I will now describe the methodology used to create the latent demand estimates for mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants in the United States. Since ICON Group has asked me to apply this methodology to a large number of categories, the rather academic discussion below is general and can be applied to a wide variety of categories and geographic locations, not just mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants in the United States.
Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection
Any study of latent demand requires that some standard be established to define “efficiently served”. Having implemented various alternatives and matched these with market outcomes, I have found that the optimal approach is to assume that certain key indicators are more likely to reflect efficiency than others. These indicators are given greater weight than others in the estimation of latent demand compared to others for which no known data are available. Of the many alternatives, I have found the assumption that the highest aggregate income and highest income-per-capita markets reflect the best standards for “efficiency”. High aggregate income alone is not sufficient (i.e. some cities have high aggregate income, but low income per capita and can not assumed to be efficient). Aggregate income can be operationalized in a number of ways, including gross domestic product (for industrial categories), or total disposable income (for household categories; population times average income per capita, or number of households times average household income).
Latent demand is therefore estimated using data collected for relatively efficient markets from independent data sources (e.g. Official Chinese Agencies, the World Resources Institute, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, various agencies from the United Nations, industry trade associations, the International Monetary Fund, Euromonitor, Mintel, Thomson Financial Services, the U.S. Industrial Outlook, and the World Bank). Depending on original data sources used, the definition of “mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants” is established. In the case of this report, the data were reported at the aggregate level, with no further breakdown or definition. In other words, any potential product or service that might be incorporated within mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants falls under this category. Public sources rarely report data at the disaggregated level in order to protect private information from individual firms that might dominate a specific product-market. These sources will therefore aggregate across components of a category and report only the aggregate to the public. While private data are certainly available, this report only relies on public data at the aggregate level without reliance on the summation of various category components. In other words, this report does not aggregate a number of components to arrive at the “whole”. Rather, it starts with the “whole”, and estimates the whole for all states and cities in the United States (without needing to know the specific parts that went into the whole in the first place).
Given this caveat, this study covers “mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants” as defined by the NAICS coding system (pronounced “nakes”). For a complete definition of mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants, please refer to the Web site at http://www.icongrouponline.com/codes/NAICS.html. The NAICS code for mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants is 3152242. It is for this definition of mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants that the aggregate latent demand estimates are derived for the states and cities of the United States. “Mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants” is specifically defined as follows:
3152242
MEN’S AND BOYS’ SEPARATE DRESS AND SPORT TROUSERS, PANTS, AND SLACKS (EXCEPT JEANS, JEAN_CUT CASUAL SLACKS, WORKPANTS, AND SWEATPANTS), MADE FROM PURCHASED FABRICS
31522421
Men’s and boys’ separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks (except jeans, jean_cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants), made from purchased fabrics
3152242100
Men’s and boys’ separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks (except jeans, jean_cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants), made from purchased fabrics
Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing
Based on the aggregate view of mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants as defined above, data were then collected for as many geographic locations as possible for that same definition, at the same level of the value chain. This generates a convenience sample of indicators from which comparable figures are available. If the series in question do not reflect the same accounting period, then adjustments are made. In order to eliminate short-term effects of business cycles, the series are smoothed using an 2 year moving average weighting scheme (longer weighting schemes do not substantially change the results). If data are available for a geographic region, but these reflect short-run aberrations due to exogenous shocks (such as would be the case of beef sales in a state or city stricken with foot and mouth disease), these observations were dropped or "filtered" from the analysis.
Step 3. Filling in Missing Values
In some cases, data are available on a sporadic basis. In other cases, data may be available for only one year. From a Bayesian perspective, these observations should be given greatest weight in estimating missing years. Assuming that other factors are held constant, the missing years are extrapolated using changes and growth in aggregate national, state and city-level income. Based on the overriding philosophy of a long-run consumption function (defined earlier), states and cities which have missing data for any given year, are estimated based on historical dynamics of aggregate income for that geographic entity.
Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation
Given the data available from the first three steps, the latent demand is estimated using a “varying-parameter cross-sectionally pooled time series model”. Simply stated, the effect of income on latent demand is assumed to be constant unless there is empirical evidence to suggest that this effect varies (i.e., . the slope of the income effect is not necessarily same for all states or cities). This assumption applies along the aggregate consumption function, but also over time (i.e., not all states or cities in the United States are perceived to have the same income growth prospects over time). Another way of looking at this is to say that latent demand for mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants is more likely to be similar across states or cities that have similar characteristics in terms of economic development.
This approach is useful across geographic regions for which some notion of non-linearity exists in the aggregate cross-region consumption function. For some categories, however, the reader must realize that the numbers will reflect a state’s or city’s contribution to latent demand in the United States and may never be realized in the form of local sales.
Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation
Nonlinearities are assumed in cases where filtered data exist along the aggregate consumption function. Because the United States consists of more than 15,000 cities, there will always be those cities, especially toward the bottom of the consumption function, where non-linear estimation is simply not possible. For these cities, equilibrium latent demand is assumed to be perfectly parametric and not a function of wealth (i.e., a city’s stock of income), but a function of current income (a city’s flow of income). In the long run, if a state has no current income, the latent demand for mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants is assumed to approach zero. The assumption is that wealth stocks fall rapidly to zero if flow income falls to zero (i.e., cities which earn low levels of income will not use their savings, in the long run, to demand mens and boys separate dress and sport trousers, pants, and slacks made from purchased fabrics excluding jeans, jean-cut casual slacks, workpants, and sweatpants). In a graphical sense, for low income cities, latent demand approaches zero in a parametric linear fashion with a zero-zero intercept. In this stage of the estimation procedure, a low-income city is assumed to have a latent demand proportional to its income, based on the cities closest to it on the aggregate consumption function.
Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking
Based on the models described above, latent demand figures are estimated for all major cities in the United States. These are then aggregated to get state totals. This report considers a city as a part of the regional and national market. The purpose is to understand the density of demand within a state and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its state. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another. I allocate latent demand across areas of dominant influence based on the relative economic importance of cities within its state. Not all cities (e.g. the smaller towns) are estimated within each state as demand may be allocated to adjacent areas of influence. Since some cities have higher economic wealth than others within the same state, a city’s population is not generally used to allocate latent demand. Rather, the level of economic activity of the city vis-à-vis others is used. Figures are rounded, so minor inconsistencies may exist across tables.
1 INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Overview 9
1.2 What is Latent Demand and the P.I.E.? 9
1.3 The Methodology 10
1.3.1 Step 1. Product Definition and Data Collection 11
1.3.2 Step 2. Filtering and Smoothing 13
1.3.3 Step 3. Filling in Missing Values 13
1.3.4 Step 4. Varying Parameter, Non-linear Estimation 13
1.3.5 Step 5. Fixed-Parameter Linear Estimation 14
1.3.6 Step 6. Aggregation and Benchmarking 14
2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 15
2.1 Latent Demand in The US 15
3 FAR WEST 17
3.1 Executive Summary 17
3.2 Latent Demand by Year - Alaska 19
3.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Alaska 20
3.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Alaska 22
3.5 Latent Demand by Year - California 24
3.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - California 25
3.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - California 46
3.8 Latent Demand by Year - Hawaii 68
3.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Hawaii 69
3.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Hawaii 72
3.11 Latent Demand by Year - Nevada 75
3.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Nevada 76
3.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Nevada 78
3.14 Latent Demand by Year - Oregon 80
3.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Oregon 81
3.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Oregon 85
3.17 Latent Demand by Year - Washington 90
3.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - Washington 91
3.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Washington 99
4 GREAT LAKES 107
4.1 Executive Summary 107
4.2 Latent Demand by Year - Illinois 109
4.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Illinois 110
4.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Illinois 125
4.5 Latent Demand by Year - Indiana 140
4.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Indiana 141
4.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Indiana 148
4.8 Latent Demand by Year - Michigan 155
4.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Michigan 156
4.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Michigan 165
4.11 Latent Demand by Year - Ohio 175
4.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Ohio 176
4.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Ohio 190
4.14 Latent Demand by Year - Wisconsin 204
4.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Wisconsin 205
4.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Wisconsin 216
5 MID-ATLANTIC 228
5.1 Executive Summary 228
5.2 Latent Demand by Year - Delaware 230
5.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Delaware 231
5.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Delaware 232
5.5 Latent Demand by Year - District of Columbia 233
5.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - District of Columbia 235
5.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - District of Columbia 235
5.8 Latent Demand by Year - Maryland 236
5.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Maryland 237
5.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Maryland 244
5.11 Latent Demand by Year - New Jersey 251
5.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - New Jersey 252
5.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - New Jersey 262
5.14 Latent Demand by Year - New York 272
5.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - New York 274
5.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - New York 302
5.17 Latent Demand by Year - Pennsylvania 331
5.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - Pennsylvania 332
5.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Pennsylvania 349
6 NEW ENGLAND 367
6.1 Executive Summary 367
6.2 Latent Demand by Year - Connecticut 369
6.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Connecticut 370
6.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Connecticut 375
6.5 Latent Demand by Year - Maine 381
6.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Maine 382
6.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Maine 388
6.8 Latent Demand by Year - Massachusetts 394
6.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Massachusetts 395
6.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Massachusetts 404
6.11 Latent Demand by Year - New Hampshire 414
6.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - New Hampshire 415
6.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - New Hampshire 420
6.14 Latent Demand by Year - Rhode Island 425
6.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Rhode Island 426
6.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Rhode Island 428
6.17 Latent Demand by Year - Vermont 429
6.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - Vermont 430
6.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Vermont 434
7 PLAINS 438
7.1 Executive Summary 438
7.2 Latent Demand by Year - Iowa 440
7.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Iowa 441
7.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Iowa 446
7.5 Latent Demand by Year - Kansas 452
7.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Kansas 453
7.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Kansas 457
7.8 Latent Demand by Year - Minnesota 461
7.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Minnesota 462
7.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Minnesota 469
7.11 Latent Demand by Year - Missouri 477
7.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Missouri 478
7.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Missouri 485
7.14 Latent Demand by Year - Nebraska 491
7.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Nebraska 493
7.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Nebraska 495
7.17 Latent Demand by Year - North Dakota 498
7.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - North Dakota 499
7.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - North Dakota 500
7.20 Latent Demand by Year - South Dakota 501
7.21 Cities Sorted by Rank - South Dakota 502
7.22 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - South Dakota 503
8 ROCKIES 505
8.1 Executive Summary 505
8.2 Latent Demand by Year - Colorado 507
8.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Colorado 508
8.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Colorado 513
8.5 Latent Demand by Year - Idaho 518
8.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Idaho 519
8.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Idaho 521
8.8 Latent Demand by Year - Montana 523
8.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Montana 524
8.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Montana 526
8.11 Latent Demand by Year - Utah 528
8.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Utah 529
8.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Utah 533
8.14 Latent Demand by Year - Wyoming 537
8.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Wyoming 538
8.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Wyoming 539
9 SOUTHEAST 541
9.1 Executive Summary 541
9.2 Latent Demand by Year - Alabama 543
9.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Alabama 544
9.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Alabama 550
9.5 Latent Demand by Year - Arkansas 556
9.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - Arkansas 557
9.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Arkansas 561
9.8 Latent Demand by Year - Florida 565
9.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Florida 566
9.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Florida 582
9.11 Latent Demand by Year - Georgia 599
9.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Georgia 600
9.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Georgia 607
9.14 Latent Demand by Year - Kentucky 615
9.15 Cities Sorted by Rank - Kentucky 616
9.16 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Kentucky 621
9.17 Latent Demand by Year - Louisiana 626
9.18 Cities Sorted by Rank - Louisiana 627
9.19 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Louisiana 632
9.20 Latent Demand by Year - Mississippi 638
9.21 Cities Sorted by Rank - Mississippi 639
9.22 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Mississippi 642
9.23 Latent Demand by Year - North Carolina 646
9.24 Cities Sorted by Rank - North Carolina 647
9.25 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - North Carolina 655
9.26 Latent Demand by Year - South Carolina 663
9.27 Cities Sorted by Rank - South Carolina 664
9.28 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - South Carolina 669
9.29 Latent Demand by Year - Tennessee 674
9.30 Cities Sorted by Rank - Tennessee 675
9.31 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Tennessee 681
9.32 Latent Demand by Year - Virginia 687
9.33 Cities Sorted by Rank - Virginia 688
9.34 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Virginia 693
9.35 Latent Demand by Year - West Virginia 699
9.36 Cities Sorted by Rank - West Virginia 700
9.37 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - West Virginia 702
10 SOUTHWEST 705
10.1 Executive Summary 705
10.2 Latent Demand by Year - Arizona 707
10.3 Cities Sorted by Rank - Arizona 708
10.4 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Arizona 712
10.5 Latent Demand by Year - New Mexico 716
10.6 Cities Sorted by Rank - New Mexico 717
10.7 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - New Mexico 719
10.8 Latent Demand by Year - Oklahoma 722
10.9 Cities Sorted by Rank - Oklahoma 723
10.10 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Oklahoma 727
10.11 Latent Demand by Year - Texas 732
10.12 Cities Sorted by Rank - Texas 733
10.13 Cities Sorted by Zipcode - Texas 752
11 DISCLAIMERS, WARRANTEES, AND USER AGREEMENT PROVISIONS 771
11.1 Disclaimers & Safe Harbor 771
11.2 ICON Group International, Inc. User Agreement Provisions 772
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