+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

Digital Instrument Cluster Market for Automotive by Display Type (LCD, TFT-LCD, OLED), Display Size (5-8 inch, 9-11 inch, >12 inch), Embedded Technology (AI, Non-AI), Electric Vehicle Type, Vehicle Type (PC and CV) & Region - Global Forecast to 2025

  • PDF Icon

    Report

  • 168 Pages
  • January 2018
  • Region: Global
  • Markets and Markets
  • ID: 4457634

Growing demand for advanced and luxury features to fuel the market demand for digital instrument cluster

The standard of living of consumers has been improving gradually due to economic growth worldwide. Several features are being added to vehicles by manufacturers to meet the growing demand for safety, comfort, and convenience. Various OEMs across the globe have started adopting advanced technologies such as a digital instrument cluster to ease the operation and enhance aesthetics in the interior of the vehicle. The adoption of technologies to attract more customers and remain competitive is pushing OEMs to add advanced and luxury features in a vehicle. Thus, factors such as rising safety concerns and the increasing demand for luxury, convenience, and comfort are expected to drive the digital instrument cluster market globally. However, cyberthreat is a key factor that can hinder the growth of digital instrument cluster market. Increasing norms for cybersecurity and security system are expected to reduce the impact of cyberthreat on the digital instrument cluster market.

Passenger car is the fastest growing vehicle segment in the digital instrument cluster market

The passenger car segment, which includes a sedan, hatchback, SUV, and crossover SUV, is estimated to be the fastest growing market for the digital instrument cluster. In passenger cars, the sedan and SUV segment is the most promising market for the digital instrument cluster. The majority of the sedans and SUVs are equipped with a hybrid or digital instrument cluster. Europe is estimated to be the largest digital instrument cluster market for passenger cars owing to the huge production of luxury vehicles in the region. Audi A4, Audi Q5, Mercedes-Benz A-class, Volkswagen Golf, and BMW 5 series are some of the top-selling passenger cars in Europe that are equipped with a digital instrument cluster. In case of commercial vehicles, North America is estimated to be the largest digital instrument cluster market.

Europe holds the largest share of digital instrument cluster market 

Europe is estimated to be the largest market for digital instrument cluster during the forecast period. Factors such as increasing vehicle production and growing demand for luxury vehicles and electric vehicles in the region are driving the digital instrument cluster market in Europe. In addition, Europe is considered to be a hub for the production and sale of luxury cars, which in turn drive the demand for the digital instrument cluster. The penetration of digital instrument cluster in passenger vehicles in Europe ranges between 25-36% in 2017 and is expected to reach up to 40-58% by 2025. Germany and the UK have a high installation rate in passenger vehicles of approximately 36% in 2017. The installation rate of digital instrument cluster in these two countries is expected to reach 58% and 57%, respectively by 2025. The market growth can be attributed to the rapid increase in the demand for luxury vehicles which offer better safety, convenience, and comfort among others. Key OEMs that are launching vehicles equipped with a digital instrument cluster in the European region are Audi, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen.

Breakdown Of Primaries

The study contains insights provided by various industry experts, ranging from digital instrument cluster component suppliers to cockpit electronics suppliers and OEMs. The break-up of the primaries is as follows:

  • By Company Type -Tier-1 - 39%, Tier 2 - 38% and Others- 23%.
  • By Designation - C level - 56%, D level - 28%, and Others - 16%
  • By Region - North America - 42%, Europe-29%, Asia Pacific - 24%, RoW- 5%

The report provides detailed profiles of major companies in the digital instrument cluster market. These include Bosch (Germany), Continental (Germany), Visteon (US), Denso (Japan), Delphi (UK), Panasonic (Japan), NVIDIA (US), Minda Spark (India), Yazaki (Japan), Magneti Marelli (Italy), and Nippon Seiki (Japan).

Research Coverage:

The report analyzes the digital instrument cluster market across different verticals and regions. It aims at estimating the market size and future growth potential of the digital instrument cluster market by region (Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and RoW), display type (LCD, OLED, and TFT-LCD), display size (5-8 inch, 9-11 inch, and >12 inch), electric vehicles (BEV, FCEV, HEV, and PHEV), vehicle type (PC, CV), and embedded type (AI and Non-AI). Furthermore, the report also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of the key players in the market along with their company profiles, recent developments, and key market strategies.

Reasons to buy the Report:

The report will help the market leaders/new entrants in this market by providing them the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the digital instrument cluster market. It will help the stakeholders to better understand the competitor landscape and gain more insights to better position their businesses and make suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps the stakeholders to understand the pulse of the market and provides the information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
1.1 Objectives of the Study
1.2 Market Definition
1.3 Market Scope
1.3.1 Years Considered for the Study
1.4 Currency & Pricing
1.5 Package Size
1.6 Limitations
1.7 Stakeholders
2 Research Methodology
2.1 Research Data
2.2 Secondary Data
2.2.1 Key Secondary Sources
2.3 Primary Data
2.3.1 Sampling Techniques & Data Collection Methods
2.3.2 Primary Participants
2.4 Factor Analysis
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Demand-Side Analysis
2.4.2.1 Increase in Disposable Income of the Consumers
2.4.2.2 Design Aesthetics
2.4.3 Supply-Side Analysis
2.4.3.1 Increasing Vehicle Sales
2.4.3.2 Integration of Advanced Technologies
2.5 Market Size Estimation
2.6 Data Triangulation
2.7 Assumptions
3 Executive Summary
4 Premium Insights
4.1 Attractive Opportunities in the Digital Instrument Cluster Market
4.2 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017 vs 2025
4.3 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type,  2017 vs 2025
4.4 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Size,  2017 vs 2025
4.5 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Electric Vehicle, 2017 vs 2025
4.6 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Embedded Technology, 2017 vs 2025
4.7 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region,  2017 vs 2025
5 Market Overview
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Market Dynamics
5.2.1 Drivers
5.2.1.1 Rising Demand for Electric Vehicles
5.2.1.2 Growing Demand for Advanced Cluster Technology By OEMs
5.2.1.3 Increasing Demand for Luxury Vehicles
5.2.1.4 Intense Competition Between Instrument Cluster Manufacturers
5.2.2 Restraints
5.2.2.1 Cyberthreats
5.2.3 Opportunities
5.2.3.1 Increasing Acceptance of Semi-Autonomous and Autonomous Vehicle Technology
5.2.3.2 Use of Aluminum Parts to Make Digital Instrument Clusters
5.2.3.3 Increasing Demand for Reconfigurable Instrument Clusters
5.2.4 Challenges
5.2.4.1 Technical Challenges
5.3 Macro-Indicator Analysis
5.3.1 Premium Vehicle Sales as A Percentage of Total Sales
5.3.2 GDP (USD Billion)
5.3.3 GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method (USD)
5.3.4 GDP Per Capita PPP (USD)
5.3.5 Macro Indicators Influencing the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, Top 3 Countries
5.3.5.1 US
5.3.5.2 Germany
5.3.5.3 China
5.4 Technological Overview
6 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
6.3 Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD)
6.4 Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
7 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Size
7.1 Introduction
7.2 5-8 Inch
7.3 9-11 Inch
7.4 >12 Inch
8 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Vehicle Type
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Passenger Car
8.3 Commercial Vehicle
9 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Embedded Technology
9.1 Introduction
9.2 AI Based: Digital Instrument Cluster
9.3 Non-AI-Based: Digital Instrument Cluster
10 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Electric Vehicle
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
10.3 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
10.4 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
10.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
11 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Asia Pacific
11.2.1 China
11.2.2 India
11.2.3 Japan
11.2.4 South Korea
11.3 Europe
11.3.1 France
11.3.2 Germany
11.3.3 Italy
11.3.4 The UK
11.4 North America
11.4.1 Canada
11.4.2 Mexico
11.4.3 The US
11.5 RoW
11.5.1 Brazil
11.5.2 Russia
12 Competitive Landscape
12.1 Overview
12.2 Market Ranking Analysis
12.3 Competitive Scenario
12.3.1 New Product Developments
12.3.2 Expansions
12.3.3 Collaborations/Joint Ventures/Supply Contracts/Partnerships
12.3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions
13 Company Profiles
(Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, SWOT Analysis, MnM View)*
13.1 Bosch
13.2 Continental
13.3 Denso
13.4 Panasonic
13.5 Delphi
13.6 Toshiba
13.7 Yazaki
13.8 Visteon
13.9 Magneti Marelli
13.10 Nippon Seiki
13.11 Nvidia
13.12 IAC Group
13.13 Spark Minda
*Details on Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, SWOT Analysis, MnM View Might Not Be Captured in Case of Unlisted Companies.
14 Appendix
14.1 Key Industry Insights
14.2 Discussion Guide
14.3 Knowledge Store: Subscription Portal
14.4 Introducing RT: Real-Time Market Intelligence
14.5 Available Customization
14.6 Related Reports
14.7 Author Details
List of Tables
Table 1 Currency Exchange Rates (W.R.T. USD)
Table 2 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (‘000 Units)
Table 3 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 4 LCD: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (‘000 Units)
Table 5 LCD: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 6 TFT-LCD: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (‘000 Units)
Table 7 TFT-LCD: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 8 OLED: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (‘000 Units)
Table 9 OLED: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 10 Digital Instrument Cluster Market Size, By Display Size, 2015-2025 (’000 Units)
Table 11 Digital Instrument Cluster Market Size, By Display Size, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 12 5-8 Inch: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (’000 Units)
Table 13 5-8 Inch: Digital Instrument Cluster Market Size, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 14 9-11 Inch: Digital Instrument Cluster Market size, By Region, 2015-2025 (’000 Units)
Table 15 9-11 Inch: Digital Instrument Cluster Market Size, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 16 >12 Inch: Digital Instrument Cluster Market Size, By Region, 2015-2025 (’000 Units)
Table 17 >12 Inch: Digital Instrument Cluster Market Size, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 18 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Vehicle Type, 2015-2025 (‘000 Units)
Table 19 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Vehicle Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 20 Passenger Car: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (‘000 Units)
Table 21 Passenger Car: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 22 Commercial Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region,  2015-2025 (‘000 Units)
Table 23 Commercial Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region,  2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 24 Digital Instrument Cluster Market Size, By Embedded Technology,  2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 25 AI Based: Digital Instrument Cluster Market Size, By Region, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 26 Non-AI Based: Digital Instrument Cluster Market Size, By Region, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 27 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By EV Type, 2015-2025 (’000 Units)
Table 28 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By EV Type, 2015-2025 (USD Thousand)
Table 29 Battery Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (’000 Units)
Table 30 Battery Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Thousand)
Table 31 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (’000 Units)
Table 32 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Thousand)
Table 33 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (’000 Units)
Table 34 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Thousand)
Table 35 Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region,  2015-2025 (’000 Units)
Table 36 Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region,  2015-2025 (USD Thousand)
Table 37 Digital Instrument Cluster, By Region, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 38 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 39 Asia Pacific: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Country, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 40 Asia Pacific: Digital Instrument Market, By Country, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 41 China: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 42 China: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 43 India: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 44 India: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 45 Japan: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 46 Japan: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 47 South Korea: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type,  2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 48 South Korea: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type,  2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 49 Europe: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Country, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 50 Europe: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Country, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 51 France: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 52 France: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 53 Germany: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 54 Germany: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 55 Italy: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 56 Italy: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 57 UK: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 58 UK: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 59 North America: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Country, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 60 North America: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Country, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 61 Canada: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 62 Canada: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 63 Mexico: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 64 Mexico: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 65 US: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 66 US: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015- 2025 (USD Million)
Table 67 RoW: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Country, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 68 RoW: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Country, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 69 Brazil: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 70 Brazil: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 71 Russia: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (Thousand Units)
Table 72 Russia: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2015-2025 (USD Million)
Table 73 New Product Developments, 2016-2017
Table 74 Expansions, 2015-2017
Table 75 Collaborations/Joint Ventures/Supply Contracts/Partnerships, 2016-2017
Table 76 Mergers & Acquisitions, 2016-2017
List of Figures
Figure 1 Digital Instrument Cluster Market: Markets Covered
Figure 2 Research Design
Figure 3 Research Methodology Model
Figure 4 Breakdown of Primary Interviews
Figure 5 Global Passenger Car Sales Data, 2005-2016
Figure 6 Market Size Estimation Methodology for Digital Instrument Cluster Market: Bottom-Up Approach
Figure 7 Key Countries in the Digital Instrument Cluster Market: Germany is Estimated to Be the Largest Market By 2025 (USD Billion)
Figure 8 Europe is Estimated to Be the Largest Market for Digital Instrument Cluster, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 9 TFT-LCD is Estimated to Hold the Largest Share of the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 10 Passenger Car Segment is Estimated to Hold the Largest Share of the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 11 9-11 Inch is Estimated to Hold the Largest Share of the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 12 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is Estimated to Hold the Largest Share of the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025 (‘000 Units)
Figure 13 HEV is Estimated to Hold the Largest Share of the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 14 The Increasing Demand for Luxury Vehicles is Expected to Drive the Digital Instrument Cluster Market
Figure 15 Passenger Cars to Hold the Largest Share, By Value, in the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Vehicle Type
Figure 16 TFT-LCD to Hold the Largest Share, By Value, in the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type
Figure 17 9-11 Inch to Hold the Largest Share, By Value, in the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Size
Figure 18 HEV to Hold the Largest Share, By Value, in the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Electric Vehicle
Figure 19 AI to Hold the Largest Size, By Volume, in the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Embedded Technology
Figure 20 Europe to Hold the Largest Market Share in the Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 21 Digital Instrument Cluster Market: Market Dynamics
Figure 22 Electric Vehicle Sales 2010-2016
Figure 23 Global Luxury Vehicle Sales 2014-2016
Figure 24 Autonomous Vehicle Sales, 2023-2030
Figure 25 Semi-Automonous Vehicle Sales, 2015-2022
Figure 26 Tensile Strength of Materials
Figure 27 US: The Rising GNI Per Capita is Expected to Drive the Digital Instrument Cluster Market During the Forecast Period
Figure 28 Germany: Increasing Luxury Vehicle Production is Expected to Drive the Digital Instrument Cluster Market
Figure 29 China: The Vehicle Production Year on Year Growth Will Be the Primary Macro Indicator Impacting the Market
Figure 30 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Type, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 31 LCD: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 32 TFT-LCD: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 33 OLED: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 34 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Display Size, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 35 5-8 Inch: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 36 9-11 Inch: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 37 >12 Inch: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 38 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 39 Passenger Car: European Region to Hold the Largest Market Share, By Value, 2017 vs 2025
Figure 40 Commercial Vehicle: North American Region to Hold the Largest Market Share, By Value, 2017 vs 2022
Figure 41 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Embedded Technology, 2017 vs 2025 (Thousand Units)
Figure 42 AI-Based Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (Thousand Units)
Figure 43 Non-AI Based Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (Thousand Units)
Figure 44 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Electric Vehicle Type, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Thousand)
Figure 45 Battery Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Thousand)
Figure 46 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Thousand)
Figure 47 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Thousand)
Figure 48 Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Thousand)
Figure 49 Digital Instrument Cluster Market, By Region, 2017 vs 2025
Figure 50 Asia Pacific: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025, (USD Million)
Figure 51 Europe: Digital Instrument Cluster Market Snapshot
Figure 52 North America: Digital Instrument Cluster Market Snapshot
Figure 53 RoW: Digital Instrument Cluster Market, 2017 vs 2025 (USD Million)
Figure 54 Key Developments By Leading Players in the Market, 2015-2017
Figure 55 Bosch: Company Snapshot
Figure 56 Continental: Company Snapshot
Figure 57 Denso: Company Snapshot
Figure 58 Panasonic: Company Snapshot
Figure 59 Delphi: Company Snapshot
Figure 60 Toshiba: Company Snapshot
Figure 61 Yazaki: Company Snapshot
Figure 62 Visteon: Company Snapshot
Figure 63 Nippon-Seiki: Company Snapshot
Figure 64 Nvidia: Company Snapshot
Figure 65 Spark Minda: Company Snapshot

Executive Summary

Companies Mentioned

  • Bosch
  • Continental
  • Delphi
  • Denso
  • IAC Group
  • Magneti Marelli
  • Nippon Seiki
  • Nvidia
  • Panasonic
  • Spark Minda
  • Toshiba
  • Visteon
  • Yazaki