Desalination & Water Sector Report - 1st Edition - 2018

Desalination within the global water value chain
The global water value chain capex
Desalination capex
Cost of desalination
The global water value chain
Demand for desalination
The competitive pressures – water pollution and its reuse
Industrial waste water
Agricultural pollution
Municipal water pollution
Water Stress
Technology
Desalination Costs
Advantages of Desalination
Peak salt - environmental impact of desalination

The resources gap
Wastewater treatment

The water value chain
End use of water
Industrial waste water treatment
Municipal waste water treatment
Agricultural waste water treatment
Total cost in the water value chain
Water supply
Sanitation
Salinity
Desalination annual contracted capacity
Desalination capex
Cost of desalination

Industrial waste water
Agricultural pollution
Municipal water pollution

Preliminary treatment/screening
1. Primary treatment
2. Secondary treatment
3. Tertiary treatment
Advanced treatment
Africa
Arab countries
Asia Pacific
Europe and North America
Latin America and the Caribbean

Content of industrial wastewater
Industrial water treatment
Cost factors of industrial water treatment
Flow rates
Water quality
Target purity
Construction materials
Capital costs of industrial water treatment
Process water treatment
Process purification and separation
Wastewater treatment systems

Thermal
Multistage Flash (MSF)
Multi Effect Distillation (MED)
Mechanical Vapour Compression / Vapour Compression (VCD)
Membrane
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Forward Osmosis (FO)
Electrodialysis (ED) and (EDR)
Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR)
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC)
Cogeneration
Hybrid Systems
Energy Recovery Devices

Solar
Solar Thermal
Solar PV
Wind
Geothermal
Medring
Biomass
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Wave
Salinity Gradient/Osmotic Power
Hydroelectric
Nuclear

Cost Components – CAPEX
Cost Components – OPEX

Forward Osmosis (FO)
Capacitive Deionisation (CDI)
The FO market
Other new desalination technologies

Peak salt
Technical factors
Water Stress, Surplus and Users
Water Users

Historical development of the desalination market
Cost of water
Construction cost versus size
Construction gains and plant size
Cost trends
Future price trends
The learning curve concept
Validation of the learning curve predictions
Capex
Installed cost
The installed base of desalination plant
End -users of desalination
Private and Public Sector Participation

Middle Eastern Mediterranean countries
Israel and the Palestinian Territories
Jordan
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Other Persian Gulf countries
Iran
Iraq
Yemen

North Africa
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Kenya
Namibia
South Africa

Afghanistan
China
The desalination market in China
Past constraints on desalination development in China
India
Japan
Maldives
Pakistan
Singapore
South Korea
Taiwan

Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

Australia
Pacific Islands

NORTH AMERICA
Mexico
United States
Financial engineering
Municipal desalination
Industrial desalination
Regional distribution of desalination
SOUTH AMERICA
Brazil
Chile
Peru
Caribbean
American Virgin Islands
Anguilla and the Bahamas
Aruba
Barbados
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Cuba
Netherland Antilles
Puerto Rico
St Maarten
Trinidad and Tobago

North
Ireland
United Kingdom
Cyprus
Greece
Italy
Malta
Spain

The three French leaders in water & waste, municipal and industrial
Suez
Veolia Environnement
SAUR Group-Societé d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural
Industrial waste water treatment companies
Companies managing and optimising the global industrial water cycle
Desalination

Figure 1: The global water cycle
Figure 2: Global freshwater withdrawals; consumption and wastewater production by major water use sector
Figure 3: The water value chain
Figure 4: Use of withdrawn water by regions
Figure 5: Investment in water supply by type of cost
Figure 6: Investment in distribution by type of cost, new networks, renovation & maintenance
Figure 7: Investment in wastewater collection by type of expenditure, treatment or collection
Figure 8: The mismatch of capex versus consumption in the water and waste sector
Figure 9: Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita in 2013
Figure 10: The cost of water supply measures (Indian example)
Figure 11: A model of primary, secondary and tertiary water treatment
Figure 12: Percentage of population served by different types of sanitation systems, 2014
Figure 13: Changes in wastewater treatment in regions of Europe between 1980 and 2012
Figure 14: (a) the main desalination processes; (b) the contribution of each desalination process to the world water production
Figure 15: Diagram of Multistage Flash Distillation plant
Figure 16: Diagram of Multi Effect Distillation plant
Figure 17: Diagram of Vapour Compression desalination plant
Figure 18: Brief timeline of the development of Reverse Osmosis membranes.
Figure 19: Diagram demonstrating the principles of osmosis
Figure 20: Diagram demonstrating the principles of Reverse Osmosis
Figure 21: Flow diagram of a Reverse Osmosis system
Figure 22: Diagram of a cross-flow membrane compared to a conventional membrane
Figure 23: Diagram demonstrating the principles of Forward Osmosis
Figure 24: Diagram of Electrodialysis desalination
Figure 25: Typical hybrid plant set up
Figure 26: Energy required to deliver 1 m3 of clean water from various sources
Figure 27: Shares of renewable technologies in desalination
Figure 28: Global regions appropriate for solar thermal power plants
Figure 29: Water stressed countries with wind power potential
Figure 30: Global hotspots for geothermal activity
Figure 31: The Medring
Figure 32: Potential sites for OTEC desalination plants: Caribbean, China, India, Northern Australia, South Western American States and Countries in the Persian Gulf
Figure 33: Typical SWRO desalination plant CAPEX breakdown
Figure 34: Typical SWRO desalination plant OPEX breakdown
Figure 35: Forward Osmosis
Figure 36: The difference between Reverse Osmosis and Forward Osmosis
Figure 37: Percentage of population facing severe water stress, 2007
Figure 38: Global water needs including potential climate change/pollution-driven change
Figure 39: Different water sources used in the desalination industry
Figure 40: Installed capacity in m3/d and online capacity additions, 1960-2017
Figure 41: Capex costs in the MENA region
Figure 42: Opex costs in the MENA region
Figure 43: Capex and Opex in the MENA region
Figure 44: Unit construction cost by size
Figure 45:  Awarded SWRO capacity from 1977 to 2015 distributed by (top) SWRO plant size and (bottom) online SWRO capacity from 1977 to 2015 distributed by region.
Figure 46: SWRO Cost Trends
Figure 47: Cumulative Online Capacity by technology from 1969 to 2015 (
Figure 48: (top) SWRO Capex Learning Curve for 1977 - 2015 and 1979 - 2003 and (bottom) fit of the modelled capex values to the actual capex values.
Figure 49: Price trend per m3/d for water sales and capex, 1972 to 2017
Figure 50: Desalination annual capex and contracted m3/d, 1972 to 2022
Figure 51: Capex of desalination plants in nominal $ by region, 2017 to 2022
Figure 52: Total desalination capacity by country, m3/day
Figure 53: Share of desalination capacity, 2017
Figure 54: Total worldwide installed capacity by user type
Figure 55: Share of desalination capacity by country in the Middle East
Figure 56: Water demand in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the UAE, Qatar, Algeria and Libya (not including agricultural)
Figure 57: Seawater desalination plants in Saudi Arabia
Figure 58: The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
Figure 59: Supply capacity of large-scale desalination and recycled water plants for major capital cities versus total urban water use, 2006-07 to 2012-13 (GL/yr)
Figure 60: Cost distribution of desalination processes
Figure 61: Location and extent of saline aquifers

Table 1: Shares of water supply
Table 2: Composition of water & waste infrastructure and supply cost, 2018
Table 3: Wastewater treatment level in Arab countries
Table 4: Countries with the lowest level of wastewater treatment in Asia Pacific
Table 5: Connections to wastewater treatment
Table 6: % levels of treatment in selected countries, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2016
Table 7: Generation of wastewater by type of industry, EU, 2011
Table 8: Content of typical wastewater in some major industries
Table 9: Desalination technologies and processes
Table 10: Comparison of different filtration and membrane systems
Table 11: Comparison of the different desalination technologies
Table 12: Benefits of different hybrid configurations
Table 13: Possible combinations of renewable energy and desalination technology
Table 14: Comparison of different energy sources for desalination
Table 15: Costs for three SWRO plants located in various locations of the globe, such as the US, the Middle East, and Australia.
Table 16: Naturally occurring salinity levels
Table 17: Water scarce countries
Table 18: Water footprint for different energy sources
Table 19: Capex of desalination plants in nominal $ by region, 2017 to 2022
Table 20: Types of public and private sector participation in the desalination industry
Table 21: Key decision makers for desalination plant applications in countries with a significant or potentially significant desalination market
Table 22: Cumulative investment in water desalination in selected MENA countries ($billion using 2004 prices as a baseline)
Table 23: Summary of Australian desalination plants
Table 24: Surface water storage, desalination capacity, desalinated water supplied and recycled water supplied by region.
Table 25: Overview of suppliers of RO membranes