Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice is written for advanced undergraduate and first-semester graduate courses in the subject. The text provides a clear and concise understanding of the major topic areas facing environmental professionals.
For each topic, the theoretical principles are introduced, followed by numerous examples illustrating the process design approach. Practical, methodical and functional, this exciting new text provides knowledge and background, as well as opportunities for application, through problems and examples that facilitate understanding.
Students pursuing the civil and environmental engineering curriculum will fi nd this book accessible and will benefit from the emphasis on practical application. The text will also be of interest to students of chemical and mechanical engineering, where several environmental concepts are of interest, especially those on water and wastewater treatment, air pollution, and sustainability. Practicing engineers will find this book a valuable resource, since it covers the major environmental topics and provides numerous step-by-step examples to facilitate learning and problem-solving.
Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice offers all the major topics, with a focus upon:
- a robust problem-solving scheme introducing statistical analysis;
- example problems with both US and SI units;
- water and wastewater design;
- sustainability;
- public health.
There is also a companion website with illustrations, problems and solutions.
Table of Contents
Contributing Authors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
About the Cover Artist xix
About the Author xxi
About the Companion Website xxiii
1 Introduction to environmental engineering and problem solving 1
André J. Butler
Learning Objectives 1
1.1 History of environmental engineering 1
1.2 Significant national and international environmental concerns 10
1.3 Prominent federal environmental statues – an overview 10
1.4 An approach to problem solving: a six-step method 15
1.5 Data collection, analysis, interpretation, and communication 18
Summary 38
Key words 40
References 40
Problems 41
2 Essential chemistry concepts 43
Richard O. Mines, Jr.
Learning Objectives 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Dimensions, units, and conversions 43
2.3 Balancing reactions 50
2.4 Oxidation-reduction reactions 52
2.5 Thermodynamic equilibrium 53
2.6 Acid-base chemistry 60
2.7 Solubility (solubility product) 82
2.8 Gas phase laws 84
2.9 Organic chemistry overview 89
Summary 95
Key words 99
References 99
Problems 99
3 Water and wastewater characteristics 103
Richard O. Mines, Jr.
Learning Objectives 103
3.1 Overview 103
3.2 Water quality parameters 103
3.3 Lumped parameter organic quantification 104
3.4 Physical parameters 110
3.5 Inorganic chemical parameters 116
3.6 Biological and microbiological characteristics 129
3.7 Sample water quality data 133
Summary 135
Key words 136
References 136
Problems 137
4 Essential biology concepts 139
Richard O. Mines, Jr.
Learning Objectives 139
4.1 Introduction to microbiological unit processes 139
4.2 Cell basics 140
4.3 Energy and synthesis (carbon and energy transformations) 140
4.4 Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics 149
4.5 Introduction to ecology 153
4.6 Primary productivity 155
4.7 Introduction to biochemical cycles 160
4.8 Population dynamics 169
4.9 River water quality management 178
4.10 Limnology 184
Summary 188
Key words 189
References 190
Problems 191
5 Environmental systems: modeling and reactor design 195
Richard O. Mines, Jr.
Learning Objectives 195
5.1 Introduction 195
5.2 Material balances 195
5.3 Reaction kinetics 202
5.4 Flow regimes and reactors 209
5.5 Energy balances 218
Summary 232
Key words 232
References 232
Problems 233
6 Design of water treatment systems 239
Richard O. Mines, Jr.
Learning Objectives 239
6.1 Drinking water standards 239
6.2 Overview of typical processes used for contaminant removal 245
6.3 Design flows and capacities 247
6.4 Preliminary treatment 249
6.5 Mixing, coagulation, and flocculation 258
6.6 Water softening 267
6.7 Sedimentation 276
6.8 Filtration 283
6.9 Membrane treatment 293
6.10 Fluoridation 303
6.11 Disinfection in water treatment 303
6.12 Residuals, solids, and quantities of sludge 310
Summary 322
Key words 324
References 324
Problems 325
7 Design of wastewater treatment systems 331
Richard O. Mines, Jr.
Learning Objectives 331
7.1 Wastewater standards 331
7.2 Design flows and loadings 333
7.3 Preliminary treatment 340
7.4 Primary sedimentation 345
7.5 Secondary wastewater treatment 348
7.6 Oxygen transfer and mixing 375
7.7 Attached-growth biological systems 381
7.8 Advanced biological treatment systems 388
7.9 Secondary clarification 401
7.10 Disinfection 408
7.11 Solids handling and treatment systems 411
Summary 434
Key words 435
References 436
Bibliography 438
Problems 438
8 Municipal solid waste management 449
Philip T. McCreanor
Learning Objectives 449
8.1 Introduction 449
8.2 Regulations 450
8.3 Waste generation – international perspectives 451
8.4 Waste generation in the United States 451
8.5 Waste composition 451
8.6 Properties of municipal solid waste 456
8.6.1 Specific weight () 456
8.6.2 Moisture content 457
8.6.3 Field capacity 458
8.7 Municipal landfill design 461
8.8 Case study –Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (NC), USA 473
Summary 475
Key words 476
References 476
Problems 476
9 Air pollution 479
Arthur B. Nunn, III
Learning Objectives 479
9.1 Principal air pollutants 479
9.2 Air pollution sources 481
9.3 Pollutant affects on humans and environment 484
9.4 Air pollution meteorology 488
9.5 Dispersion modeling 490
9.6 Air pollution control technologies 493
9.7 Indoor Air Pollution 514
Summary 514
Key words 515
References 515
Useful Websites 516
Problems 516
10 Environmental sustainability 519
John C. Little and Zhe Liu
Learning Objectives 519
10.1 Overview 519
10.2 Unsustainable earth 521
10.3 Addressing climate change 527
10.4 Addressing resource depletion and environmental degradation 541
Key words 550
References 550
Problems 551
11 Environmental public health 555
Peter Vikesland
Learning Objectives 555
11.1 Introduction 555
11.2 Toxicology 556
11.3 Epidemiology 567
11.4 Agents of infectious disease 578
11.5 Public health and engineering measures for control of disease 583
11.6 Emergent and reemergent infectious diseases 585
Summary 589
Key words 591
References 592
Problems 592
12 Hazardous waste management 595
John T. Novak and Paige J. Novak
Learning Objectives 595
12.1 Introduction 595
12.2 Common hazardous compounds and wastes 598
12.3 Physical and chemical characteristics 603
12.4 Remediation 608
Summary 612
Key words 612
References 612
Problems 613
The Periodic Table 615
Index 617
