The Global Market for MicroLED Displays 2024-2035

2.1        The MiniLED market
2.2        The MicroLED market
2.3        The global display market
2.3.1     OLEDs
2.3.2     Quantum dots
2.3.3     Display technologies assessment
2.4        Benefits of MicroLEDs
2.5        Additive manufacturing for microLED micro-displays
2.6        MicroLEDs applications
2.7        Market and technology challenges
2.8        Industry developments 2020-2024
2.9        Recent microLED display innovations
2.10      Market activity in China
2.11      Global shipment forecasts for MicroLEDs to 2035
2.11.1   Units
2.11.2   Revenues

3.1         What are MicroLEDs?
3.2         MiniLED (mLED) vs MicroLED (µLED)
3.2.1      Display configurations
3.2.2      Development
3.2.2.1   Sony
3.2.3      Types
3.2.4      Production
3.2.4.1   Integration
3.2.4.2   Transfer technologies
3.2.5      Comparison to LCD, OLED AND QD
3.2.6      MicroLED display specifications
3.2.7      Advantages
3.2.7.1   Transparency
3.2.7.2   Borderless
3.2.7.3   Flexibility
3.2.8      Tiled microLED displays
3.2.9      Costs
3.2.9.1   Relationship between microLED cost and die size

4.1         Epitaxy and Chip Processing
4.1.1      Materials
4.1.2      Substrates
4.1.2.1  Green gap
4.1.3     Wafer patterning
4.1.4     Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)
4.1.5     Epitaxial growth requirement
4.1.6     Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
4.1.7     Uniformity
4.2        Chip manufacturing
4.2.1     RGB microLED designs
4.2.2     Epi-film transfer
4.3        MicroLED Performances
4.3.1     Relationship between external quantum efficiency (EQE) and current density
4.3.2     Stability and thermal management
4.3.3     Size dependency
4.3.4     Surface recombination of carriers
4.3.5     Developing efficient high-performance RGB microLEDs
4.4        Transfer, Assembly and Integration Technologies
4.4.1     Monolithic integration
4.4.1.1  Overview
4.4.1.2  Companies
4.4.2     Heterogeneous Wafers
4.4.2.1  Array integration
4.4.2.2  Wafer bonding
4.4.2.3  Hybridization integration
4.4.2.4  Companies
4.4.3     Monolithic microLED arrays
4.4.4     GaN on Silicon
4.4.4.1  Overview
4.4.4.2  Types
4.4.4.2.1  GaN on sapphire
4.4.4.3  Challenges
4.4.4.4  Companies
4.4.5     Mass transfer
4.4.5.1  Chiplet Mass Transfer
4.4.5.2  Elastomer Stamp Transfer (Fine pick and place)
4.4.5.2.1  Overview
4.4.5.2.2  Controlling kinetic adhesion forces
4.4.5.2.3  Pixel pitch
4.4.5.2.4  Micro-transfer printing
4.4.5.2.5  Capillary-assisted transfer printing
4.4.5.2.6  Electrostatic array
4.4.5.2.7  Companies
4.4.5.3   Roll-to-Roll or Roll-to-Panel Imprinting
4.4.5.4   Laser enabled transfer
4.4.5.4.1   Overview
4.4.5.4.1.1  Selective transfer by selective bonding-debonding
4.4.5.4.2     Companies
4.4.5.5   Electrostatic Transfer
4.4.5.6   Micro-transfer
4.4.5.6.1   Overview
4.4.5.6.2   Micro-Pick-and-Place Transfer
4.4.5.6.3   Photo-Polymer Mass Transfer
4.4.5.6.4   Companies
4.4.5.7   Micro vacuum-based transfer
4.4.5.8   Adhesive Stamp
4.4.5.9   Self-Assembly
4.4.5.9.1   Overview
4.4.5.9.2   Fluidically Self-Assembled (FSA) technology
4.4.5.9.3   Magnetically-assisted assembly
4.4.5.9.4   Photoelectrochemically driven fluidic-assembly
4.4.5.9.5   Electrophoretic fluidic-assembly
4.4.5.9.6   Surface energy fluidic-assembly
4.4.5.9.7   Shape-based self-assembly
4.4.5.9.8   Companies
4.4.5.10    All-In-One Transfer
4.4.5.10.1   Overview
4.4.5.10.2   Heterogeneous Wafers in All-in-One Integration
4.4.5.10.2.1   Optoelectronic Array Integration
4.4.5.10.2.2   Wafer Bonding Process and Hybridization
4.4.5.10.3      Companies
4.4.6       Nanowires
4.4.6.1    Overview
4.4.6.1.1   Nanowire Growth on Silicon
4.4.6.1.2   Native EL RGB nanowires
4.4.6.1.3   3D Integration
4.4.7      Bonding and interconnection
4.4.7.1   Overview
4.4.7.2   Types of bonding
4.4.7.3   Microtube Interconnections

5.1         Overview
5.2         Defect types
5.3         Redundancy techniques
5.4         Repair
5.4.1      Techniques
5.4.2      Laser micro trimming

6.1         Comparison of technologies
6.2         Full colour conversion
6.3         UV LED
6.4         Colour filters
6.5         Stacked RGB MicroLEDs
6.5.1      Companies
6.6         Three panel microLED projectors
6.7         Phosphor Colour Conversion
6.7.1      Overview
6.7.1.1   Red-emitting phosphor materials
6.7.1.2   Thermal stability
6.7.1.3   Narrow-band green phosphors
6.7.1.4   High performance organic phosphors
6.7.2      Challenges
6.7.3      Companies
6.8         Quantum dots colour conversion
6.8.1      Mode of operation
6.8.2      Cadmium QDs
6.8.3      Cadmium-free QDs
6.8.4      Perovskite quantum dots
6.8.5      Graphene quantum dots
6.8.6      Phosphors and quantum dots
6.8.7      Quantum dots in microLED displays
6.8.7.1   Technology overview
6.8.7.2   QD-based display types
6.8.7.3   Quantum dot colour conversion (QDCC) technology for microLEDs
6.8.7.4   Efficiency drop and red shift in quantum dot emission for displays
6.8.7.5   High blue absorptive quantum dot materials for display
6.8.7.6   QD display pixel patterning techniques
6.8.7.6.1  Inkjet printing
6.8.7.6.2  Photoresists
6.8.7.6.3  Aerosol Jet Printing
6.8.8      Challenges
6.8.9      Companies
6.9         Quantum wells
6.10       Improving image quality

7.1         Overview
7.2         Light capture methods
7.3         Micro-catadioptric optical array
7.4         Additive manufacturing (AM) for engineered directional emission profiles

8.1         Overview
8.2         Technologies and materials
8.2.1      TFT materials
8.2.2      OLED Pixel Driving
8.2.3      TFT Backplane
8.2.4      Passive and active matrix addressing
8.2.4.1   Passive Matrix Addressing
8.2.4.2   Passive Driving Structure
8.2.4.3   Active Matrix Addressing
8.2.4.4   Pulse width modulation (PWM)
8.2.4.5   Driving voltage considerations for microLEDs
8.2.5      RGB Driving Schemes for MicroLED Displays
8.2.6      Active Matrix MicroLED Displays with LTPS Backplanes

9.1         Market map
9.2         Market adoption roadmap
9.3         Large flat panel displays and TVs
9.3.1      Samsung
9.3.1.1   Wall display
9.3.1.2   Neo QLED TV range
9.3.1.3   MicroLED CX TV line-up
9.3.2      LG
9.3.2.1   MAGNIT MicroLED TV
9.3.3      TCL CSOT
9.4         Smartwatches and wearables
9.4.1      Apple’s planned microLED smartwatch
9.4.2      Samsung
9.5         Smartphones
9.6         Laptops, monitors and tablets
9.7         Foldable and stretchable displays
9.7.1      The global foldable display market
9.7.2      Applications
9.7.2.1   Foldable TVs
9.7.2.2   Stretchable microLED touch displays
9.7.2.3   Product developers

10.1       The global medical display market
10.2       Applications
10.2.1    Implantable Devices
10.2.2    Lab-on-a-Chip
10.2.3    Endoscopy
10.2.4    Surgical Displays
10.2.5    Phototherapy
10.2.6    Biosensing
10.2.7    Brain Machine Interfaces
10.3       Product developers

11.1       Global automotive displays market
11.2       Applications
11.2.1    Cabin Displays
11.2.2    Head-up displays (HUD)
11.2.3    Exterior Signaling and Lighting
11.3       Product developers

12.1       Global market for virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)
12.2       Applications
12.2.1    AR/VR Smart glasses and head-mounted displays (HMDs)
12.2.2    MicroLED contact lenses
12.3       Products developers

13.1       Global transparent displays market
13.2       Applications
13.2.1    Display Glass Overlays
13.3       Product developers

Table 1. Announced MicroLED fabs.
Table 2. Summary of display technologies.
Table 3. Advantages of AM microLED micro-displays.
Table 4. MicroLED applications.
Table 5. Market and technology challenges for microLEDs.
Table 6. MicroLED industry developments 2020-2024.
Table 7. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2021.
Table 8. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2022 and Display Week 2022.
Table 9. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2023 and Display Week 2023.
Table 10. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2024 and Display Week 2024.
Table 11. MicroLED activity in China.
Table 12. Global MicroLED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2035.
Table 13. LED size definitions.
Table 14. Comparison between miniLED and microLED.
Table 15. Comparison to conventional LEDs.
Table 16. Types of MicroLED.
Table 17. Summary of monolithic integration, monolithic hybrid integration (flip-chip/wafer bonding), and mass transfer technologies.
Table 18. Summary of different mass transfer technologies.
Table 19. MicroLED Comparison to LCD, OLED and QD.
Table 20. Schematic comparison to LCD and OLED.
Table 21. Commercially available MicroLED products and specifications.
Table 22. Comparison of MicroLED with other display technologies.
Table 23. MicroLED-based display advantages and disadvantages.
Table 24. Materials for commercial LED chips.
Table 25. Bandgap vs lattice constant for common III-V semiconductors used in LEDs.
Table 26. Advantages and disadvantages of MOCVD.
Table 27.  Typical RGB microLED designs.
Table 28. Size dependence of key parameters in microLEDs
Table 29. Transfer, assembly and integration technologies.
Table 30. Companies utilizing monolithic integration for MicroLEDs.
Table 31. Advantages and disadvantages of heterogeneous wafers.
Table 32. Key players in heterogeneous wafers.
Table 33. Fabricating monolithic micro-displays.
Table 34. GaN-on-Si applications.
Table 35. Different epitaxial growth methods for GaN-on-Silicon.
Table 36. Comparison of GaN growth on sapphire vs silicon substrates.
Table 37. Cost comparison of sapphire versus silicon substrates for GaN epitaxy
Table 38. Challenges of GaN-on-Silicon epitaxy and mitigation strategies.
Table 39. Companies utilizing GaN microLEDs on silicon.
Table 40. Mass transfer methods, by company.
Table 41. Comparison of various mass transfer technologies.
Table 42. Factors affecting transfer yield for microLED mass assembly.
Table 43. Advantages and disadvantages of Elastomeric stamp for microLED mass transfer.
Table 44. Companies utilizing elastomeric stamp transfer.
Table 45. Laser beam requirement.
Table 46. Companies utilizing laser-enabled transfer technology.
Table 47. Companies developing micro-transfer printing technologies.
Table 48. Types of self-assembly technologies.
Table 49. Companies utilizing self-assembly.
Table 50. Advantages and disadvantages of all-in-one CMOS driving technique.
Table 51. Companies utilizing All-in-one transfer.
Table 52. Comparison between 2D and 3D microLEDs.
Table 53. Classification of key microLED bonding and interconnection techniques.
Table 54. Types of bonding.
Table 55. Strategies for full colour realization.
Table 56.  Comparison of colour conversion technologies for microLED displays.
Table 57. Companies developing stacked RGB microLEDs.
Table 58. Phosphor materials used for LED colour conversion.
Table 59. Requirements for phosphors in LEDs.
Table 60. Standard and emerging red-emitting phosphors.
Table 61. Challenges with phosphor colour conversion.
Table 62. Companies developing phosphors for MicroLEDs.
Table 63. Comparative properties of conventional QDs and Perovskite QDs.
Table 64. Properties of perovskite QLEDs comparative to OLED and QLED.
Table 65. Perovskite-based QD producers.
Table 66. Comparison between carbon quantum dots and graphene quantum dots.
Table 67. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.
Table 68. Graphene quantum dots producers.
Table 69. QDs vs phosphors.
Table 70. QD-based display types.
Table 71. Quantum dot (QD) patterning techniques.
Table 72. Pros and cons of ink-jet printing for manufacturing displays.
Table 73. Challenges with QD colour conversion.
Table 74. Companies utilizing quantum dots in MicroLEDs.
Table 75. Methods to capture light output.
Table 76. Backplane and driving options for MicroLED displays.
Table 77. Comparison between PM and AM addressing.
Table 78. PAM vs PWM.
Table 79. . Driving vs. EQE.
Table 80. Comparison of LED TV technologies.
Table 81. Samsung Neo QLED TV range.
Table 82. LG mini QNED range
Table 83. Flexible, stretchable and foldable MicroLED products.
Table 84. Medical display MicroLED products.
Table 85. Automotive display & backlight architectures
Table 86. Applications of MicroLED in automotive.
Table 87. Automotive display MicroLED products.
Table 88. Comparison of AR Display Light Engines.
Table 89. MicroLED based smart glass products.
Table 90. MicroLED transparent displays.
Table 91. Companies developing MicroLED transparent displays.
Table 92. MicroLED supply chain.
Table 93. LG mini QNED range
Table 94. Samsung Neo QLED TV range.
Table 95. San’an Mini and MicroLED Production annual target.
Table 96. NPQDTM vs Traditional QD based MicroLEDs.
Table 97. TCL MiniLED product range.

Figure 1.  Blue GaN MicroLED arrays with 3um pixel pitch use polychromatic quantum dot integration to achieve full colour AR displays.
Figure 2: QLED TV from Samsung.
Figure 3. QD display products.
Figure 4. The progress of display technology, from LCD to MicroLED.
Figure 5. Head-up displays (HUD).
Figure 6. Public advertising displays.
Figure 7. Wearable biomedical devices.
Figure 8. Pico-projectors.
Figure 9. Mojo Vision's 300-mm GaN-on-silicon blue LED wafer for microLED displays.
Figure 10. Global MicroLED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2035.
Figure 11. Global MicroLED display market 2020-2035, by market (Million USD).
Figure 12. MicroLED display panel structure.
Figure 13. Display system configurations.
Figure 14. MicroLED schematic.
Figure 15. Pixels per inch roadmap of µ-LED displays from 2007 to 2019.
Figure 16. Mass transfer for µLED chips.
Figure 17. Schematic diagram of mass transfer technologies.
Figure 18. Lextar 10.6 inch transparent MicroLED display.
Figure 19. Transition to borderless design.
Figure 20. Process for LED Manufacturing.
Figure 21. Main application scenarios of microLED display and their characteristic display area and pixel density.
Figure 22. Conventional process used to fabricate microLED microdisplay devices.
Figure 23. Process flow of Silicon Display of Sharp.
Figure 24. JDB monolithic hybrid integration microLED chip fabrication process.
Figure 25. Monolithic microLED array.
Figure 26. Schematics of a elastomer stamping, b electrostatic/electromagnetic transfer, c laser-assisted transfer and d fluid self-assembly.
Figure 27. Transfer process flow.
Figure 28. XCeleprint Automated micro-transfer printing machinery.
Figure 29. Schematics of Roll-based mass transfer.
Figure 30. Schematic of laser-induced forward transfer technology.
Figure 31. Schematic of fluid self-assembly technology.
Figure 32. Fabrication of microLED chip array.
Figure 33. Schematic of colour conversion technology.
Figure 34. Process flow of a full-colour micro display.
Figure 35. GE inkjet-printed red phosphors.
Figure 36. Toray's organic colour conversion film.
Figure 37. Quantum dot schematic.
Figure 38. Quantum dot size and colour.
Figure 39. (a) Emission colour and wavelength of QDs corresponding to their sizes (b) InP QDs; (c) InP/ZnSe/ZnS core-shell QDs.
Figure 40. A pQLED device structure.
Figure 41. Perovskite quantum dots under UV light.
Figure 42. Market map for MicroLED displays.
Figure 43. Market adoption roadmap for microLED displays.
Figure 44. Samsung Wall display system.
Figure 45. Samsung Neo QLED 8K.
Figure 46. Samsung Electronics 89-inch microLED TV.
Figure 47. MAGNIT MicroLED TV.
Figure 48. MicroLED wearable display prototype.
Figure 49. APHAEA Watch.
Figure 50. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display.
Figure 51. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display.
Figure 52. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level MicroLED transferring.
Figure 53. 55” flexible AM panel.
Figure 54. Foldable 4K C SEED M1.
Figure 55. Stretchable 12" microLED touch displays.
Figure 56. MicroLEDs for medical applications
Figure 57. 2023 Cadillac Lyriq EV incorporating miniLED display.
Figure 58. MicroLED automotive display.
Figure 59. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.
Figure 60. Rear lamp utilizing flexible MicroLEDs.
Figure 61. LAWK ONE.
Figure 62. JioGlass.
Figure 63. Mojo Vision smart contact lens with an embedded MicroLED display.
Figure 64. Cellid AR glasses, Exploded version.
Figure 65. Air Glass.
Figure 66. Panasonic MeganeX.
Figure 67. Thunderbird Smart Glasses Pioneer Edition.
Figure 68. RayNeo X2.
Figure 69. tooz technologies smart glasses.
Figure 70. Vuzix MicroLED micro display Smart Glasses.
Figure 71. Leopard demo glasses by WaveOptics.
Figure 72. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations.
Figure 73. 7.56" high transparency & frameless MicroLED display.
Figure 74. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry.
Figure 75. WireLED in 12” Silicon Wafer.
Figure 76. Typical GaN-on-Si LED structure.
Figure 77. 300 mm GaN-on-silicon epiwafer.
Figure 78. MicroLED chiplet architecture.
Figure 79. Concept Apple Vr Ar Mixed Reality Headset.
Figure 80. 1.39-inch full-circle MicroLED display
Figure 81. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.
Figure 82. BOE MiniLED display TV.
Figure 83. BOE MiniLED automotive display.
Figure 84. Image obtained on a blue active-matrix WVGA (wide video graphics array) micro display.
Figure 85. Fabrication of the 10-µm pixel pitch LED array on sapphire.
Figure 86. A 200-mm wafer with CMOS active matrices for GaN 873 × 500-pixel micro display at 10-µm pitch.
Figure 87. IntelliPix™ design for 0.26" 1080p MicroLED display.
Figure 88. C Seed 165-inch M1 MicroLED TV.
Figure 89. N1 folding MicroLED TV.
Figure 90.  C Seed outdoor TV.
Figure 91. Focally Universe AR glasses.
Figure 92. Flexible MicroLED.
Figure 93. Jade Bird Display micro displays.
Figure 94. JBD's 0.13-inch panel.
Figure 95. 0.22” Monolithic full colour MicroLED panel and inset shows a conceptual monolithic polychrome projector with a waveguide.
Figure 96. Prototype MicroLED display.
Figure 97. APHAEA MicroLED watch.
Figure 98. KONKA 59" tiled microLED TV prototype screen.
Figure 99. Lextar 2021 microLED and mini LED products.
Figure 100. LSAB009 MicroLED display.
Figure 101. LG MAGNIT 4K 136-inch TV.
Figure 102. 12" 100 PPI full-colour stretchable microLED display.
Figure 103. Schematic of Micro Nitride chip architecture.
Figure 104. Mojo Lens.
Figure 105. Nationstar Mini LED IMD Package P0.5mm.
Figure 106. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.
Figure 107. 7.56-inch transparent MicroLED display.
Figure 108. PixeLED Matrix Modular MicroLED Display in 132-inch.
Figure 109. Dashboard - 11.6-inch 24:9 Automotive MicroLED Display.
Figure 110. Center Console - 9.38-inch Transparent MicroLED Display.
Figure 111. 48 x 36 Passive Matrix MicroLED display.
Figure 112. MicroLED micro display based on a native red InGaN LED.
Figure 113. MicroLED stretchable display.
Figure 114. The Wall.
Figure 115. Samsung Neo QLED 8K.
Figure 116. NPQD™ Technology for MicroLEDs.
Figure 117. Wicop technology.
Figure 118.  B-Series and C-Series displays.
Figure 119.  A micro-display with a stacked-RGB pixel array, where each pixel is an RGB-emitting stacked MicroLED device (left). The micro-display showing a video of fireworks at night, demonstrating the full-colour capability (right). N.B. Areas around the display/
Figure 120. TCL MiniLED TV schematic.
Figure 121. TCL 8K MiniLED TV.
Figure 122. The Cinema Wall MicroLED display.
Figure 123. Photo-polymer mass transfer process.
Figure 124. 7.56” Transparent Display.
Figure 125. 7.56" Flexible MicroLED.
Figure 126. 5.04" seamless splicing MicroLED.
Figure 127. 7.56" Transparent MicroLED.
Figure 128. VueReal Flipchip MicroLED (30x15 um2).
Figure 129. Vuzix uLED display engine.