The global feed premix market is estimated to be valued at USD 24.3 billion in 2021 and is projected to reach a value of USD 32.9 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 6.2% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is attributed to the increasing demand and consumption of livestock-based products.
Although the regional network to reach customers (such as compound feed mixers and integrators) is established through distributors, the feed premix market has been moving toward a more service-based offering gaining popularity in the market. The distribution of premixes without damage to the nutrient quality requires effective packaging systems and a strong supply chain. To maintain the stability and effectiveness of the products, manufacturers prefer to deliver the product at the customer’s location. The approach can increase customer satisfaction as well as improve the market presence of the company.
The market for amino acids segment projected to grow at the highest CAGR between 2021 and 2026
The amino acids segment is the most dominant as well as fastest-growing type in the Feed premix market. Amino acids are widely used as feed premixes to provide the nutrients required to overcome dietary deficiencies. Amino acids function as building blocks for protein development in animals and are essential to enhance meat quality and quantity. The amino acids play an important role in the protein intake of the livestock. Thus, this segment is expected to grow with the highest CAGR.
The dry segment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR between 2021 and 2026
Feed premixes in the dry form are easier to mix with feed and provide a longer shelf life than in the liquid form, due to which they witness high preference among feed manufacturers. Several leading players in this market offer a wide range of dry feed premixes, which provide improved gut health, immunity, and other aspects of health. For instance, Cargill and DSM are among the leading players in this market and offer a range of dry feed premix.
Poultry segment, by livestock is projected to grow at the highest CAGR between 2021 and 2026
Poultry is the most traded meat category which accounts for more than 40% of the total meat trade. According to the FAO, the global poultry meat production was nearly 111.8 million tons in the year 2015. Furthermore, the demand for poultry meat is projected to remain high in developing economies. For instance, in 2013, the FAO stated that the US was the largest poultry meat producer in the world, followed by China. However, China is set to overtake the US as the largest producer in the next few years.
Asia Pacific market for feed premix is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period
Asia Pacific is projected to be the largest region in the global feed premix market during the forecast period. This market is majorly driven by factors such as a rise in consumption of meat and seafood, increase in per capita income, rapid urbanization, and the increase in adoption of convenience food products.
China is projected to dominate the Asia Pacific feed premix market during the forecast period. The increase in consumption of meat and poultry food products in this country has driven the growth of the feed premix market.
Research Coverage
The report segments the feed premix market based on ingredient type, form, livestock, and region. in terms of insights, this report has focused on various levels of analyses - competitive landscape, end-use analysis, and company profiles - which together comprise and discuss views on the emerging & high-growth segments of the Feed premix high-growth regions, countries, government initiatives, drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges.
Some of the major players in the market include Koninklijke DSM N.V. (Netherlands), Nutreco N.V. (Netherlands), Cargill (US), Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) (US), BEC Feed Solutions (Australia), DLG Group (Denmark), Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL (Thailand), Land O’Lakes (US), AB Agri Ltd. (UK).
The breakup of the profiles of primary participants is as follows:
- By Manufacturers: Tier 1 - 70%, Tier 2 - 10%, and Tier 3 - 20%
- By Designation: CXOs - 45%, Directors - 33%, and Others - 22%
- By Geography: Asia Pacific - 57%, Europe - 23%, North America - 8%, South America - 6%, and RoW - 6%
Reasons to Buy the Report
- Illustrative segmentation, analysis, and forecast pertaining to the feed premix market based on type, species, application, and geography have been conducted to provide an overall view of the Feed premix market
- Major drivers, restraints, and opportunities for the feed premix market have been detailed in this report.
- A bird’s eye view of the pricing, trade situation, technological changes, and market ecosystem has been provided in the report.
- Detailed insights into the competitive landscape have been provided for established players and start-ups in the industry.
- Breakdown of the market share of major players in the feed premix market has been provided after analyzing the segmental revenue, product portfolio, and global presence of the manufacturers.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Objectives of the Study
1.2 Market Definition
1.3 Study Scope
Figure 1 Feed Premix Market Segmentation
1.4 Inclusions & Exclusions
Figure 2 Regional Segmentation
1.5 Periodization Considered
1.6 Currency Considered
Table 1 USD Exchange Rate, 2017-2019
1.7 Unit Considered
1.8 Stakeholders
1.9 Summary of Changes
2 Research Methodology
2.1 Research Data
Figure 3 Research Design
2.1.1 Secondary Research
2.1.2 Primary Research
2.1.2.1 Key Data from Primary Sources
2.1.2.2 Market Data from Primary Sources
2.1.2.3 Breakdown of Primaries
Figure 4 Breakdown of Primary Interviews: by Company Type, Designation, and Region
2.2 Market Size Estimation
2.3 Factor Analysis
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Demand-Side Analysis
2.3.2.1 Food Security for the Growing Population
Figure 5 Global Population Projected to Reach ~9.5 Billion by 2048
2.3.2.2 Developing Economies
2.3.2.2.1 Increase in Middle-Class Population, 2009-2030
Figure 6 Middle-Class Population in Asia-Pacific is Projected to Grow and Account for a Major Share in the Global Market by 2030
2.3.2.2.2 GDP (PPP), 2013
Figure 7 Top 5 Economies Based on GDP (PPP): US, China, India, Japan, and Germany, 2013
2.3.3 Increase in Global Meat Consumption
Figure 8 Global Meat Consumption, by Meat Type, 2014-2019 (Million Ton)
2.3.4 Supply-Side Analysis
2.3.4.1 Number of New Feed Premix Products Launched
2.3.4.2 Rise in Cost of Natural Feed Products
Figure 9 Increasing Cost of Soybean Meal, 2015-2019 (USD/Metric Tons)
2.3.4.3 Key Industry Insights
2.4 Market Size Estimation
Figure 10 Feed Premix Market Size Estimation - Supply-Side (1/2)
Figure 11 Feed Premix Market Size Estimation - Supply-Side (2/2)
Figure 12 Feed Premix Market Size Estimation - Demand-Side
2.4.1 Market Size Estimation: Bottom-Up Approach
Figure 13 Feed Premix Market Size Estimation: Bottom-Up Approach
2.4.2 Market Size Estimation Methodology: Top-Down Approach
Figure 14 Feed Premix Market Size Estimation: Top-Down Approach
2.5 Data Triangulation
Figure 15 Data Triangulation Methodology
2.6 Research Assumptions
2.7 Limitations
2.8 Scenario Based Modelling
2.9 COVID-19 Health Assessment
Figure 16 COVID-19 Propagation
Figure 17 COVID-19 Propagation: Select Countries
2.10 COVID-19 Economic Assessment
Figure 18 Revised Gross Domestic Product Forecasts for Select G20 Countries in 2020
2.10.1 COVID-19 Economic Impact: Scenario Assessment
Figure 19 Criteria Impacting Global Economy
Figure 20 Scenarios in Terms of Recovery of Global Economy
3 Executive Summary
Table 2 Feed Premix Market Snapshot, 2021 vs. 2026
Figure 21 Impact of COVID-19 on the Feed Premix Market Size, by Scenario, 2020 vs. 2021 (USD Billion)
Figure 22 Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021 vs. 2026 (USD Billion)
Figure 23 Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021 vs. 2026 (USD Billion)
Figure 24 Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021 vs. 2026 (USD Billion)
Figure 25 Feed Premix Market Snapshot: Asia-Pacific Accounted for the Largest Share, 2020
4 Premium Insights
4.1 Attractive Opportunities in the Feed Premix Market
Figure 26 The Feed Premix Market is an Emerging with Promising Growth Potential
4.2 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market, by Key Application and Country
Figure 27 Asia-Pacific: China Accounted for the Largest Market for Feed Premix in 2020
4.3 Feed Premix Market, by Ingredient Type
Figure 28 Feed Premix Market, B Ingredient Type, 2019-2026 (USD Million)
4.4 Feed Premix Market Share (By Value), by Form, 2020
4.5 Feed Premix Market, by Country
Figure 29 Russia and China are Projected to Grow at the Highest CAGR During the Review Period
4.6 COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market
Figure 30 COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market Between 2020 and 2021
5 Market Overview
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Market Dynamics
Figure 31 Feed Premix Market: Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Challenges
5.2.1 Drivers
5.2.1.1 Increase in the Demand and Consumption of Livestock-Based Products
Figure 32 Major Meat Producing Regions/Countries, 2015-2017 (KT)
Figure 33 Major Bovine Meat Producing Regions/Countries, 2015-2017 (KT)
Figure 34 Major Swine Meat Producing Regions/Countries, 2015-2017 (KT)
Figure 35 Animal-Based Product Consumption, by Commodity, 1967-2030 (Million Ton)
5.2.1.2 Growth in Feed Production
Figure 36 Feed Production Trend, 2013-2017 (Million Ton)
Figure 37 Regional Feed Production Snapshot, 2017 (Million Ton)
Figure 38 Leading Feed Producing Countries, 2017 (Million Ton)
5.2.1.3 Standardization of Meat Products Owing to Disease Outbreaks
5.2.1.4 Growth in Compound Feed Consumption
Table 3 Concern for Animal Health & Compound Feed Consumption Propel the Demand for Feed Premixes
5.2.2 Restraints
5.2.2.1 Ban on Antibiotics in Different Countries
5.2.2.2 Increase in Cost of Feed Ingredients
5.2.2.3 Stringent Regulatory Framework
5.2.3 Opportunities
5.2.3.1 Developing Countries Emerge as Strong Consumers of Feed Premixes
5.2.4 Challenges
5.2.4.1 Identify and Adapt to Local Customer Requirements
5.2.4.2 Sustainability of Feed and Livestock Chain
5.3 Raw Material Analysis
5.3.1 Total Production of Feed Ingredients and Their Usage in Feed
Figure 39 Total Corn Production and Usage in Feed, 2006-2018 (KT)
Figure 40 Total Wheat Production and Usage in Feed, 2006-2018 (KT)
Figure 41 Total Barley Production and Usage in Feed, 2006-2018 (KT)
Figure 42 Total Sorghum Production and Usage in Feed, 2006-2018 (KT)
Figure 43 Total Oats Production and Usage in Feed, 2006-2018 (KT)
Figure 44 Total Production and Usage in Feed, 2006-2018 (KT)
Figure 45 Total Millet Production and Usage in Feed, 2006-2018 (KT)
5.4 Impact of COVID-19
5.5 Effect on Global Meat Consumption
5.6 Effects on Animal Health
5.7 Effects on Feed Consumption
5.8 Regulatory Environment
5.8.1 European Union
5.8.2 US
5.8.3 China
5.8.4 Canada
6 Industry Trends
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Technology Analysis
6.2.1 Agglomeration (Pelletizing)
6.3 Pricing Analysis
Table 4 Feed Premix Market Price Analysis
Figure 46 Price Analysis of Feed Raw Materials, 2006-2017 (USD/MT)
6.4 Patent Analysis
Figure 47 Number of Patents Granted in a Year Over the Last 10 Years
Figure 48 Top 10 Companies with Highest Number of Patent Documents
Table 5 Some of the Patents Pertaining to Feed Premix, 2019-2020
Table 6 Company Market Ecosystem
6.5 Adjacent Market Scenario
Figure 49 Compound Feed Production Share (Volume), by Key Country/Region, 2016
Figure 50 Animal Feed Consumed, by Livestock, 2016 (Million Ton)
Figure 51 Global Livestock Production Index, 2000-2013
6.6 YC & YCC Shift
Figure 52 YC & YCC Shift: Feed Premix
6.7 Value Chain Analysis
Figure 53 R&D and Raw Materials & Manufacturing: Major Phases of Value Addition
6.7.1 R&D of Product
6.7.2 Raw Materials & Manufacturing
6.7.3 Assembly
6.7.4 Distribution
6.7.5 Marketing & Sales
6.8 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table 7 Feed Premix Market Size, Porters Five Forces Analysis
6.8.1 Degree of Competition
6.8.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
6.8.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
6.8.4 Threat of New Entrants
6.9 Case Studies
6.9.1 Use Case 1
Table 8 Growing Innovations for Demand for Nutrients in Animal Diet is Projected to Fuel the Demand for Feed Premixes
6.9.2 Use Case 2
Table 9 Growing Demand from Asia-Pacific Region for Diets with Feed Premix for Livestock
7 Feed Premix Market, by Ingredient Type
7.1 Introduction
Figure 54 Amino Acids to be the Fastest-Growing Segment in the Feed Premix Market, 2021 vs. 2026 (USD Million)
7.2 Ingredient Type: Feed Premix, Market Drivers
7.3 COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market, by Livestock
7.3.1 Realistic Scenario
Table 10 Realistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026(USD Million)
7.3.2 Optimistic Scenario
Table 11 Optimistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
7.3.3 Pessimistic Scenario
Table 12 Pessimistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026(USD Million)
Table 13 Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 14 Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 15 Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 16 Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (KT)
7.4 Vitamins
7.4.1 Vitamins are Organic Substances That are Essential to the Normal Metabolic Processes of Animal Organisms
Table 17 Vitamin Classifications and Functions in Animal Nutrition
Table 18 Vitamin Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 19 Vitamin Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 20 Vitamin Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 21 Vitamin Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
7.5 Minerals
7.5.1 Trace Elements, Such as Zinc, Copper, and Manganese, are Essential in a Balanced Diet for Improved Health and Productivity in Animals
Table 22 Mineral Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 23 Mineral Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 24 Mineral Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 25 Mineral Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
7.6 Amino Acids
7.6.1 Amino Acids Help Animals Maintain Its Balance to Maximize the Growth Performance and Nitrogen Retention in the Livestock
Figure 55 Asia-Pacific is the Largest Market for Amino Acids Feed Premixes
Table 26 Amino Acid Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 27 Amino Acid Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 28 Amino Acid Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 29 Amino Acid Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
7.7 Antibiotics
7.7.1 The Use of Antibiotics as Growth Promoters Leads to Enhanced Daily Growth Rates of Animals
Table 30 Antibiotic Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 31 Antibiotic Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 32 Antibiotic Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 33 Antibiotic Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
7.8 Antioxidants
7.8.1 Antioxidants Conserve the Essential Nutrients and Improve Their Utilization by Animals
7.8.2 BHA
7.8.3 BHT
7.8.4 Ethoxyquin
Table 34 Antioxidant Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 35 Antioxidant Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 36 Antioxidant Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 37 Antioxidant Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
7.9 Others
7.9.1 Fibers
7.9.2 Nucleotides
Table 38 Other Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 39 Other Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 40 Other Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 41 Other Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
8 Feed Premix Market, by Form
8.1 Introduction
Figure 56 Feed Premix Market Share, by Form, 2020 vs. 2026 (USD Million)
8.2 COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market
8.2.1 Realistic Scenario: COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market Size (USD Million)
Table 42 Realistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2019-2022 (USD Million)
8.2.2 Optimistic Scenario: COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market Size (USD Million)
Table 43 Optimistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2019-2022 (USD Million)
8.2.3 Pessimistic Scenario: COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market Size (USD Million)
Table 44 Pessimistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2019-2022 (USD Million)
Table 45 Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 46 Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 47 Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 48 Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (KT)
8.3 Dry
8.3.1 Easy Handling, Storability, and Usage in a Wide Range of Livestock Applications to Drive the Dry Segment
Table 49 Dry: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 50 Dry: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 51 Dry: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 52 Dry: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
8.4 Liquid
8.4.1 Unavailability of Liquid Feed Premixes in Countries in Rest of the World to Lead to Smaller Share of this Segment
Table 53 Liquid: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 54 Liquid: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 55 Liquid: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 56 Liquid: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
9 Feed Premix Market, by Livestock
9.1 Introduction
Figure 57 Poultry: The Largest Feed Premix Segment, 2021 vs. 2026 (USD Million)
Table 57 Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 58 Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 59 Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 60 Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026(KT)
9.2 Livestock: Feed Premix, Market Drivers
9.3 COVID-19 Impact on Feed Premix Market, by Livestock
9.3.1 Realistic Scenario
Table 61 Realistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026(USD Million)
9.3.2 Optimistic Scenario
Table 62 Optimistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.3.3 Pessimistic Scenario
Table 63 Pessimistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026(USD Million)
9.4 Poultry
9.4.1 Feed Premixes Such as Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids are the Major Premixes Used in Poultry Feed for Improved Quality Production
Figure 58 Asia-Pacific: The Largest Market for Poultry Feed Premix, 2021 vs. 2026 (USD Million)
Table 64 Feed Premix Market Size for Poultry, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 65 Feed Premix Market Size for Poultry, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 66 Feed Premix Market Size for Poultry, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 67 Feed Premix Market Size for Poultry, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
9.5 Ruminants
9.5.1 Minerals are Fed to Ruminants due to Several Advantages and Health Benefits
Table 68 Feed Premix Market Size for Ruminants, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 69 Feed Premix Market Size for Ruminants, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 70 Feed Premix Market Size for Ruminants, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 71 Feed Premix Market Size for Ruminants, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
9.6 Swine
9.6.1 Additives Help in Increasing the Feed Intake, Reproductivity, and Growth Performance
Table 72 Feed Premix Market Size for Swine, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 73 Feed Premix Market Size for Swine, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 74 Swine: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 75 Swine: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
9.7 Aquatic Animals
9.7.1 Vitamin B Complex and Vitamin C Play an Important Role in the Normal Functioning of Marine Animals
Table 76 Feed Premix Market Size for Aquatic Animals, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 77 Feed Premix Market Size for Aquatic Animals, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 78 Feed Premix Market Size for Aquatic Animals, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 79 Feed Premix Market Size for Aquatic Animals, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
9.8 Equine
9.8.1 The Addition of These Premixes Improves the Feed Quality by Increasing Feed Intake and Protecting the Feed Quality
Table 80 Feed Premix Market Size for Equine, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 81 Feed Premix Market Size for Equine, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 82 Feed Premix Market Size for Equine, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 83 Feed Premix Market Size for Equine, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
9.9 Pets
9.9.1 Premixes Help in the Development of Bones Enhance the Metabolism Among Livestock and Contribute to the Growth of Immune and Reproductive Systems
Table 84 Feed Premix Market Size for Pets, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 85 Feed Premix Market Size for Pets, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 86 Feed Premix Market Size for Pets, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 87 Feed Premix Market Size for Pets, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
10 Feed Premix Market, by Region
10.1 Introduction
Table 88 Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 89 Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 90 Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 91 Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (KT)
Figure 59 Feed Premix Market Share, by Key Country, 2020
10.2 COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market
10.2.1 Realistic Scenario: COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market Size (USD Million)
Table 92 Realistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2019-2022 (USD Million)
10.2.2 Optimistic Scenario: COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market Size (USD Million)
Table 93 Optimistic Scenario: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2019-2022 (USD Million)
10.2.3 Pessimistic Scenario: COVID-19 Impact on the Feed Premix Market Size (USD Million)
Table 94 Pessimistic: Feed Premix Market Size, by Region, 2019-2022 (USD Million)
10.3 North America
Table 95 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 96 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 97 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 98 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 99 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 100 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 101 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 102 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 103 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 104 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 105 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 106 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 107 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 108 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 109 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 110 North America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.3.1 US
10.3.1.1 Demand for Poultry Meat & Poultry Products and Swine Meat to Grow
Table 111 US: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 112 US: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 113 US: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 114 US: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.3.2 Canada
10.3.2.1 Advantages of Lower Feed Cost due to the Small Biofuel Industry Allows More Grain Input in Livestock Breeding
Table 115 Canada: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 116 Canada: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 117 Canada: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 118 Canada: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.4 Europe
Table 119 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 120 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 121 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 122 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 123 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 124 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 125 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 126 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 127 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 128 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 129 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 130 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 131 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 132 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 133 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 134 Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.4.1 Russia
10.4.1.1 Significant Growth in the Russian Meat Industry to Increase the Consumption of Feed Premixes
Table 135 Russia: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 136 Russia: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 137 Russia: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 138 Russia: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.4.2 France
10.4.2.1 Increased Demand for Meat Products
Table 139 France: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 140 France: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 141 France: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 142 France: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.4.3 Italy
10.4.3.1 According to Eurostat Data 2017, Italy Has a Large Livestock Population
Table 143 Italy: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 144 Italy: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 145 Italy: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 146 Italy: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.4.4 UK
10.4.4.1 Adoption of Mega-Farms and Intensive Factory Farming Solutions for Cattle, Poultry, and Swine
Table 147 UK: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 148 UK: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 149 UK: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 150 UK: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.4.5 Spain
10.4.5.1 Increase in the Usage of Feed Premixes to Drive the Demand for Meat and Dairy Products
Table 151 Spain: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 152 Spain: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 153 Spain: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 154 Spain: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.4.6 Germany
10.4.6.1 Adoption of Advanced Technology in the Livestock Industry to Increase the Use of Scientific Methods Livestock Production
Table 155 Germany: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 156 Germany: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 157 Germany: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 158 Germany: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.4.7 Netherlands
10.4.7.1 Meat Products from the Poultry, Beef, and Fish Industries to Witness a High Demand
Table 159 Netherlands: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 160 Netherlands: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 161 Netherlands: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 162 Netherlands: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.4.8 Rest of Europe
10.4.8.1 Growth of the Livestock Industry in the Region due to the Increased Awareness About the Benefits of Feed Additives Among Livestock Producers
Table 163 Rest of Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 164 Rest of Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 165 Rest of Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 166 Rest of Europe: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.5 Asia-Pacific
Figure 60 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Snapshot
Table 167 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 168 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 169 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 170 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 171 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 172 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 173 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 174 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 175 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 176 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 177 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 178 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 179 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 180 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 181 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 182 Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.5.1 China
10.5.1.1 to Reduce the Incidence of Disease Outbreaks, Farmers Focus on the Nutritional Needs of Livestock in Their Early Life Stages
Table 183 China: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 184 China: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 185 China: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 186 China: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.5.2 India
10.5.2.1 The Feed Industry to Grow in the Next Six Years in Tandem with the Country's Livestock Sector
Table 187 India: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 188 India: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 189 India: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 190 India: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.5.3 Japan
10.5.3.1 Stability in Feed Prices Encourages Farmers to Increase the Value-Added to Feed Products to Improve Feed Safety and Quality
Table 191 Japan: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 192 Japan: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 193 Japan: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 194 Japan: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.5.4 South Korea
10.5.4.1 Increasing Feed Production to Have a Proportional Impact on the Consumption of Feed Premix
Table 195 South Korea: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 196 South Korea: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 197 South Korea: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 198 South Korea: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.5.5 Australia & New Zealand
10.5.5.1 The Meat Processing Industry in Australia & New Zealand to Witness Significant Growth due to the Low Cost of Operations
Table 199 Australia & New Zealand: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 200 Australia & New Zealand: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 201 Australia & New Zealand: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 202 Australia & New Zealand: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.5.6 Rest of Asia-Pacific
10.5.6.1 Commercialization of Livestock due to the Increase in Demand for Livestock Products to Result in Significant Changes in Feed Patterns
Table 203 Rest of Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 204 Rest of Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 205 Rest of Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 206 Rest of Asia-Pacific: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.6 Latin America
Figure 61 South America: Feed Premix Market Snapshot, 2020
Table 207 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 208 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 209 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 210 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 211 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 212 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 213 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 214 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 215 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 216 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 217 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 218 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 219 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 220 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 221 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 222 Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.6.1 Brazil
10.6.1.1 Lucrative Opportunities for Feed Premix Manufacturers in the Poultry and Aquafeed Industries
Table 223 Brazil: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 224 Brazil: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 225 Brazil: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 226 Brazil: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.6.2 Argentina
10.6.2.1 Export Opportunities from Poultry to Boost the Sales of Feed Premixes
Table 227 Argentina: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 228 Argentina: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 229 Argentina: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 230 Argentina: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.6.3 Mexico
10.6.3.1 Lucrative Opportunity for Premix Manufacturers in the Poultry Industry
Table 231 Mexico: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 232 Mexico: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 233 Mexico: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 234 Mexico: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.6.4 Rest of Latin America
10.6.4.1 Rise in Demand for Livestock-Based Products in the Region and Steady Increase in the Industrialization of Livestock Rearing to Drive the Market Growth
Table 235 Rest of Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 236 Rest of Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 237 Rest of Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 238 Rest of Latin America: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.7 RoW
Table 239 Rest of the World: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 240 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 241 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 242 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Country, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 243 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 244 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 245 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 246 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Ingredient Type, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 247 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 248 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 249 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 250 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
Table 251 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 252 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 253 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 254 RoW: Feed Premix Market Size, by Form, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.7.1 Middle East
10.7.1.1 Countries Such as Saudi Arabia to be the Key Revenue Generators due to the High Consumption of Poultry Products
Table 255 Middle East: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 256 Middle East: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 257 Middle East: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 258 Middle East: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
10.7.2 Africa
10.7.2.1 Rise in Population to Drive the Demand for Animal Protein Sources
Table 259 Africa: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 260 Africa: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 261 Africa: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2017-2020 (KT)
Table 262 Africa: Feed Premix Market Size, by Livestock, 2021-2026 (KT)
11 Competitive Landscape
11.1 Overview
11.2 Market Share Analysis
Table 263 Feed Premix Market: Degree of Competition
11.3 Key Player Strategies
11.4 Major Players, 2020
11.5 Revenue Analysis, 2016-2020
11.6 COVID-19-Specific Company Responses
11.7 Company Evaluation Quadrant: Definitions & Methodology (Overall Market)
11.7.1 Stars
11.7.2 Emerging Leaders
11.7.3 Pervasive Players
11.7.4 Participants
Figure 62 Feed Premix Market: Company Evaluation Quadrant, 2019 (Overall Market)
11.8 Product Footprint
Table 264 Feed Premix Market: Company Type Footprint
Table 265 Feed Premix Market: Company Application Footprint
11.9 Regional Footprint
Table 266 Feed Premix Market: Company Region Footprint
Table 267 Feed Premix Market: Company Footprint
11.10 Company Evaluation Quadrant (Start-Up/SME)
11.10.1 Progressive Companies
11.10.2 Starting Blocks
11.10.3 Responsive Companies
11.10.4 Dynamic Companies
Figure 63 Feed Premix Market: Company Evaluation Quadrant, 2020 (Start-Up/SME)
11.11 Competitive Scenario
11.11.1 New Product Launches
Table 268 New Product Launches, 2017-2020
11.11.2 Deals
Table 269 Deals, 2018-2021
11.11.3 Others
Table 270 Others, 2018-2020
12 Company Profiles
(Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments & Analyst's View)*
12.1 Koninklijke DSM N.V.
Table 271 Koninklijke DSM N.V: Business Overview
Figure 64 N.V: Company Snapshot
Table 272 Following are the Deals by this Company in this Market:
12.2 Nutreco N.V.
Table 273 Nutreco N.V.: Business Overview
12.3 Cargill Incorporated
Table 274 Cargill: Business Overview
Figure 65 Cargill: Company Snapshot
12.4 Archer Daniels Midland
Table 275 Archer Daniels Midland: Business Overview
Figure 66 Archer Daniels Midland: Company Snapshot
12.5 BEC Feed Solutions
Table 276 BEC Feed Solutions: Business Overview
12.6 DLG Group
Table 277 DLG Group: Business Overview
Figure 67 DLG Group: Company Snapshot
12.7 Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL
Table 278 Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL: Business Overview
Figure 68 Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL: Company Snapshot
12.8 Lexington
Table 284 Lexington: Business Overview
12.9 De Heus Animal Nutrition
Table 285 De Heus Animal Nutrition: Business Overview
12.10 Megamix
Table 286 Megamix: Business Overview
12.11 Agrofeed Ltd.
Table 287 Agrofeed Ltd.: Business Overview
12.12 Cladan
Table 288 Cladan: Business Overview
12.13 Kaesler Nutrition
Table 289 Kaesler Nutrition: Business Overview
12.14 Avitech Nutrition Pvt. Ltd.
Table 290 Avitech Nutrition Pvt. Ltd.: Business Overview
12.15 Advanced Animal Nutrition
Table 291 Advanced Animal Nutrition: Business Overview
12.16 Associated British Foods
Table 292 Associated British Foods: Business Overview
Figure 72 Associated British Foods plc: Company Snapshot
12.17 Advanced Enzyme Technologies
Table 293 Advanced Enzyme Technologies: Business Overview
Figure 73 Advanced Enzyme Technologies: Company Snapshot
12.18 Kemin Industries
Table 294 Kemin Industries: Business Overview
12.19 Novus International
Table 295 Novus International: Business Overview
12.20 Alltech
Table 296 Alltech: Business Overview
*Details on Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments & Analyst's View Might Not be Captured in Case of Unlisted Companies
13 Adjacent Markets
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Related Report
Table 297 Adjacent Markets to Feed Premixes
13.2 Limitations
13.3 Feed Additives Market
13.3.1 Market Definition
13.3.2 Market Overview
Figure 74 Feed Additives Market Size, 2018-2023 (USD Million)
Table 298 Feed Additives Market Size, by Region, 2016-2023 (USD Million)
14 Appendix
14.1 Discussion Guide
14.2 Knowledge Store: The Subscription Portal
14.3 Available Customizations
Executive Summary
Companies Mentioned
- Advanced Animal Nutrition
- Advanced Enzyme Technologies
- Agrofeed Ltd.
- Alltech
- Archer Daniels Midland
- Associated British Foods
- Avitech Nutrition Pvt. Ltd.
- BEC Feed Solutions
- Cargill Incorporated
- Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL
- Cladan
- De Heus Animal Nutrition
- DLG Group
- Kaesler Nutrition
- Kemin Industries
- Koninklijke DSM N.V.
- Lexington
- Megamix
- Novus International
- Nutreco N.V.
Methodology
LOADING...
Table Information
| Report Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Published | April 2021 |
| Forecast Period | 2021 - 2026 |
| Estimated Market Value ( USD | $ 24.3 Billion |
| Forecasted Market Value ( USD | $ 32.9 Billion |
| Compound Annual Growth Rate | 6.2% |
| Regions Covered | Global |
| No. of Companies Mentioned | 20 |
