The book comprises contributions on conceptual issues relating to social-ecological responses in marine systems to global changes; offers illustrative case studies of specific examples of social-ecological responses in marine systems to significant environmental changes manifested locally; develops a syntheses between natural and social scientists on the topic, and points the way forward with innovative approaches to the use of science and knowledge in management, policy and advice.
World Fisheries is part of Wiley-Blackwell's prestigious Fish and Aquatic Resources Series, and encompasses chapters from many scientists at the top of their fields worldwide. Carefully drawn together and edited by four world experts in the area, World Fisheries is a landmark publication which is an essential purchase for all fisheries managers worldwide.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xiv
Series Foreword xix
Acknowledgements xxii
Part I Social-Ecological Systems in Fisheries 1
1 Introduction 3
Rosemary E. Ommer and R. Ian Perry
Reference 8
2 Restoring Unity: The Concept of Marine Social-Ecological Systems 9
Fikret Berkes
Introduction 10
Social-ecological systems concept and background 11
Complexity, globalization, and social-ecological systems 14
Participatory management and governance 19
Conclusions 22
Acknowledgements 24
References 24
Part II Modeling 29
3 Predicting the Impacts and Socio-Economic Consequences of Climate Change on Global Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries: The QUEST_Fish Framework 31
Manuel Barange, Icarus Allen, Eddie Allison, Marie-Caroline Badjeck, Julia Blanchard, Benjamin Drakeford, Nicholas K. Dulvy, James Harle, Robert Holmes, Jason Holt, Simon Jennings, Jason Lowe, Gorka Merino, Christian Mullon, Graham Pilling, Lynda Rodwell, Emma Tompkins, and Francisco Werner
Introduction 32
Framing the problem 35
Geographical and temporal framework 35
The role of GCMs and RCMs 36
Developing physical-biological models for the shelf seas 37
Estimating potential fish production 40
Estimating socio-economic consequences 44
Methodology for national vulnerability assessment 44
Methodology for global assessment of a marine-based commodity: fishmeal 48
Opportunities and boundaries of the QUEST_Fish approach 52
Endnotes 54
References 54
4 Fleets, Sites, and Conservation Goals: Game Theoretic Insights on Management Options for Multinational Tuna Fisheries 60
Kathleen Miller, Peter Golubtsov, and Robert McKelvey
Introduction 61
Background – Tuna exploitation and management in the Western and Central Pacific 62
The model 66
The single-season subgame: The split-stream extensive model 68
The two-fleet interior game 68
The RFMO-guided seasonal game between distant-water fleets and coastal countries 70
Simulations and implications 72
Game structure of RFMO–sites–fleets interaction 72
Policy choices for sustaining stocks 73
Effects of coalition-formation 80
Climate-related shifts in distribution of stocks 84
Summary, policy implications and future directions 86
Acknowledgement 87
Endnotes 87
References 88
5 Fishing the Food Web: Integrated Analysis of Changes and Drivers of Change in Fisheries of the Bay of Biscay 90
Olivier Thébaud and Fabian Blanchard
Introduction 91
Patterns of change in fisheries landings by French fleets 92
Drivers of change 93
Institutional context: a case of “regulated open access” 94
Increased competition in markets for fish 95
Effects of sea warming on the fish community structure 97
Perspectives 101
Acknowledgements 102
Endnotes 102
References 103
6 Interdisciplinary Modeling for an Ecosystem Approach to Management in Marine Social-Ecological Systems 105
Anthony M. Starfield and Astrid Jarre
Introduction 105
Focusing attention and setting objectives 106
A model of a model 108
Rapid prototyping 109
The question of balance 111
Frame-based modeling 112
People and resources 115
Concluding remarks 117
Acknowledgements 118
References 118
7 People’s Seas: “Ethno-oceanography” as an Interdisciplinary Means to Approach Marine Ecosystem Change 120
Maria A. Gasalla and Antonio C. S. Diegues
Introduction 120
Defining “ethno-oceanography” 122
Ethnoecology approach 122
The significance of key communication: Ethno-oceanography and changes in marine social-ecological systems of Brazil 124
“Ethno-oceanography” as a framework to approach climate and marine ecosystem change 128
Looking beyond uncertainty: Implications of climate change to fisheries 129
Redefining the reach of ethno-oceanography: a conceptual approach 130
Concluding remarks 132
Acknowledgements 132
Endnotes 133
References 133
Part III Knowledge 137
8 The Utility of Economic Indicators to Promote Policy-Relevant Science for Climate Change Decisions 139
Judith Kildow
Introduction 139
Indicators 141
Economic indicators: a framework 143
Economic indicators function in multiple ways 143
The evidence from society 146
Conclusion 148
Endnotes 149
References 149
9 Scientific Advice for Fisheries Management in West Africa in the Context of Global Change 151
Bora Masumbuko, Moctar Bâ, P. Morand, P. Chavance, and Pierre Failler
Introduction 151
West African context 152
Method 155
ECOST/ISTAM survey results 156
Scientific advice: content and processes 156
Use and non-use of scientific advice and its implications 157
Improvement of the quality of scientific advice and its use in the decision process 160
Discussion 161
Conclusion 164
Acknowledgements 165
Endnotes 165
References 166
10 Knowledge and Research on Chilean Fisheries Resources: Diagnosis and Recommendations for Sustainable Development 168
Eleuterio Yáñez, Exequiel González, Luis Cubillos, Samuel Hormazábal, Héctor Trujillo, Lorena Álvarez, Alejandra Órdenes, Milton Pedraza, and Gustavo Aedo
Introduction 169
Framework 169
System structure, elements, interactions, and knowledge to be considered 174
Current status of knowledge 176
Governance of the fisheries system (a system of problems) 179
Discussion 179
Future research path for fisheries management 179
Endnotes 181
References 181
11 Moving Forward: Social-Ecological Interactivity, Global Marine Change and Knowledge for the Future 182
Barbara Neis
Introduction 182
Social-ecological knowledge 183
Knowing where we want to go and finding our way there 190
Conclusion 195
Endnote 197
References 197
Part IV Values 201
12 Unaccounted Values: Under-reporting Sardine Catches as a Strategy Against Poverty in the Bali Strait, Indonesia 203
Eny Anggraini Buchary, Tony J. Pitcher, and Ussif Rashid Sumaila
Introduction 203
Area description 204
The Lemuru fishery 205
Materials and methods 206
Data collection 206
Analytical methods 207
Results and discussion 211
Fate of landed lemuru and distribution of reported catch 211
Estimated true catch 214
Financial insecurity: lending schemes and debt-to-assets ratio 215
Measuring relative poverty in fisheries 217
Conclusions 218
Acknowledgements 219
Endnotes 220
References 221
13 “You Don’t Know What You’ve Got ‘Til It’s Gone”: The Case for Spiritual Values in Marine Ecosystem Management 224
Nigel Haggan
Introduction 224
Golden Rule #1: Love your neighbor as yourself 226
Golden Rule #2: The one with the gold makes the rules 227
Golden Rule #3: The gold goes where the gold grows 227
Concepts of value 228
The roots of whole ecosystem evaluation 229
Formal frameworks, 1987–1991 230
Measuring ecosystem value 231
A bridge between intrinsic and instrumental value 234
Conclusion 236
Acknowledgements 237
Appendix 1: Catagories used in total economic value and ecosystem services frameworks 237
References 239
14 Social-Ecological Restructuring and Implications for Social Values 247
Grant Murray
Introduction 248
Approach and methods 249
Social-ecological restructuring: Putting climate change in context 249
Changes in social structures and processes 251
Size and connection with fishing industry 251
Age structure 252
Internal stratification 253
Fishing as a way of life: Now and in the future 258
Discussion 259
Conclusion 261
Endnotes 262
References 262
15 Economic Valuation of Mangroves in the Niger Delta: An Interdisciplinary Approach 265
Godstime K. James, Jimmy O. Adegoke, Ekechukwu Saba, Peter Nwilo, Joseph Akinyede, and Sylvester Osagie
Introduction 265
Study area 266
Integration of remote sensing and socio-economic data 267
Economic valuation of mangrove resources 268
Methodology 269
Remote sensing analysis 269
Focus group analysis 270
Household survey 271
Empirical data processing 271
Estimation of net income from the sale of mangrove resources 271
Estimation of the mangrove area that supported mangrove income (Ak) 272
Annual household net income at the community level 273
Results and analysis 274
Socio-economic characteristics of household survey respondents 274
Area of mangrove that support income stream (Ak) 274
Results from the economic valuation 274
Conclusions 277
References 278
16 US Marine Ecosystem Habitat Values 281
Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Jackie Alder, G. Ishimura, William. W. L. Cheung, L. Dropkin, S. Hopkins, S. Sullivan, and A. Kitchingman
Introduction 281
Geographical scope of study 282
Assigning use and non-use values to habitat types 283
Direct use: Habitat associated commercial values 283
Direct use: Habitat associated recreational values 284
Non-use and indirect value: Habitat values based on iconic species 285
The results 285
Direct use: Habitat associated commercial values 286
Direct use: Habitat associated recreational values 286
Non-use and indirect value: Habitat values based on iconic species 286
Concluding remarks 287
Acknowledgements 288
Endnotes 288
References 288
Part V Governance 291
17 Historical Transitions in Access to and Management of Alaska’s Commercial Fisheries, 1880–1980 293
Emilie Springer
Introduction 293
Early days: Gold and salmon; 1867–1919 294
1899 Report by Jefferson Moser, United States Navy Commander of the steam ship Albatross 294
1920–1939: The records of Hubbell and Waller 296
The mid-century era of fisheries: 1940–1969 299
1954–1970 Total Catch Statistics 300
Species shift, changing technology, improved access, and awareness of off-shore waters: 1970s–1980s 301
Three Alaskan competitors: Japan, Russia/Soviet Union, and Korea 302
Organization of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC) 304
Discussion and conclusions 305
Endnotes 307
References 307
18 Can Fishers’ Virtuous Behavior Improve Large Marine Ecosystem Health? 310
Valentina Giannini
Introduction 310
Guatemala: A case study 314
Vicious chains: Exploitation and degradation 314
Virtous chains and the Red: A partial solution to conflict and overfishing 316
Discussion 317
Conclusions 318
Acknowledgements 319
References 319
Useful websites 321
19 Ecosystem-based Management in the Asia-Pacific Region 322
Mitsutaku Makino and Hiroyuki Matsuda
Introduction 322
Global comparison of fisheries sectors 323
Ecosystem-based management at the Shiretoko World
Natural Heritage, Japan 329
Discussion 331
Conclusion 332
Acknowledgement 332
Endnotes 332
References 333
20 A Network Approach to Understanding Coastal Management and Governance of Small-scale Fisheries in the Eastern Caribbean 334
Kemraj Parsram and Patrick McConney
Introduction 334
Coastal and fisheries resources 335
Governance issues 337
Network governance thinking 340
Tuna fishery management 341
Fisheries science networks 343
Regional fisher folk organization 346
Conclusion 347
References 348
21 Uncertainty Demands an Adaptive Management Approach to the Use of Marine Protected Areas as Management Tools 351
Michel J. Kaiser
Introduction 351
Quantifying the performance of MPAs 352
The “plaice-box” as a case study 353
Climate effects on MPA performance metrics 355
Dealing with future uncertainty 356
References 357
22 Building Resilience to Climatic and Global Change in High-Latitude Fishing Communities: Three Case Studies from Iceland and Alaska 359
James R. McGoodwin
Introduction 360
Impacts that are forecast for marine ecosystems and the world’s coastal fishing communities 361
Case studies from three high-latitude fishing communities 364
Case Study 1: Heimaey, Iceland 365
Case Study 2: Dillingham, Southwest Alaska 367
Case Study 3: The Yup’ik community, Southwest Alaska 369
Conclusion: recommendations for increasing the resilience of the three high-latitude coastal fishing communities 372
Recommendations for Heimaey, Iceland 372
Recommendations for Dillingham, Southwest Alaska 373
Recommendations for the Yup’ik community, Southwest Alaska 373
General recommendations 373
Regarding ordinary climatic variability 373
Regarding severe coastal storms and extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and saltwater intrusion 374
Regarding changes in marine ecosystem compositions 374
Regarding building the capacity of fisheries-management systems to more effectively deal with global warming and change 375
Regarding future fisheries research 375
Regarding regional fisheries management organizations 376
Acknowledgements 377
Endnotes 377
References 378
23 Coping with Environmental Change: Systemic Responses and the Roles of Property and Community in Three Fisheries 381
Bonnie J. McCay, Wendy Weisman, and Carolyn Creed
Introduction 381
Case Study 1: Fogo Island, Newfoundland, Canada 383
Case Study 2: Pacifico Norte, Baja California Sur, Mexico 386
Case Study 3: US Surfclam Fishery 391
Conclusion: Enclosures, feedback, and the future 394
Acknowledgements 396
References 397
Part VI Conclusions 401
24 Conclusion: Hierarchy, Power, and Potential Regime Shifts in Marine Social-Ecological Systems 403
Rosemary E. Ommer and R. Ian Perry
References 406
Index 407
