A comprehensive guidebook to the current methodologies and practices used in health surveys
A unique and self-contained resource, Handbook of Health Survey Methods presents techniques necessary for confronting challenges that are specific to health survey research. The handbook guides readers through the development of sample designs, data collection procedures, and analytic methods for studies aimed at gathering health information on general and targeted populations.
The book is organized into five well-defined sections: Design and Sampling Issues, Measurement Issues, Field Issues, Health Surveys of Special Populations, and Data Management and Analysis. Maintaining an easy-to-follow format, each chapter begins with an introduction, followed by an overview of the main concepts, theories, and applications associated with each topic. Finally, each chapter provides connections to relevant online resources for additional study and reference. The Handbook of Health Survey Methods features:
- 29 methodological chapters written by highly qualified experts in academia, research, and industry
- A treatment of the best statistical practices and specific methodologies for collecting data from special populations such as sexual minorities, persons with disabilities, patients, and practitioners
- Discussions on issues specific to health research including developing physical health and mental health measures, collecting information on sensitive topics, sampling for clinical trials, collecting biospecimens, working with proxy respondents, and linking health data to administrative and other external data sources
- Numerous real-world examples from the latest research in the fields of public health, biomedicine, and health psychology
Handbook of Health Survey Methods is an ideal reference for academics, researchers, and practitioners who apply survey methods and analyze data in the fields of biomedicine, public health, epidemiology, and biostatistics. The handbook is also a useful supplement for upper-undergraduate and graduate-level courses on survey methodology.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
1 Origins and Development of Health Survey Methods 1
Timothy P. Johnson
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Precursors of Modern Health Surveys 1
1.3 The First Modern Health Surveys 4
1.4 The Emergence of National Health Surveys 5
1.5 Post-WWII Advances 6
1.6 Current Developments 7
References 9
Online Resources 17
Part I Design and Sampling Issues
2 Sampling For Community Health Surveys 21
Michael P. Battaglia
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Background 22
2.3 Theory and Applications 24
2.4 Subpopulation Surveys 30
2.5 Sample Size Considerations 32
2.6 Summary 32
References 33
Online Resources 34
3 Developing a Survey Sample Design for Population-Based Case–Control Studies 37
Ralph DiGaetano
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 A “Classic” Sample Design for a Population-Based Case–Control Study 39
3.3 Sample Design Concepts and Issues Related to Case–Control Studies 40
3.4 Basic Sample Design Considerations 49
3.5 Sample Selection of Cases 56
3.6 Sample Selection of Controls 57
3.7 Sample Weighting for Population-Based Case–Control Studies 62
3.8 The Need to Account for Analytic Plans When Developing a Sample Design: An Example 65
3.9 Sample Designs for Population-Based Case–Control Studies: When Unweighted Analyses Are Planned 66
3.10 Mimicking the Classic Design Using RDD-Based Sampling of Population-Based Controls 66
3.11 Examples of the Development of Complex Sample Designs for Population-Based Case–Control Studies Using Weighted Analyses Where Cases Serve as the Reference Population and Variance Estimates Reflect the Sample Design 69
3.12 Summary 71
References 71
Online Resources 75
4 Sampling Rare Populations 77
James Wagner and Sunghee Lee
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Traditional Probability Sampling Approaches 80
4.3 Nontraditional and Nonprobability Sampling Approaches 84
4.4 Conclusion 95
References 97
Online Resources 103
Part II Design and Measurement Issues
5 Assessing Physical Health 107
Todd Rockwood
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Assessing Health: Response Formation and Accuracy 110
5.3 Conceptual Framework for Developing and Assessing Health 118
5.4 Measurement Theory 124
5.5 Error and Methodology 129
5.6 Conclusion 132
References 134
Online Resources 141
6 Developing and Selecting Mental Health Measures 143
Ronald C. Kessler and Beth-Ellen Pennell
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Historical Background 144
6.3 Fully Structured Diagnostic Interviews 147
6.4 Dimensional Measures of Symptom Severity 148
6.5 Emerging Issues in Survey Assessments of Mental Disorders 156
6.6 Conclusion 159
References 159
Online Resources 169
7 Developing Measures of Health Behavior and Health Service Utilization 171
Paul Beatty
7.1 Introduction 171
7.2 The Conceptual Phase of Questionnaire Development 172
7.3 Development of Particular Questions 173
7.4 Overall Questionnaire Construction 184
7.5 Questionnaire Testing and Evaluation 186
7.6 Using Questions from Previously Administered Questionnaires 187
7.7 Conclusion 187
References 188
Online Resources 190
8 Self-Rated Health in Health Surveys 193
Sunghee Lee
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 Utility of Self-Rated Health 195
8.3 Theoretical Evidence: Cognitive Processes Pertinent to Responding to SRH in Surveys 198
8.4 Measurement Issues for Self-Rated Health 201
8.5 Conclusion 206
References 207
Online Resources 216
9 Pretesting of Health Survey Questionnaires: Cognitive Interviewing Usability Testing and Behavior Coding 217
Gordon Willis
9.1 Introduction 217
9.2 Historical Background and Theory of Pretesting 218
9.3 Cognitive Interviewing 220
9.4 Usability Testing 229
9.5 Behavior Coding 232
9.6 Summary 236
References 238
Online Resources 241
10 Cross-Cultural Considerations in Health Surveys 243
Brad Edwards
10.1 Introduction 243
10.2 Theory and Practice 255
10.3 Conclusion 266
References 266
Online Resources 274
11 Survey Methods for Social Network Research 275
Benjamin Cornwell and Emily Hoagland
11.1 Introduction 275
11.2 Respondents as Social Network Informants 277
11.3 Whole, Egocentric, and Mixed Designs 277
11.4 Name Generators 282
11.5 Free Versus Fixed Choice 286
11.6 Name Interpreters 287
11.7 Social Network Measures 288
11.8 Other Approaches to Collecting Network-Like Data 292
11.9 Modes of Data Collection and Survey Logistics 295
11.10 Avoiding Endogeneity in Survey-Based Network Data 296
11.11 Selection Issues 300
11.12 New Directions: Measuring Social Network Dynamics 301
11.13 Further Reading 304
References 304
Online Resources 312
12 New Technologies for Health Survey Research 315
Joe Murphy, Elizabeth Dean, Craig A. Hill, and Ashley Richards
12.1 Introduction 315
12.2 Background 316
12.3 Theory and Applications 318
12.4 Summary 329
References 331
Online Resources 337
Part III Field Issues
13 Using Survey Data to Improve Health: Community Outreach and Collaboration 341
Steven Whitman, Ami M. Shah, Maureen R. Benjamins, and Joseph West
13.1 Introduction 341
13.2 Our Motivation 342
13.3 Our Process 343
13.4 A Few Findings 344
13.5 Case Studies of Community Engagement 349
13.6 Some Lessons Learned 361
References 363
Online Resources 365
14 Proxy Reporting in Health Surveys 367
Joseph W. Sakshaug
14.1 Introduction 367
14.2 Background 367
14.3 Proxy Interviews for Children 370
14.4 Proxy Interviews for the Elderly 372
14.5 Proxy Interviews for the Disabled 374
14.6 Summary 375
References 376
Online Resources 381
15 The Collection of Biospecimens in Health Surveys 383
Joseph W. Sakshaug, Mary Beth, Ofstedal Heidi Guyer, and Timothy J. Beebe
15.1 Introduction 383
15.2 Background 384
15.3 Biomeasure Selection 387
15.4 Methodological and Operational Considerations 397
15.5 Quality Control 402
15.6 Ethical and Legal Considerations 408
15.7 Methods of Data Dissemination 411
15.8 Summary 412
References 413
Online Resources 419
16 Collecting Contextual Health Survey Data Using Systematic Observation 421
Shannon N. Zenk, Sandy Slater, and Safa Rashid
16.1 Introduction 421
16.2 Background 423
16.3 Data Collection 426
16.4 Reliability and Validity Assessment 429
16.5 Data Analysis 432
16.6 Theory and Applications 432
16.7 BTG-COMP: Evaluating the Impact of the Built Environment on Adolescent Obesity 432
16.8 Evaluating the Impact of a Policy Change on the Retail Fruit and Vegetable Supply 436
16.9 Summary 440
References 441
Online Resources 445
17 Collecting Survey Data on Sensitive Topics: Substance Use 447
Joe Gfroerer and Joel Kennet
17.1 Introduction 447
17.2 Background 448
17.3 Theory and Applications 450
17.4 Validation 463
17.5 Alternative Estimation Methods 464
17.6 Summary 466
References 467
Online Resources 472
18 Collecting Survey Data on Sensitive Topics: Sexual Behavior 473
Tom W. Smith
18.1 Introduction 473
18.2 Sampling 474
18.3 Nonobservation 475
18.4 Observation/Measurement Error 475
18.5 Summary 479
References 479
Online Resources 485
19 Ethical Considerations in Collecting Health Survey Data 487
Emily E. Anderson
19.1 Introduction 487
19.2 Background: Ethical Principles and Federal Regulations for Research 488
19.3 Defining, Evaluating, and Minimizing Risk 491
19.4 Ethical Review of Health Survey Research 497
19.5 Informed Consent for Survey Participation 500
19.6 Considerations for Data Collection 504
19.7 Summary 505
References 506
Online Resources 510
Part IV Health Surveys of Special Populations
20 Surveys of Physicians 515
Jonathan B. VanGeest, Timothy J. Beebe, and Timothy P. Johnson
20.1 Introduction 515
20.2 Why Physicians do not Respond 517
20.3 Theory and Applications: Improving Physician Participation 518
20.4 Sampling 518
20.5 Design-Based Interventions to Improve Response 523
20.6 Incentive-Based Interventions 530
20.7 Supporting Evidence from Other Health Professions 532
20.8 Conclusion 533
References 534
Online Resources 543
21 Surveys of Health Care Organizations 545
John D. Loft, Joe Murphy, and Craig A. Hill
21.1 Introduction 545
21.2 Examples of Health Care Organizations Surveys 548
21.3 Surveys of Health Care Organizations as Establishment Surveys 548
21.4 Conclusions 556
References 558
Online Resources 560
22 Surveys of Patient Populations 561
Francis Fullam and Jonathan B. VanGeest
22.1 Introduction 561
22.2 Patients and Care Settings 563
22.3 Overview of Common Patient Survey Methodologies 564
22.4 Key Issues in Patient Survey Design and Administration 565
22.5 Strategies for Developing Effective Patient Surveys 570
22.6 Conclusion 573
References 574
Online Resources 583
23 Surveying Sexual and Gender Minorities 585
Melissa A. Clark, Samantha Rosenthal, and Ulrike Boehmer
23.1 Introduction 585
23.2 Prevalence Estimates of Sexual and Gender Minorities 592
23.3 Sampling and Recruitment 597
23.4 Data Collection 606
23.5 Conclusions 608
References 609
Online Resources 617
24 Surveying People with Disabilities: Moving Toward Better Practices and Policies 619
Rooshey Hasnain, Carmit-Noa Shpigelman, Mike Scott, Jon R. Gunderson, Hadi B. Rangin, Ashmeet Oberoi, and Liam McKeever
24.1 Introduction 620
24.2 Setting a Foundation:The Importance of Inclusion for Web-Based Surveys 623
24.3 Promoting Participation with Web Accessibility 624
24.4 Testing the Accessibility of Some Web-Based Survey Tools 626
24.5 Ensuring Web Accessibility at Various Levels of Disability 629
24.6 Problems Posed By Inaccessible Web-Based Surveys for People with Disabilities 633
24.7 Applications: How to Ensure that Web-Based Surveys are Accessible 634
24.8 Summary and Conclusions 637
References 638
Online Resources 641
Part V Data Management and Analysis
25 Assessing the Quality of Health Survey Data Through Modern Test Theory 645
Adam C. Carle
25.1 Introduction 645
25.2 Internal Validity and Dimensionality 647
25.3 Dimensionality and Bifactor Model Example 650
25.4 Dimensionality Discussion 652
25.5 Measurement Bias 653
25.6 Multiple Group Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause Models 655
25.7 Additional Challenges to Health Survey Data Quality 664
25.8 Overall Conclusion 664
References 665
Online Resources 667
26 Sample Weighting for Health Surveys 669
Kennon R. Copeland and Nadarajasundaram Ganesh
26.1 Objectives of Sample Weighting 669
26.2 Sample Weighting Stages (Probability Sample Designs) 670
26.3 Calculating Base Weights 671
26.4 Accounting for Noncontact and Nonresponse 672
26.5 Adjusting to Independent Population Controls 677
26.6 SampleWeighting for Nonprobability Sample Designs 680
26.7 Issues in Sample Weighting 680
26.8 Estimation 682
26.9 Variance Estimation 683
26.10 Special Topics 683
26.11 Example: Weighting for the 2010 National Immunization Survey 685
26.12 Summary 692
References 692
Online Resources 694
27 Merging Survey Data with Administrative Data for Health Research Purposes 695
Michael Davern Marc Roemer and Wendy Thomas
27.1 Introduction 695
27.2 Potential Uses of Linked Data 696
27.3 Limitations and Strengths of Survey Data 699
27.4 Limitations and Strengths of Administrative Data 700
27.5 A Research Agenda into Linked Data File Quality 701
27.6 Conclusions 712
References 713
Online Resources 716
28 Merging Survey Data with Aggregate Data from Other Sources: Opportunities and Challenges 717
Jarvis T. Chen
28.1 Background 717
28.2 Geocoding and Linkage to Area-Based Data 719
28.3 Geographic Levels of Aggregation 720
28.4 Types of Area-Level Measures 723
28.5 Sources of Aggregated Data 724
28.6 Aggregate Data Measures as Proxies for Individual Data 730
28.7 Aggregate Measures as Contextual Variables 731
28.8 The Components of Ecological Bias 732
28.9 Analytic Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data with Linked Area-Based Measures 742
28.10 Summary 746
References 748
Online Resources 754
29 Analysis of Complex Health Survey Data 755
Stanislav Kolenikov and Jeff Pitblado
29.1 Introduction 755
29.2 Inference with Complex Survey Data 760
29.3 Substantive Analyses 784
29.4 Quality Control Analyses 795
29.5 Discussion 798
References 798
Online Resources 804
Index 805
